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immuno > first round > Flashcards

first round Flashcards

1
Q

a. What are antigens?

A

a. Molecules that bind to antibodies

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2
Q

b. What is antigenicity?

A

a. Ability to react to antibodies

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3
Q

c. What is immunogens?

A

a. Molecules that induce immune responses (humoral and cell mediated responses)

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4
Q

d. What is immunogenicity?

A

a. Ability to induce immune response

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5
Q

e. In most cases antigens are immunogens and terms are used interchangably, T/F

A

a. True

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6
Q

f. What are haptens?

A

a. Small Molecules that are not immunogenic
i. Bc they cannot activate help T-cells
ii. Inability to bind to MHC protiens bc they are not poly peptides
b. Too small themselves to elicit an immune response.
i. They are univalent, cannot activiate Bcells themselves
c. Not immunogenic itself, but can react with a specific antibody

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7
Q

g. T/F, penicillin is not a hapten

A

a. False, it is

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8
Q

a. Under what circumstances can haptens stimulate a primary or secondary response?

A

a. Only when covalently bound to a carrier protien

b. This allows cross linking to occur

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9
Q

b. How do haptens interact?

A

a. Bind to normal protiens

b. The hapten-combo now become immunogenic and recognized as foreign.

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10
Q

c. What are most haptens classified as?

A

a. Univalent

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11
Q

d. What are the requirements for immunogenicity?

A

a. Foreign molecule
b. Molecular size
i. Most potent have high molecular weight and are polysaccharaides
c. Chemical structure
i. Homopolymer compared to a heteropolymer is weaker.
ii. Complexity is required
d. Antigenic determinant (epitopes)
i. Immune system recognize epitopes
e. Dosage, route and timing of antigen/immunogen adminstration
f. Genetic
i. Genetic consitution of the host determines whether a molecule is immunogenic
g. Adjuvant
i. Enhance the immune response to an immunogen
ii. Chemically unrelated to the immunogen
iii. May act by nonspecifically stimulating the immunoreactive cells
iv. Or by releasing the immunogen slowly

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12
Q

e. What are epitopes?

A

a. Small chemical group of the antigen molecules that can elicit and react with antibody

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13
Q

a. What are the major classes of antigens?

A

a. Autoantigen
i. Self tissue molecule
b. Alloantigen
i. From same species
c. Heterophilic antigen
i. Unrelated species
d. Super antigen
i. Hyperactive Tcells releaseing cytokines and cell death
ii. Eg.
1) Toxic shock syndrome
2) Certain autoimmune diseases
e. Allergen
i. Provokes allergy

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14
Q

a. What is allergenicity?

A

a. The ability to induce an allergic response

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15
Q

b. What is tollergenicity?

A

a. Capacity to induce specific immunlogical non-repsonsiveness in humoral/cell mediated response
i. Body recognizes as foreign but doesn’t respond to it

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16
Q

c. What are the differences between B and Tcell antigen responses?

A

a. B cells will respond to any immunogen

b. Tcells will only respond to the protien structure of the chain

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17
Q

d. What is cross-reactivity?

A

a. Antibodies raised against a heterophilic antigen from one organism will cross-react with a similar or identical antigen from another source

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18
Q

e. What is an example of antigen of different origins with heterophilic determinant?

A

a. Carb residue on the surfaces of bac. And RBC
b. Antigens of group A streptococci and human heart tissue
c. May be part in diseases such as rheumatic fever and false positive diagnostic tests (as occurs in syphilis)

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19
Q

f. What secretes antibodies?

A

a. Plasma cells

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20
Q

g. What are the five classes of antibodies?

A

a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgE
e. IgD

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21
Q

h. What are antibodies?

A

a. Globulin protiens on surface of B-cells that react specifically with the antigens

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22
Q

i. What percentage of blood is antibodies?

A

a. 20%

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23
Q

j. What is the structure of an antibody?

A

a. Glycoprotien
b. Light polypeptide chain
c. Heavy polypeptide chain
d. Y shape w/four polypeptide chains (2L and 2H) held together by disulfide bond
e. Variable regions in both chains that are responsible for antigen binding
f. Constant region in L and H chains
i. C region in H chain
1) Complement activation and binding to cell surface receptors
ii. C region in L chain
1) No known biological function
g. Hinge region
i. Peptide bond will be broken in response to enzyme such as papain
1) Fab fragment
a) Carry the antigen binding sites
2) Fc fragment
a) Involved in placental transfer
b) Complement fixation
c) Attachment to various cell type
d) Other biological activity

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24
Q

k. What is a Fab fragment? Fc fragment?

A

a. both Result of a hinge region responding to an enzyme like papain
b. Fab fragment
i. Carry the antigen binding sites
c. Fc fragment
a) Involved in placental transfer
b) Complement fixation
c) Attachment to various cell type
d) Other biological activity

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25
Q

a. What is the function of Fab?

A

a. Neutralize toxins
b. Neutralize viruses
c. Opsonize microbe
d. Activate complement
e. Prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces
f. Having catalytic capability
g. Agglutination

26
Q

b. What is the function of the crysalizable fragment (Fc)

A

a. Contain effector molecules that can bind to certain receptors on membranes of cells
a. Macrophages
b. Neutrophils
c. Eosinophils
d. masTcells
e. Basophile
f. Lymphocytes
b. Can mediate inflammation and allergy

27
Q

c. What percentage of the immunoglobulin in blood is IgG?

A

a. `80%

28
Q

d. What does IgG activate?

A

a. Complement

29
Q

e. IgG cannot pass through placenta, T/F

A

a. False. It can up to 3 months after birth
b. Function in secondary response
c. After 3 months infant will start to make this antibody

30
Q

f. What percentage of the immunoglobin in the blood is IgM?

A

a. 5-10%

31
Q

g. What is the structure of IgM? How many binding sites? Activity?

A

a. Pentomeric
b. 10
a. Held together by J chains
i. This allows the mol. To pass through mucous membranes
c. At highest activity
a. Can aggulinate
b. Can clump 100-1000 times more particles than IgG
c. Able to activate and bind to complement

32
Q

h. At what age does fetus make IgM?

A

a. 5 months of gestation

33
Q

i. What percentage of blood Ab are IgA?

A

a. 10-15%

34
Q

j. How many kinds of IgA are there?

A

a. Serum IgA

b. Secretory IgA

35
Q

k. What is serum IgA?

A

a. Trimeric structure
b. Present in serum in very small amount
c. Function in absorption of B12

36
Q

l. What is secretory IgA?

A

a. Dimeric structure
b. Held together by J-chain
c. Present in tears and saliva, sweat mucous, semen and breast milk

37
Q

m. IgA cannot pass through mucous membrane, T/F

A

a. False

38
Q

n. What is the secretory component of IgA?

A

a. Prevents breakdown from the lytic enzyme present in mucous membranes

39
Q

o. IgA is associated with MALT-cells, T/F

A

a. True

40
Q

p. IgA is found in breast milk, T/F

A

a. True, contains secretory IgA that protect GI tract of the child during the first months of life

41
Q

q. What percentage of Ab in blood are IgE?

A

a. 0.05%

42
Q

r. What does the Fc portion of IgE have high affinity for?

A

a. To bind to MasTcells and basophils

a. There fore removed from circulation

43
Q

s. IgE is monomeric, T/F

A

a. True

44
Q

t. What may be indicated with an increase of IgE concentration?

A

a. Indicates infectin or hypersensitivity reaction

45
Q

a. What percentage of blood Ab containts IgD?

A

a. 0.2%

46
Q

b. What does IgD have affinity to bind to?

A

a. b-cells
b. Trigger for memory B-cells to become active plasma cells
c. Monomeric

47
Q

c. What is complement?

A

a. Consists of 25-30 blood protiens that work to destroy bacteria and certain viruses by facilitating phagocytosis or digesting holes in the cell membrane of bacteria.
i. Hepatocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes
ii. Originate from liver
b. Cleans up the antigen-antibody complex from the body
c. Causes inflammatory reponses
d. Functions as a cascade reaction

48
Q

d. What are the complement components?

A

a. C1-C9

49
Q

e. What happens when complement components become activated?

A

a. They split into small and large fragments
i. Small: C3a, C5a etc
1) Activate as anaphylatoxins
ii. Large fragments
1) C3b, C4b etc
a) Acquires enzymes activity and activate the next molecule in the cascade

50
Q

f. What are the 3 ways of complement activation?

A

a. Lectin
b. Classical
c. Alternative

51
Q

g. What complement pathway does MBL deal with?

A

a. Lectin
i. MBL (mannan binding lectin) able to bind to carbs present on bacteria
ii. Next, MBL collagen like domain indirectly activate complement component C2 and C4
1) Together activate several hundred C3 molecules

52
Q

h. What complement pathway is activated by the presence of IgM or IgG antigen complex?

A

a. Classical pathway
i. C1 is initiating protein and able to recognize Fc portion of Ab mol.
ii. C1 has 5 Fc binding portions
iii. IgM is good at C1 binding
iv. Activated C1 activates C2 and C4 which turn activate multiple C3 mol.

53
Q

i. Which complement pathway is proven to be a special challenge in organ transplantation from other species?

A

a. Alternative pathway
i. Spontanous activation of C3 happens and most likely to happen on cell surface components
ii. Normal cells express surface complement inhibitors that prevent C3 activation
iii. Some pathogens lack this inhibitor and their surface will be attacked by complement

54
Q

a. What is anaphylatoxin? What does it cause?

A

a. It is a complement product that activates C3 and C5 producing small fragments
i. Fragments bind to their receptors and certain cells (basophiles, masTcells etc) and cause
1) Increased vessel permeability
2) Increased leukocyte adhesion
3) Chemotoxic activity
4) Stimulate phagocytosis

55
Q

b. What are the three complement effectors:

A

a. Anaphylatoxin
b. Complement receptors
c. Membrane attack complex (MAC)

56
Q

c. What can happen of a complement receptor is activated by a complement component?

A

a. Opsonization
i. Activated by C3
ii. Is most important activation for phagocytic cells
iii. IgG
1) Binding to Fc receptor of phagocytic cells
iv. IgM
1) Cannot function as opsonin and complement-mediated opsinization
2) Important during primary antibody response
b. B-cell stimulation
i. Binding of C3 and some other complement component to complement receptors on Bcell activate bcell funciton

57
Q

a. Match the following:
a. Is genetically based and individuals are born with it (species, racial and individual)
b. When the individual play a direct role in responding to the antigen
c. When immunity is transferred from one individual to anther by transferring immune cells or serum from an immunized individual to an un-immunized individual
d. Acquired during life after birth (natural and artifical)

	Passive
	Active
	Acquired
	Native
A

b. Answers:
a. Native
b. Active
c. Passive
d. Acquired

58
Q

c. What is hypersensitivity?

A

a. Immune response to antigens may sometimes be excessive, causing harm or inconvenience to the host.
b. May be directed to foreign antigens from microbes or from harmless substances to antigens, to cells or tissues

59
Q

d. What is an allergen?

A

a. An antigen that would usually pose no danger to the host were it not for the hypersensitivity

60
Q

e. In hypersensitivity: the effector functions that are normally triggered by antigens and antigen receptors are themselves the cause of disease or discomfort, T/F?

A

a. true

immuno (3 decks)

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