First responder & CPR Flashcards
First and second survey, cpr basics, legal and protocol
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (according to NHS)
The pressure your heart pushes blood out. Also called “systolic pressure.”
Diastolic is the pressure as the heart rests btw beats
Ideal no is 90/60 - 120/80mmHg
What are the three NHS guide ranges for blood pressure determinants?
Normal is 90/60 and 120/80mmHg
High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher
Low blood pressure is 90/60 or lower
Sphygmomanometer
Pronounced Sfigmom anom eater
Measures blood pressure
Spirometer
Measures lung capacity
What is the primary survey
1 - assess dangers to you, personal safety, traffic, gas spills, electricity, fire or falling objects
2 - Reassure bystanders and approach patient. Communicate loudly that you are going to administer first aid
3 - Check consciousness of victim. ABCs - airways, breathing, circulation.
ABCs
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Check airways & check for back and spinal injury. If victim is face down, and no spinal injury suspected gently roll them onto their back.
Head tilt (one hand on forehead, second hand on chin) check breathing
Look, listen feel for breathing for 5-10 seconds as CPR can crack ribs requiring 5cms of depth
If no breathing commence CPR
CPR - Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
Tilt head back
Pinch nose
give 5 breaths
5-6cm deep with heel of hand at base of sternum (30 compressions)
x 2 breaths to keep blood pumping to brain and profusing to organs
angina
chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
heart attack
(circulatory problems) heart attacks happen when there is plaque in the valves which can cause a blood clot trapping oxygen flow. damage is permanent and attack can last 30 minutes or more.
give 3mg of aspirin while you wait for ambulance to arrive
SCA Suddent Cardiac Arrest
(diseased heart malfunction) SCA - Sudden Cardiac Arrest This is when the heart completely stops Chances of survival is very low Key for chance of survival is to start CPR early 100-120 pumps per minute
5 breaths
30xchest compressions
2 breaths
30xchest compressions
Early defibrillation
Effective post-resuscitation
What is the secondary survey?
Check for other injuries including:
ears for fluid or blood to indicate head injury. If there is vomit in their mount, put them in recovery position to allow the fluid to drain.
facial injury - is their jaw broken or misaligned?
check around extremities - arms, legs, torso, ribs, collar bone for lumps - cut away clothing to expose injuries and make note
What is the recovery position?
Roll them on their side with upward pointing arm’s hand under the head for support. Upward facing knee in bent position. support the head. If there is vomit or fluid in their mouth, tilt the head slightly down to allow blood or vomit to flow out.
AED
Automated External Defibrillator
Used to shock the heart to start again in case of cardiac arrest. When used in first 3-5 minutes increases chances of patient survival from only 5% to 70% survival. Survival rates drop every 7-10 minutes without your heart pumping blood and oxygen to the brain and body.
How do you identify a respiratory difficulty?
Blush lips
chest pain / light headedness
wheezing
weird chest movement/odd breathing
ABCs
Airway
breathing
circulation (are they turning blue?)
If asthmatic - locate their inhaler
call EMS and start CPR
What do you do if someone is choking?
- if an object is restricting airflow
- keep them coughing
- If severe obstruction - 5 strong slaps to the back and if that doesn’t work, begin abdominal thrusts
- also identify if choking is from suffocation from (smoke, gas, fumes). Symptoms include blue face, gasping, unconsciousness
How to check for a stroke?
Ask patient to smile
Ask them to raise both arms
ask them to talk (if slurred - stroke is likely)
Dial 999 immediately
F ace
A rms
S speech
T ime
What are the three types of bleeding?
1 - Capillary - scrapes & cuts
2 - Venous - Deep cuts - dark red blood. put pressure on wound
3 - Arterial bleeding - Bright red blood - with shooting spurts - most dangerous and can die within minutes. Apply direct and firm pressure to stop bleeding.
Sprain, strain and fracture
What is the difference between a sprain, strain and a fracture/broken bone?
Sprain is stretched or torn ligaments
Strain is torn muscles or tendons
Fracture / broken bone is broken or cracks i bone - mishapen look or bone through skin
Burns and scalds
How do you treat burns and scalds?
Assess what type of burn is it.
Is it wet or dry? A scald is wet and comes from steam, whereas dry might be from touching the oven. Is the burn a chemical burn.
Immediately get the burn into running cold water for at least 10 and up to 30 minutes. Wrap with cling film for transport for treatment
Assess how deep the burn is
Call 999 if necessary
Poisoning
How do you treat a person who has been poisoned?
Call 999 immediately.
Often by accident, swallowing, injecting, breathing in, being exposed to harmful substance, poisoning caused by accident.
Look for burns around the mouth, the smell of chemicals on breath, empty medication bottles, vomiting or confusion.
Electric shock
How do you treat electric shock?
Turn off source of electricity, use wood to move it away from patient.
Perform primary & secondary survey
1 - check Airways, Breathing and Circulation problems. If not breathing begin CPR with 5 breaths, 30x compressions, 2 breaths, 30xcompressions. Get someone to call 999.
2 - Secondary survey - check for injuries and electrical burns
Diabetics
How do you treat diabetics?
If they are known to be diabetic or have said they are, give orange juice or sugary drink. If they improve stay with them and give again in 20 minutes. If worsens call 999. Blood sugar can fall low. In extreme cases seizures are possible.
Epileptics
How do you handle first aid for an epileptic?
Seizures are common in epileptics.
Do not restrain someone having a seizure
Stay with them
Move anything away from their head that could injure them
Pad the head to prevent injury or cuts from banging the head on the ground, if recovery position is possible put them on their side.
Food Allergy or Anaphalaxis
Anaphalaxis is the immune system response to foreign substances (known as antigen) or allergies. The immune system response is by making an antibody to attack the antigen.
Foreign substance - antigen
Kills antigen - antibody
Itchy rash, throat swelling, vomiting, light headedness, drop in blood pressure, unconsciousness. Epipen may be necessary but only administered by patient on themselves if known allergy.
Unconsciousness
caused by:
Fainting - brief
Longer - incoherent when roused
Prolonged - coma
Caused by head injury or blunt trauma, suffocation, fainting concussion, poisoning and seizures. ABCs - if not breathing and heart not pumping (cardiac arrest). Administer cpr. 999 AED.
Recovery position is okay all the time with the exception of?
Possible spinal injury….Do no move them. Call ems immediately.
When is spinal injury suspected?
-accident directly affecting spine
-complains of severe back pain
-won’t move back
-feels weak/numb/paralysed
has lost control of limbs/bladder/bowels
What is RIDDOR?
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013, often known by the acronym RIDDOR, is a 2013 statutory instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Steps for emergency?
1 - primary assessment
2 - ABCs - check airways, breathing, & circulation. If not breathing and no circulation start CPR and if cardiac arrest (AED as soon as is possible)
3 - call emergency services
4 - Secondary assessment of full body for other injuries or problems. Take note
5 - check for stroke. FAST. Face, arms, speech, time.
3 P’s of First aid?
Preserve life
Prevent worsening
Promote recovery
What is first aid?
pre-medical care before EMS/EMT arrives:
1 - suitably stocked first aid kit
2-an appointed person
3-info for others about where/who the first aider is in the bldg
First aid box
Leaflet gloves (ppe - face shield) dressings - non adhesive tape hypo allergenic plasters foil blanket eye wash for flushing out chemicals in the eye wound dressing shears (curve)
What is DRABC?
This is your primary survey acronym for paediatric first aid
D anger - remove yourself from / secure area to treat the child
R response - check consciousness of baby-tap foot
A airway - tilt head check for obstruction
B reathing - if not breathing initiate p. cpr
C circulation -
Do not stop cpr unless:
- ems arrives and tells you to stop
- child revives
- you’re physically exhausted
What is the infant recovery position?
Hold baby toward chest securly with hand holding head to open airway
check for breathing. do not give food or water.
call 999
What is the acronym R.I.C.E.?
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate injury
How do you remove a bee sting? Splinters?
With a credit card - not tweezers
Ice - pack or cold pack
Monitor area for swelling and discoloration
Splinters - clean / pat dry and remove with tweezers, encourage a drop or two of clean blood, wipe/dress
What is the acronym S.C.A.L.D.?
Size of burn Cause of burn Age of patient Where is the burn Depth of burn
What are the causes of and symptoms of ischemic shock?
Shock happens when there is a sudden drop of blood flow in the body. Organs not getting enough oxygen.
Pale, cold to touch, clammy skin, rapid shallow breathing. Treat cause, elevate feet. Flat on back, turn head to side and monitor breathing.
What is the difference between Ischemia and Hypoxia?
Ischemia is a word used to describe a situation where there is not enough oxygen reaching the cells of the body. The word hypoxia means “a reduced level of oxygen at the cell level” and is often used interchangeably. When body organs become ischemic, they cannot function properly.
How to treat low blood sugar in first aid or febrile convulsions/seizures in infants?
Two types of diabetes (type 1 - and type 2 - adult onset - lack of insulin). Blood sugar may be low. Orange juice, sugary drink. If they respond well, give more in 20 mins. Call 999 if they don’t improve.
Child diabetics are susceptible to febrile convulsions (fever fits or seizures) - body temp 37 degreesC. Hypothalamus not fully developed until age 5. Follow same protocol as seizures-epilepsy / call 999.
Nosebleeds
sit patient down
have them pinch their own nose
and lean forward for up to 10 mins until passes
Blunt head trauma/injury
Three types:
concussion
compression (bleeding inside skull with seizures and dizziness)
fracture
If unconscious, place in recovery position (if no spinal injury suspected) / dial 999.
What do you do if you believe someone has a spinal injury?
Call 999
Keep airway open. Check Head, neck and back. Typically due to fall from a high place. Hold head still until EMT arrives. Stay with the patient and reassure them, keep them warm, cover with blanket.
How do you identify meningitis in children and infants?
Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges). It can affect anyone, but is most common in babies, young children, teenagers and young adults. Meningitis can be very serious if not treated quickly.
Symptoms of meningitis include being sick, a headache, a stiff neck and a dislike of bright lights. You may sometimes get a purple blotchy rash.
Symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include:
a high temperature (fever) of 38C or above
being sick
a headache
a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it (but this will not always develop)
a stiff neck
a dislike of bright lights
drowsiness or unresponsiveness
fits (seizures)
call 999
Secondary survey?
What is the acronym SAMPLE?
The secondary survey includes a head to toe examination as well as S.A.M.P.L.E.
Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Past Medical History Last Meal Event History
How do you treat someone who has called about an asthma attack?
Sit them up
retrieve their inhaler
keep them calm in a quiet area
call 999