First responder & CPR

Question 1

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (according to NHS)

Answer 1

The pressure your heart pushes blood out. Also called “systolic pressure.”

Diastolic is the pressure as the heart rests btw beats

Ideal no is 90/60 - 120/80mmHg

Question 2

What are the three NHS guide ranges for blood pressure determinants?

Answer 2

Normal is 90/60 and 120/80mmHg
High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher
Low blood pressure is 90/60 or lower

Question 3

Sphygmomanometer

Answer 3

Pronounced Sfigmom anom eater

Measures blood pressure

Question 4

Spirometer

Answer 4

Measures lung capacity

Question 5

What is the primary survey

Answer 5

1 - assess dangers to you, personal safety, traffic, gas spills, electricity, fire or falling objects
2 - Reassure bystanders and approach patient. Communicate loudly that you are going to administer first aid
3 - Check consciousness of victim. ABCs - airways, breathing, circulation.

Question 6

ABCs

Answer 6

Airway
Breathing
Circulation

Check airways & check for back and spinal injury. If victim is face down, and no spinal injury suspected gently roll them onto their back.

Head tilt (one hand on forehead, second hand on chin) check breathing

Look, listen feel for breathing for 5-10 seconds as CPR can crack ribs requiring 5cms of depth

If no breathing commence CPR

Question 7

CPR - Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

Answer 7

Tilt head back
Pinch nose
give 5 breaths

5-6cm deep with heel of hand at base of sternum (30 compressions)

x 2 breaths to keep blood pumping to brain and profusing to organs

Question 8

angina

Answer 8

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

Question 9

heart attack

Answer 9

(circulatory problems) heart attacks happen when there is plaque in the valves which can cause a blood clot trapping oxygen flow. damage is permanent and attack can last 30 minutes or more.

give 3mg of aspirin while you wait for ambulance to arrive

Question 10

SCA Suddent Cardiac Arrest

Answer 10

(diseased heart malfunction) 
SCA - Sudden Cardiac Arrest 
This is when the heart completely stops
Chances of survival is very low
Key for chance of survival is to start CPR early 100-120 pumps per minute

5 breaths
30xchest compressions
2 breaths
30xchest compressions

Early defibrillation
Effective post-resuscitation

Question 11

What is the secondary survey?

Answer 11

Check for other injuries including:
ears for fluid or blood to indicate head injury. If there is vomit in their mount, put them in recovery position to allow the fluid to drain.

facial injury - is their jaw broken or misaligned?

check around extremities - arms, legs, torso, ribs, collar bone for lumps - cut away clothing to expose injuries and make note

Question 12

What is the recovery position?

Answer 12

Roll them on their side with upward pointing arm’s hand under the head for support. Upward facing knee in bent position. support the head. If there is vomit or fluid in their mouth, tilt the head slightly down to allow blood or vomit to flow out.

Question 13

AED

Answer 13

Automated External Defibrillator
Used to shock the heart to start again in case of cardiac arrest. When used in first 3-5 minutes increases chances of patient survival from only 5% to 70% survival. Survival rates drop every 7-10 minutes without your heart pumping blood and oxygen to the brain and body.

Question 14

How do you identify a respiratory difficulty?

Answer 14

Blush lips
chest pain / light headedness
wheezing
weird chest movement/odd breathing

ABCs
Airway
breathing
circulation (are they turning blue?)

If asthmatic - locate their inhaler
call EMS and start CPR

Question 15

What do you do if someone is choking?

Answer 15

• if an object is restricting airflow
• keep them coughing
• If severe obstruction - 5 strong slaps to the back and if that doesn’t work, begin abdominal thrusts
• also identify if choking is from suffocation from (smoke, gas, fumes). Symptoms include blue face, gasping, unconsciousness

Question 16

How to check for a stroke?

Answer 16

Ask patient to smile
Ask them to raise both arms
ask them to talk (if slurred - stroke is likely)
Dial 999 immediately

F ace
A rms
S speech
T ime

Question 17

What are the three types of bleeding?

Answer 17

1 - Capillary - scrapes & cuts
2 - Venous - Deep cuts - dark red blood. put pressure on wound
3 - Arterial bleeding - Bright red blood - with shooting spurts - most dangerous and can die within minutes. Apply direct and firm pressure to stop bleeding.

Question 18

Sprain, strain and fracture

What is the difference between a sprain, strain and a fracture/broken bone?

Answer 18

Sprain is stretched or torn ligaments

Strain is torn muscles or tendons

Fracture / broken bone is broken or cracks i bone - mishapen look or bone through skin

Question 19

Burns and scalds

How do you treat burns and scalds?

Answer 19

Assess what type of burn is it.
Is it wet or dry? A scald is wet and comes from steam, whereas dry might be from touching the oven. Is the burn a chemical burn.

Immediately get the burn into running cold water for at least 10 and up to 30 minutes. Wrap with cling film for transport for treatment

Assess how deep the burn is
Call 999 if necessary

Question 20

Poisoning

How do you treat a person who has been poisoned?

Answer 20

Call 999 immediately.

Often by accident, swallowing, injecting, breathing in, being exposed to harmful substance, poisoning caused by accident.

Look for burns around the mouth, the smell of chemicals on breath, empty medication bottles, vomiting or confusion.

Question 21

Electric shock

How do you treat electric shock?

Answer 21

Turn off source of electricity, use wood to move it away from patient.

Perform primary & secondary survey

1 - check Airways, Breathing and Circulation problems. If not breathing begin CPR with 5 breaths, 30x compressions, 2 breaths, 30xcompressions. Get someone to call 999.

2 - Secondary survey - check for injuries and electrical burns

Question 22

Diabetics

How do you treat diabetics?

Answer 22

If they are known to be diabetic or have said they are, give orange juice or sugary drink. If they improve stay with them and give again in 20 minutes. If worsens call 999. Blood sugar can fall low. In extreme cases seizures are possible.

Question 23

Epileptics

How do you handle first aid for an epileptic?

Answer 23

Seizures are common in epileptics.

Do not restrain someone having a seizure
Stay with them
Move anything away from their head that could injure them
Pad the head to prevent injury or cuts from banging the head on the ground, if recovery position is possible put them on their side.

Question 24

Food Allergy or Anaphalaxis

Answer 24

Anaphalaxis is the immune system response to foreign substances (known as antigen) or allergies. The immune system response is by making an antibody to attack the antigen.

Foreign substance - antigen
Kills antigen - antibody

Itchy rash, throat swelling, vomiting, light headedness, drop in blood pressure, unconsciousness. Epipen may be necessary but only administered by patient on themselves if known allergy.

Question 25

Unconsciousness

Answer 25

caused by:
Fainting - brief
Longer - incoherent when roused
Prolonged - coma

Caused by head injury or blunt trauma, suffocation, fainting concussion, poisoning and seizures. ABCs - if not breathing and heart not pumping (cardiac arrest). Administer cpr. 999 AED.

Question 26

Recovery position is okay all the time with the exception of?

Answer 26

Possible spinal injury….Do no move them. Call ems immediately.

Question 27

When is spinal injury suspected?

Answer 27

-accident directly affecting spine
-complains of severe back pain
-won’t move back
-feels weak/numb/paralysed
has lost control of limbs/bladder/bowels

Question 28

What is RIDDOR?

Answer 28

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013, often known by the acronym RIDDOR, is a 2013 statutory instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Question 29

Steps for emergency?

Answer 29

1 - primary assessment
2 - ABCs - check airways, breathing, & circulation. If not breathing and no circulation start CPR and if cardiac arrest (AED as soon as is possible)
3 - call emergency services
4 - Secondary assessment of full body for other injuries or problems. Take note
5 - check for stroke. FAST. Face, arms, speech, time.

Question 30

3 P’s of First aid?

Answer 30

Preserve life
Prevent worsening
Promote recovery

Question 31

What is first aid?

Answer 31

pre-medical care before EMS/EMT arrives:
1 - suitably stocked first aid kit
2-an appointed person
3-info for others about where/who the first aider is in the bldg

Question 32

First aid box

Answer 32

Leaflet
gloves (ppe - face shield)
dressings - non adhesive
tape
hypo allergenic plasters
foil blanket 
eye wash for flushing out chemicals in the eye
wound dressing shears (curve)

Question 33

What is DRABC?

Answer 33

This is your primary survey acronym for paediatric first aid

D anger - remove yourself from / secure area to treat the child
R response - check consciousness of baby-tap foot
A airway - tilt head check for obstruction
B reathing - if not breathing initiate p. cpr
C circulation -

Do not stop cpr unless:

• ems arrives and tells you to stop
• child revives
• you’re physically exhausted

Question 34

What is the infant recovery position?

Answer 34

Hold baby toward chest securly with hand holding head to open airway

check for breathing. do not give food or water.

call 999

Question 35

What is the acronym R.I.C.E.?

Answer 35

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate injury

Question 36

How do you remove a bee sting? Splinters?

Answer 36

With a credit card - not tweezers
Ice - pack or cold pack
Monitor area for swelling and discoloration

Splinters - clean / pat dry and remove with tweezers, encourage a drop or two of clean blood, wipe/dress

Question 37

What is the acronym S.C.A.L.D.?

Answer 37

Size of burn
Cause of burn
Age of patient
Where is the burn
Depth of burn

Question 38

What are the causes of and symptoms of ischemic shock?

Answer 38

Shock happens when there is a sudden drop of blood flow in the body. Organs not getting enough oxygen.

Pale, cold to touch, clammy skin, rapid shallow breathing. Treat cause, elevate feet. Flat on back, turn head to side and monitor breathing.

Question 39

What is the difference between Ischemia and Hypoxia?

Answer 39

Ischemia is a word used to describe a situation where there is not enough oxygen reaching the cells of the body. The word hypoxia means “a reduced level of oxygen at the cell level” and is often used interchangeably. When body organs become ischemic, they cannot function properly.

Question 40

How to treat low blood sugar in first aid or febrile convulsions/seizures in infants?

Answer 40

Two types of diabetes (type 1 - and type 2 - adult onset - lack of insulin). Blood sugar may be low. Orange juice, sugary drink. If they respond well, give more in 20 mins. Call 999 if they don’t improve.

Child diabetics are susceptible to febrile convulsions (fever fits or seizures) - body temp 37 degreesC. Hypothalamus not fully developed until age 5. Follow same protocol as seizures-epilepsy / call 999.

Question 41

Nosebleeds

Answer 41

sit patient down
have them pinch their own nose
and lean forward for up to 10 mins until passes

Question 42

Blunt head trauma/injury

Answer 42

Three types:
concussion
compression (bleeding inside skull with seizures and dizziness)
fracture

If unconscious, place in recovery position (if no spinal injury suspected) / dial 999.

Question 43

What do you do if you believe someone has a spinal injury?

Answer 43

Call 999
Keep airway open. Check Head, neck and back. Typically due to fall from a high place. Hold head still until EMT arrives. Stay with the patient and reassure them, keep them warm, cover with blanket.

Question 44

How do you identify meningitis in children and infants?

Answer 44

Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges). It can affect anyone, but is most common in babies, young children, teenagers and young adults. Meningitis can be very serious if not treated quickly.

Symptoms of meningitis include being sick, a headache, a stiff neck and a dislike of bright lights. You may sometimes get a purple blotchy rash.
Symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include:
a high temperature (fever) of 38C or above
being sick
a headache
a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it (but this will not always develop)
a stiff neck
a dislike of bright lights
drowsiness or unresponsiveness
fits (seizures)

call 999

Question 45

Secondary survey?

What is the acronym SAMPLE?

Answer 45

The secondary survey includes a head to toe examination as well as S.A.M.P.L.E.

Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past Medical History
Last Meal
Event History

Question 46

How do you treat someone who has called about an asthma attack?

Answer 46

Sit them up
retrieve their inhaler
keep them calm in a quiet area
call 999