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Pathology 1 > First Quiz Material > Flashcards

First Quiz Material Flashcards

1
Q

Define of Etiology

A

The known cause of a disease, etiological factor/agent.

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2
Q

Define of Idiopathic

A

The etiology is unknown.

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3
Q

The 3 categories of Etiology

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Congenital
  3. Acquired
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4
Q

Define Genetic Etiology

A

When an individual’s genes are responsible for some structural or functional defect, transferring of abnormal genes from parents to children.

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5
Q

List 3 examples of Genetic Etiology

A
  1. Down Syndrome AKA Trisomy 21
  2. Huntington’s Disease AKA Chorea
  3. Cystic Fibrosis
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6
Q

Explain Down Syndrome

A

> 3 instead of 2 chromosomes on the 21st pair of genes (Trisomy 21)
Prevalence increases when the mother is more than 30 years old
20 and below years old- 1/1500 chance
40+ years old- 1/45 chance
Absence of transverse ligament of the atlas

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7
Q

Explain Huntington’s Disease

A

> Jerky involuntary movements of the extremity and facial muscles
Atrophy of the striatal neurons (basal ganglia) which affects motor function and contraction of antagonist muscle
Late onset around 35 years old
Outcome is not good causing insanity and death 10-15 years after onset diagnosed

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8
Q

Explain Cystic Fibrosis

A

> Genetic mutation of a CFTR gene which is responsible for fluid, mucus and sweat production
Individuals will have salty sweat and thick fluids (mucus) affecting the lungs, kidneys, pancreas and liver
Leads to a lot of lung infections, excessive coughing and clubbing of the finger nails

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9
Q

Define Congenital Etiology

A

When the genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development, impairment of normal embryo development

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10
Q

List 4 examples of Congenital Etiology

A
  1. Toxoplasmosis
  2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  3. Thalidomide
  4. Rubella Virus
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11
Q

Define Teratogenic

A

Any agent (abnormality) that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus (congenital)

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12
Q

Explain Taxoplasmosis

A

> Caused by a protozoa called Toxoplasma Gandii
During pregnancy the protozoa interferes with the embryos anatomical structure development
Usual cause is contact with CATS and dogs during pregnancy.
60% of people are carriers
It is dormant until pregnancy which then it can damage the fetus

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13
Q

Explain Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

> In pregnancy no alcohol should be drank
No alcohol should be drank by neither mom or dad for the 4 weeks prior to conception
Babies have characteristic facial traits: small eye openings, smooth philtrum and thin upper lip
Can cause macrocephaly, microcephaly, autism, extreme neurological defects

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14
Q

Explain Thalidomide

A

> Medication designed for morning sickness during 1st trimester
Babies were born with terrible anatomical structure abnormalities : missing limbs and facial deformities
Now thalidomide is used in leukemia treatment

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15
Q

Explain Rubella Virus aka German Measles

A

> A contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash
Most dangerous to embryo if infected during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects, brain damage
Abortion should be considered if infected during pregnancy

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16
Q

Define Acquired Etiology

A

> When a disease is caused by factors other than genetic of developmental ones
Mainly bacteria, virus, or chronic damage AFTER BIRTH

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17
Q

List 3 examples of Acquired Etiology

A
  1. Herpes Zoster Virus
  2. Bullous Emphysema
  3. Pyogenic Infection
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18
Q

Explain Herpes Zoster Virus

A

> Causes Shingles
Infects and lies dormant in the DRG (dorsal root ganglia)
Triggered by suppression of immune system
Usually unilateral rash very painful in level T12 thoracic region, waist and face

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19
Q

Explain Bullous Emphysema

A

> Distention of the alveoli
Alveoli weaken and eventually rupture
Causes shortness in breath (difficulty exhaling=no room for new air to come in) bloody sputum/hemoptysis and chest pain

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20
Q

Explain Pyogenic Infection

A

> Caused commonly by Staph. Aureus or Strep Pyogenes
Usually from popping pimples during acne in adolescence
If the bacteria enters the blood stream and gets to the brain it can cause brain abscess.
Can happen quickly, within a day

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21
Q

List 2 examples of Idiopathic diseases.

A
  1. DISH aka Forestier´s disease

2. Ankylosing Spondylitis

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22
Q

Explain DISH

A

> Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis also known as Forestier´s disease
Ossification of ligaments in the spine such as ALL
A type of spondyloarthritis

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23
Q

Explain Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

> Ossification of the ligaments and cartilage in all articular surfaces of the spine
A chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the whole body specially spine and hips
Complete ossification of the spine is known as “bamboo spine”

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24
Q

Define Symptom

A

> Subjective complaints of the patient, no one except the patient can feel or describe them
Examples: headache, heartburn, palpitation, dizziness, pain, feeling of fever

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25
Q

Define Sign

A

> Objective findings, they can be detected by physical, biochemical, or other types of examination
Examples: temperature, blood pressure, leg length imbalance due to subluxation, increased cholesterol in blood
These manifestations can be measured and proven

26
Q

Define Syndrome

A

> Combination of signs and symptoms associated with particular diseases
Some times they are so important that they can be talked about as a disease itself (Ex. Raynaud’s or Sjogren’s Syndrome)

27
Q

Explain Raynaud’s Syndrome

A

> Vasospastic reactions in fingers
Characterized by change in color of the fingers due to spasm of the blood vessels in fingers and toes
No blood flow to fingers turns skin white (cadaver like), then blue/purple due to spasm of veins (no venous return) and then red when blood finally reaches the area through arteries
May be a manifestation of disorders like systemic sclerosis or immunohemolytic anemia

28
Q

Explain Sjogren’s Syndrome

A

> Chronic autoimmune syndrome where the WBC´s destroy the exocrine glands special salivary and lacrimal glands
Characterized by inflammation of the exocrine glands
Causes dryness of the mucous membranes due to damage of the exocrine glands (Ex. Xerostomia and Xerophthalmia)
Bilateral inflammation of the Parotid gland “Hamster face”
Joint pain is NOT a manifestation of this syndrome. However, this syndrome is usually related to joint pain diseases (Ex. Rheumatoid Arthritis or systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

29
Q

Define Pathogenesis

A

> The pattern of disease development
Different diseases have different mechanisms of development

30
Q

List all different types of Pathogenesis

A
  1. Acute Disease
  2. Chronic Disease
  3. Subacute Disease
  4. Local Disease
  5. Systemic Disease
  6. Focal Damage
  7. Diffuse Damage
31
Q

Explain Acute Disease

A

> Develops suddenly, hours or 1-2 days
Lasts 7-10 days
Goes away fast

32
Q

Explain Chronic Disease

A

> Develops after 6 weeks or more
Not serious at first and slow development, can last months or years
Some loss of function can occur

33
Q

Explain Subacute Disease

A

> Takes between 1-6 weeks
A state between acute and chronic
Rare, not commonly used

34
Q

Explain Local Disease vs. Systemic Disease

A

Local disease is confined to one region/organ of the body and Systemic involves other organ systems

35
Q

Explain Focal Damage vs. Diffuse Damage

A

Focal damage is limited to one or more separate sites within one organ and Diffuse damage is uniformly distributed within the entire organ or majority of organ

36
Q

Define Diagnosis

A

> Identification of the patient’s specific disease made based on the analysis of the symptoms and signs

37
Q

Define Prognosis

A

> The prediction of a particular patient’s disease outcome due to the diagnosis

38
Q

Define Cell Injury

A

> Injury to the primary unit within an organism

> Injury to any cell can cause injury to the adjacent cells—>organ damage—>organism damage

39
Q

List the 3 categories of Cell Injury

A
  1. Deficiency
  2. Intoxication
  3. Trauma
40
Q

Explain Deficiency (cell injury)

A

> The lack of a substance(s) necessary for the cell to function
Food is our primary nutrient source
Eating different foods will provide all the nutrients needed for cell function

41
Q

Explain Primary vs. Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

A

Primary deficiency is something essential we’re missing from the food we eat and Secondary deficiency means that there’s nothing essential missing but that our bodies can’t absorb the nutrient

42
Q

List 3 examples of Primary Nutrient Deficiency disease

A
  1. Pellagra Dermatitis
  2. Scurvy
  3. BeriBeri
43
Q

Explain Pellagra Dermatitis

A

> Lack of Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Described as the 3 D´s: Diarrhea, Dermatitis and Dementia with the main manifestation of Casal necklace (red neck rash)

44
Q

Explain Scurvy

A

> Lack of Vitamin C
Characterized by visible spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes
As it advances it can lead to teeth decay, fever, jaundice and hemorrhages.

45
Q

Explain BeriBeri

A

> Lack of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
There are two types of the disease: wet beriberi and dry beriberi
Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. In extreme cases, wet beriberi can cause heart failure
Dry beriberi damages the nerves and can lead to decreased muscle strength and eventually, muscle paralysis
Beriberi can be life-threatening if it isn’t treated

46
Q

Name and describe one example of Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

A

Pernicious Anemia: caused by a lack of intrinsic factor needed for the absorption of Vitamin B12

47
Q

Explain Intoxication (cell injury)

A

> The presence of a substance that interferes with the cells function
Can be categorized as EXogenous or ENDogenous, Ionizing radiation, or Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

48
Q

Explain Exogenous vs. Endogenous Intoxication

A

Exogenous intoxication originates from outside the body and Endogenous intoxication is produced from within the body that can be poisoning

49
Q

Examples of Exogenous Intoxication

A

A) Infection: botulism, bacteriological weapons
B) Chemicals: alcohol
C) Overdose of Medications: antibiotics, artificial vitamins

50
Q

Examples of Endogenous Intoxication

A

A) Alkaptonuria
B) Hyperhomocysteinemia
C) Phenylalketonuria

51
Q

Explain Alkaptonuria

A

> Cyclooxidase enzyme deficiency in birth
This enzyme is involved in the phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolism
The lack of this enzyme causes the intermediate product of phenylalanine metabolism, homogentisic acid (alkapton), to be accumulated in tissues
Then the Homogentisic acid is deposited in the cartilage causing another disease called ochronosis where there is severe degeneration of the cartilage of the vertebral column and complete calcification of the IVD´s
Ochronosis causes hyper pigmentation such as change in ear color (homogetisic acid resembles melanin, black pigment) Urine turns black after 30-40 seconds exposure to air

52
Q

Explain Hyperhomocysteinemia

A

> Accumulation of homocystein leads to atherosclerosis, which can be prevented by Vitamin B6, B12, and Folic Acid

53
Q

Explain Phenylalketonuria

A

> The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylse is missing so phenylalanine is not converted to tyrosine
When this happens, activation of an alternative pathway occurs—> Phenylalanine is converted to ketones: phenylacetic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, or phenyllactic acid all accumulate
These acid productions result in brain underdevelopment in fetus/growing children, and sour smell
Most of these kids never speak nor walk. Prevented by not eating foods with phenylalanine in it

54
Q

Define Ionizing Radiation

A

> Results in destruction or changing of the atom
Produces free radicals
DNA, cell proteins, and membrane lipids are the most vulnerable to ionizing radiation

55
Q

Define Accumulation of Metabolic By-products

A

> Low concentrations of normal metabolites are safe, but in excess amounts are toxic

56
Q

Give an example of Metabolic By-product Accumulation

A

> Gout: “eating of bones”, caused by impairment of purine metabolism
Hyperuricemia- over production or decrease elimination of Uric Acid in urine
Can be controlled by diet
3 different manifistations of Gout:
A) Gouty Arthritis
B) Gouty Kidney
C) Tophus or Tophi

57
Q

Explain Gouty Arthritis

A

> One of the most painful diseases of the body
Unilateral inflammation of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint
Uric acid forms crystals in the joint which are very sharp
Immune cells go into joint to attack crystals and get destroyed
Lysosomal enzymes get released and results in severe synovial inflammation
Any alcohol beverage or fried meat can promote this happening

58
Q

Explain Tophus

A

> Deposition of Uric Acid into subcutaneous tissue (skin)

> Typical location is outer surface of olecranon process and ears

59
Q

Explain Gouty Kidney

A

> Does not manifest and show painful symptoms
It can result with sudden death of the patient from renal failure
Urine test will show accumulation of creatine due to failure of kidneys to filter
Smell of urea from mouth
This is the most dangerous form of gout (silent killer)

60
Q

Explain Trauma (cell injury)

A

> Loss of cell’s functional and structural integrity

61
Q

List the 5 categories of Trauma (cell injury)

A
  1. Direct Contact
  2. Hypothermia
  3. Hyperthermia
  4. Microorganisms/Parasites
  5. Mechanical Pressure
62
Q

Describe the 5 different categories of Trauma (cell injury)

A
  1. Direct Contact: direct impact to the cell (car accident)
  2. Hypothermia: cytoplasm becomes frozen into ice crystals which expands and rips cell membrane and kills cell. (frostbite/necrosis of tissue)
  3. Hyperthermia: proteins are denatured at high temperatures and damage cell by coagulating (fire, electrical current, ionizing radiation)
  4. Microorganisms/Parasites: their development in cells can result in rupture or modification of the cells so that it is considered non-self by the cells of the immune system (Malaria plasmodium, Echinococcus worms)
  5. Mechanical Pressure: may lead to pressure atrophy and vertebral subluxation (tumor, kidney stones, aneurysm, high intensity sound, microorganisms)

Pathology 1 (1 decks)

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