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Psyc2050 > First Quiz > Flashcards

First Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Habituation is the simplest for of learning. It’s is adaptive as it lets us know that the stimulus is not significant and thus no distractions. Basically it’s you getting used to the stimulus. It is also non associative.

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2
Q

Name an example of habituation.

A

Your studying and you hear the lawnmower. You are initially shocked, but you continue with your current work and it fades into the background. U get used to it.

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3
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

Sensitisation is when ur exposed to stimulus and you feel it more and more.

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4
Q

Give an example of sensitisation.

A

An army veteran who heard a lot of loud shots and bombs. Sensitivity to loud sounds.

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5
Q

What is the relationship with sensitisation and habituation?

A

They are complete opposites one grows where the other u get used to.

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6
Q

What is learning

A

A fundamental process in living animals. Permanent change in behaviour. Doesn’t have to be seen. Context is important.

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Founder of classical conditioning

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8
Q

What are things that are not due to associative learning?

A

-habituation
-reflexes
-maturation
-fatigue

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9
Q

Cognition

A

The study of mental processes such as perceiving, attending, remembering and reasoning.

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10
Q

Free energy principle

A

It’s a global theory of how the brain works. Provides a unified account of action, perception and learning for adaptive systems

A formulation of how adaptive systems resist a natural tendency to disorder
Any self organising system that is at equilibrium with its environment must minimise its free energy

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11
Q

Entropy

A

Surprise, a fish out of water has high entropy

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12
Q

Dog study findings (classical conditioning)

A
  1. Before conditioning
    Food = salivation
    Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
  2. During conditioning
    Whistle = no salivation
    Neutral stimulus= no conditioned response
  3. During conditioning
    Whistle + food = salivation
    Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
  4. After conditioning
    Whistle = salivation
    Conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
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13
Q

What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
Unconditioned response (UR)
The unlearned response to (US)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A stimulus to which an organism must learn to respond
Conditioned response (CR)
The response to a CS (Which is learned)

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14
Q

What is John Bs quote

A

Everyone is a blank slate

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15
Q

What’s a typical classical conditioning experiment?

A

Stage 1: HABITUATION
-CS presented alone
Stage 2: ACQUISITION
-CS presented along with US
Stage 3: EXTINCTION
-CS presented alone again

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16
Q

Excitatory conditioning

A

CS predicts the occurrence of US
e.g: if A is a bell A-US, A-US, A-US

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17
Q

Inhibitory conditioning

A

CS predicts absence of US
e.g: if B is a light, A-US,A-US,AB,A-US, AB
Here B predicts the absence of US

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18
Q

Summation test (part of inhibitory conditioning)

A

This is when two stimulus are presented at the same time.
First inhibitory conditioning takes place
A-US, AB- nothing, A-US, AB-nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it - present:
- a new excitatory CS alone: ‘N’
- a new excitatory CS + the inhibitor N+1

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19
Q

What tests have to be passed to be inhibitory conditioning

A

Summarise test and retardation test

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20
Q

What are the three things that can happen during extinction?

A

Spontaneous recovery
The renewal effect
Reinstatement

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21
Q

Explain spontaneous recovery

A

Spontaneous recovery is when a stimulus is given and a response then there is no response. So we stop giving the stimulus and then we give it again. To which we get a response. ( basically when there is a break in stimulus)

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22
Q

Explain the renewal effect

A

The renewal effect is when you are receiving stimulus and you go get therapy to get rid of it. The therapy helps and you stop getting it at the therapy place. But then you go home and you respond again to the stimulus. (Basically context is important)

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23
Q

Explain reinstatement

A

The reinstatement effect is when you are responding to the stimulus and … need to understand this better forgot woops haha

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24
Q

What are the two major ways of learning?

A

Non-associative (habituation)
Associative: other things

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25
Q

Watsons methodological behaviourism?

A

We measure behaviour to infer learning. Limited to observable effects of learning. Excludes internal processes.

26
Q

Skinners radical behaviourism

A

Like watsons methodological behaviouralism but complex’s behaviours follow the same laws as small units of behaviour.

27
Q

Associative learning?

A

Forming new associations. Connecting stimuli with each other and with behaviour. Things such as avoiding danger, finding food… these things are also fundamental in human abstract conceptual thinking and learning.

28
Q

Ethology

A

Different species have different genetic predispositions that determine behaviour. Fixed action patterns such as stereotyped mating behaviour, best building, territory marking. Critical periods for specific learning such as chicks learning who mother is… imprinting …

29
Q

Approaches to studying the mind

A

Experiments
Neuroscientistific investigations
Modeling
Comparative

30
Q

Low level cognition

A

Close to the input from our senses
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell

Also things like attention and memory

31
Q

High level cognition

A

Abstract
Conceptual
Relational
Also things like imagery, language and intelligence

32
Q

Key figures in history of associative learning

A

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John Watson (1878-1958)
Bf skinner (1904-1990)

33
Q

Unconditioned

A

Connection between stimulus and response is INNATE

34
Q

Conditioned

A

Connection between stimulus and response is LEARNED

35
Q

Timing
Delay conditioning Short

A

Using an example of a whistle (CS)
The whistle goes on for a minute
Half way through a mint is presented (US) and after 30 seconds the whistle stops and the mint is still there.

36
Q

Timing
Delay conditioning -long

A

Using the example of the whistle (CS)
The whistle is presented for 2 minutes and half way through the mint is presented

37
Q

Timing
Trace conditioning

A

Using the example of the whistle (CS)
The whistle goes on for about 10 seconds. Then there is a 10 second stop then the mint is presented. (Note it does not have to be 10 seconds)

38
Q

Timing
Simultaneous conditioning

A

Both stimulus are presented at the same time

39
Q

Timing
Backward conditioning

A

First the mint is presented (US) and then there is a pause then the whistle is presented (CS)

40
Q

Timing
Temporal conditioning

A

The whistle begins then after a bit the mint is provided and they both stop at the same time.

41
Q

Quiz
What is it called when the stimulus that the animal is learning about (CS) is presented before the stimulus that already holds some meaning (US) but there is a delay between the end on the first stimulus and the beginning of the second?
A) delay conditioning
B) trace conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning

A

B) trace conditioning

42
Q

Quiz
In a typical conditioning experiment a neutral stimulus (CS) is presented along with a stimulus that we already know something about (US). What is this phase called?
A) habituation
B) acquisition
C) extinction
D) learning

A

B) acquisition

43
Q

What are the two types of Pavlovian conditioning?

A

Excitatory conditioning
CS predicts the occurrence of US
e.g if A is a bell A-US, A-US, A-US

Inhibitory conditioning
CS predicts absence of US
e.g if B is a light A-US, A-US, AB, A-US, AB
Here B predicts the absence of US

44
Q

Retardation test

A

First inhibitory conditioning takes place

A-US, AB -nothing, A-US, AB-nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it, train an inhibitor I and a neutral stimulus N to become excitatory
I-US, I-US, I-US
N- US, N- US, N- US
Slower learning by to inhibitory I<N

45
Q

Two types of inhibitory conditioning

A

Retardation
Summation

46
Q

Summation test

A

First inhibitory conditioning takes place
A-US, AB nothing, A-US, AB nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it -Present:
A new excitatory CS alone: N
A new excitatory CS + the inhibitor N+I
The combo should evoke a weaker CR

47
Q

Quiz
I think that people who provide us with social support are a natural example of a conditioned inhibitor. To test this I present participants with pictures that they have previously learnt predict a shock alone or along with a picture of their mother. What am I testing?
A) summation test
B) Evaluation test
C) retardation test
D) inhibition test

A

A) summation test

48
Q

What are the three things that can happen during extinction?

A

Spontaneous recovery (break)
- give stimulus response
- give stimulus no response
-stop giving stimulus
- after time give again - response

The renewal effect (context)
- go to therapy and have no response to stimulus
-then go home and have response
- this is context specific

Reinstatement
- give stimulus -response
-give stimulus - stop response
- still have stimulus given and then they start responding again.

49
Q

Blocking

A

When a neutral stimulus and an excitatory stimulus come together and are paired with the US
The learner does not form an association between the neutral stimulus and the US
e.g
U get sick from anchovies
U have a pizza with anchovies and capsicum
You get sick, and thus believe it’s from the anchovies

50
Q

Super conditioning

A

When a neutral stimulus and an inhibitory stimulus are together and are paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Super conditioning is the absence of change
The learner forms a stronger association between the neutral stimulus and the US

51
Q

Quiz
You thing you have a conditioned inhibitor. You decide to do the retardation test first so you
A) pair the inhibitor with a US and a neutral stimulus with the US over and over and compare CRS
B) present an excitatory stimulus with a U.S. and the inhibitor with out a US
C) present an excitatory stimulus alone and an excitatory stimulus together with the inhibitor and compare CRS
D) present a neutral stimulus and a neutral stimulus together with an inhibitor and compare CRs

A

A)

52
Q

Quiz
You are pavlovs dog. One particular guy always brings you food. You always salivate when you hear his footsteps or see him coming towards you. He starts bringing a friend along with him when he brings the food. One day that friend comes alone and your mouth is dry. What is that an example of?
A) reinstatement
B) super conditioning
C) blocking
D) acquisition

A

C) blocking

53
Q

You are still Pavlov’s dog. All sorts of people bring you food, but there is this old guy with a beard that never does. One day he comes along with a new person and you get some food. When that new person comes to visit you along you are salivating a lot. What is this?

A) reinstatement
B) super conditioning
C) blocking
D) acquisition

A

B super conditioning

54
Q

What is CS pre exposure?

A

This is context specific. It is not inhibitory as it passes the retardation test but not the summation test.

55
Q

What evidence is there that CS pre exposure / latent inhibition is not the same as inhibitory conditioning?
A) when a pre exposed CS is presented along with an excitatory stimulus, conditioned responding is not reduced compared to the excitatory stimulus alone.
B) when a pre exposed CS is presented along with an excitatory stimulus, conditioned responding is reduced compared to the excitatory stimulus alone
C) a pre exposed CS slows excitatory conditioning is a subsequent learning phase
D) a pre exposed CS facilitates excitatory conditioning in a subsequent learning phase.

A

A)

56
Q

Generalisation

A

Other similar stimuli may also produce the CR. The more similar to the original CS, the more likely it is to elicit the CR.

57
Q

Discrimination

A

Early on during acquisition, generalisation may cause the learner to respond to a variety of stimuli. As learning continues, the organism learns which CA seems to be best associated with US( they discriminate)
E.g deers learnt if dog looks hungry they should run but if the dog has eaten recently then they are fine.

58
Q

Rescorla Wagner model 1972

A

The level of conditioning is a result of an internal comparison between
Expected strength of the US
Actual strength of the US
Expectation is based on prior experience with the US
Strength of the US is fixed

59
Q

Taste aversion

A

You can acquire taste aversion after a singer association
Although it’s against the rules it is for a good reason, it takes a while to feel sick and it’s important to know which foods are bad as quickly as possible

60
Q

Describe a new fear conditioning experiment and use it to illustrate the renewal effect?

A

Habituation,(CS) red light
Aquisition, (CS) red light, unpleasant noise
Extinction (CS) red light

The rat will show freezing behaviour which is the UR & CR

61
Q

Systematic desensitisation

A

A program of presenting the CS without the US is called this

Psyc2050 (1 decks)

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