First Quiz Flashcards
What is Habituation?
Habituation is the simplest for of learning. It’s is adaptive as it lets us know that the stimulus is not significant and thus no distractions. Basically it’s you getting used to the stimulus. It is also non associative.
Name an example of habituation.
Your studying and you hear the lawnmower. You are initially shocked, but you continue with your current work and it fades into the background. U get used to it.
What is sensitisation?
Sensitisation is when ur exposed to stimulus and you feel it more and more.
Give an example of sensitisation.
An army veteran who heard a lot of loud shots and bombs. Sensitivity to loud sounds.
What is the relationship with sensitisation and habituation?
They are complete opposites one grows where the other u get used to.
What is learning
A fundamental process in living animals. Permanent change in behaviour. Doesn’t have to be seen. Context is important.
Ivan Pavlov
Founder of classical conditioning
What are things that are not due to associative learning?
-habituation
-reflexes
-maturation
-fatigue
Cognition
The study of mental processes such as perceiving, attending, remembering and reasoning.
Free energy principle
It’s a global theory of how the brain works. Provides a unified account of action, perception and learning for adaptive systems
A formulation of how adaptive systems resist a natural tendency to disorder
Any self organising system that is at equilibrium with its environment must minimise its free energy
Entropy
Surprise, a fish out of water has high entropy
Dog study findings (classical conditioning)
- Before conditioning
Food = salivation
Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response - During conditioning
Whistle = no salivation
Neutral stimulus= no conditioned response - During conditioning
Whistle + food = salivation
Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response - After conditioning
Whistle = salivation
Conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
Unconditioned response (UR)
The unlearned response to (US)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A stimulus to which an organism must learn to respond
Conditioned response (CR)
The response to a CS (Which is learned)
What is John Bs quote
Everyone is a blank slate
What’s a typical classical conditioning experiment?
Stage 1: HABITUATION
-CS presented alone
Stage 2: ACQUISITION
-CS presented along with US
Stage 3: EXTINCTION
-CS presented alone again
Excitatory conditioning
CS predicts the occurrence of US
e.g: if A is a bell A-US, A-US, A-US
Inhibitory conditioning
CS predicts absence of US
e.g: if B is a light, A-US,A-US,AB,A-US, AB
Here B predicts the absence of US
Summation test (part of inhibitory conditioning)
This is when two stimulus are presented at the same time.
First inhibitory conditioning takes place
A-US, AB- nothing, A-US, AB-nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it - present:
- a new excitatory CS alone: ‘N’
- a new excitatory CS + the inhibitor N+1
What tests have to be passed to be inhibitory conditioning
Summarise test and retardation test
What are the three things that can happen during extinction?
Spontaneous recovery
The renewal effect
Reinstatement
Explain spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery is when a stimulus is given and a response then there is no response. So we stop giving the stimulus and then we give it again. To which we get a response. ( basically when there is a break in stimulus)
Explain the renewal effect
The renewal effect is when you are receiving stimulus and you go get therapy to get rid of it. The therapy helps and you stop getting it at the therapy place. But then you go home and you respond again to the stimulus. (Basically context is important)
Explain reinstatement
The reinstatement effect is when you are responding to the stimulus and … need to understand this better forgot woops haha
What are the two major ways of learning?
Non-associative (habituation)
Associative: other things
Watsons methodological behaviourism?
We measure behaviour to infer learning. Limited to observable effects of learning. Excludes internal processes.
Skinners radical behaviourism
Like watsons methodological behaviouralism but complex’s behaviours follow the same laws as small units of behaviour.
Associative learning?
Forming new associations. Connecting stimuli with each other and with behaviour. Things such as avoiding danger, finding food… these things are also fundamental in human abstract conceptual thinking and learning.
Ethology
Different species have different genetic predispositions that determine behaviour. Fixed action patterns such as stereotyped mating behaviour, best building, territory marking. Critical periods for specific learning such as chicks learning who mother is… imprinting …
Approaches to studying the mind
Experiments
Neuroscientistific investigations
Modeling
Comparative
Low level cognition
Close to the input from our senses
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Also things like attention and memory
High level cognition
Abstract
Conceptual
Relational
Also things like imagery, language and intelligence
Key figures in history of associative learning
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John Watson (1878-1958)
Bf skinner (1904-1990)
Unconditioned
Connection between stimulus and response is INNATE
Conditioned
Connection between stimulus and response is LEARNED
Timing
Delay conditioning Short
Using an example of a whistle (CS)
The whistle goes on for a minute
Half way through a mint is presented (US) and after 30 seconds the whistle stops and the mint is still there.
Timing
Delay conditioning -long
Using the example of the whistle (CS)
The whistle is presented for 2 minutes and half way through the mint is presented
Timing
Trace conditioning
Using the example of the whistle (CS)
The whistle goes on for about 10 seconds. Then there is a 10 second stop then the mint is presented. (Note it does not have to be 10 seconds)
Timing
Simultaneous conditioning
Both stimulus are presented at the same time
Timing
Backward conditioning
First the mint is presented (US) and then there is a pause then the whistle is presented (CS)
Timing
Temporal conditioning
The whistle begins then after a bit the mint is provided and they both stop at the same time.
Quiz
What is it called when the stimulus that the animal is learning about (CS) is presented before the stimulus that already holds some meaning (US) but there is a delay between the end on the first stimulus and the beginning of the second?
A) delay conditioning
B) trace conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning
B) trace conditioning
Quiz
In a typical conditioning experiment a neutral stimulus (CS) is presented along with a stimulus that we already know something about (US). What is this phase called?
A) habituation
B) acquisition
C) extinction
D) learning
B) acquisition
What are the two types of Pavlovian conditioning?
Excitatory conditioning
CS predicts the occurrence of US
e.g if A is a bell A-US, A-US, A-US
Inhibitory conditioning
CS predicts absence of US
e.g if B is a light A-US, A-US, AB, A-US, AB
Here B predicts the absence of US
Retardation test
First inhibitory conditioning takes place
A-US, AB -nothing, A-US, AB-nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it, train an inhibitor I and a neutral stimulus N to become excitatory
I-US, I-US, I-US
N- US, N- US, N- US
Slower learning by to inhibitory I<N
Two types of inhibitory conditioning
Retardation
Summation
Summation test
First inhibitory conditioning takes place
A-US, AB nothing, A-US, AB nothing
B becomes inhibitor I
To test it -Present:
A new excitatory CS alone: N
A new excitatory CS + the inhibitor N+I
The combo should evoke a weaker CR
Quiz
I think that people who provide us with social support are a natural example of a conditioned inhibitor. To test this I present participants with pictures that they have previously learnt predict a shock alone or along with a picture of their mother. What am I testing?
A) summation test
B) Evaluation test
C) retardation test
D) inhibition test
A) summation test
What are the three things that can happen during extinction?
Spontaneous recovery (break)
- give stimulus response
- give stimulus no response
-stop giving stimulus
- after time give again - response
The renewal effect (context)
- go to therapy and have no response to stimulus
-then go home and have response
- this is context specific
Reinstatement
- give stimulus -response
-give stimulus - stop response
- still have stimulus given and then they start responding again.
Blocking
When a neutral stimulus and an excitatory stimulus come together and are paired with the US
The learner does not form an association between the neutral stimulus and the US
e.g
U get sick from anchovies
U have a pizza with anchovies and capsicum
You get sick, and thus believe it’s from the anchovies
Super conditioning
When a neutral stimulus and an inhibitory stimulus are together and are paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Super conditioning is the absence of change
The learner forms a stronger association between the neutral stimulus and the US
Quiz
You thing you have a conditioned inhibitor. You decide to do the retardation test first so you
A) pair the inhibitor with a US and a neutral stimulus with the US over and over and compare CRS
B) present an excitatory stimulus with a U.S. and the inhibitor with out a US
C) present an excitatory stimulus alone and an excitatory stimulus together with the inhibitor and compare CRS
D) present a neutral stimulus and a neutral stimulus together with an inhibitor and compare CRs
A)
Quiz
You are pavlovs dog. One particular guy always brings you food. You always salivate when you hear his footsteps or see him coming towards you. He starts bringing a friend along with him when he brings the food. One day that friend comes alone and your mouth is dry. What is that an example of?
A) reinstatement
B) super conditioning
C) blocking
D) acquisition
C) blocking
You are still Pavlov’s dog. All sorts of people bring you food, but there is this old guy with a beard that never does. One day he comes along with a new person and you get some food. When that new person comes to visit you along you are salivating a lot. What is this?
A) reinstatement
B) super conditioning
C) blocking
D) acquisition
B super conditioning
What is CS pre exposure?
This is context specific. It is not inhibitory as it passes the retardation test but not the summation test.
What evidence is there that CS pre exposure / latent inhibition is not the same as inhibitory conditioning?
A) when a pre exposed CS is presented along with an excitatory stimulus, conditioned responding is not reduced compared to the excitatory stimulus alone.
B) when a pre exposed CS is presented along with an excitatory stimulus, conditioned responding is reduced compared to the excitatory stimulus alone
C) a pre exposed CS slows excitatory conditioning is a subsequent learning phase
D) a pre exposed CS facilitates excitatory conditioning in a subsequent learning phase.
A)
Generalisation
Other similar stimuli may also produce the CR. The more similar to the original CS, the more likely it is to elicit the CR.
Discrimination
Early on during acquisition, generalisation may cause the learner to respond to a variety of stimuli. As learning continues, the organism learns which CA seems to be best associated with US( they discriminate)
E.g deers learnt if dog looks hungry they should run but if the dog has eaten recently then they are fine.
Rescorla Wagner model 1972
The level of conditioning is a result of an internal comparison between
Expected strength of the US
Actual strength of the US
Expectation is based on prior experience with the US
Strength of the US is fixed
Taste aversion
You can acquire taste aversion after a singer association
Although it’s against the rules it is for a good reason, it takes a while to feel sick and it’s important to know which foods are bad as quickly as possible
Describe a new fear conditioning experiment and use it to illustrate the renewal effect?
Habituation,(CS) red light
Aquisition, (CS) red light, unpleasant noise
Extinction (CS) red light
The rat will show freezing behaviour which is the UR & CR
Systematic desensitisation
A program of presenting the CS without the US is called this
