first practical Flashcards
directional terms
Words that describe the location of one structure in relation to another. These terms are also used to indicate specific locations on organs or bones.
regional terms
Words that describe specific regions or locations on the body.
body planes
Words that act like a coordinate system to describe a human in the anatomical position.
body cavities
Words that describe the spaces of the body that contain the internal organs, or viscera.
anterior
something towards the front of the body
posterior
something towards the back of the body
distal
a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body
proximal
a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body
inferior
towards the bottom or away from the head-end of the body
superior
to the top or towards the head-end of the body
superficial
closer to the surface of the body
deep
away from the surface of the body
ventral
front half of the body (belly, nose, anything that is forward facing)
dorsal
back half of the body (glutes, heels, anything that is backwards facing)
lateral
away from the midline
medial
closer to the midline
anatomists
an expert in anatomy
axial
relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and truck as distinguishing from the limbs like axial skeleton
appendicular
Relating to an appendix or appendage, especially the limbs.
anatomical planes
A hypothetical plane used to intersect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.
coronal planes
A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portion
sagittal planes
a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally
transverse plane
A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
median plane
a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and bisects the body into two symmetrical halves: right and left
tissues
An integrated group of cells with a common function and/or structure
histology
The study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues. Also known as microanatomy.
organ
A collection of tissues in an organism that performs a specific function, such as the heart, brain, skin, and liver.
organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
physiology
The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.
compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
spongy bone
A porous bone found in animals containing red bone marrow.
flat bones
consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have marrow but no marrow cavity. Ex: rib, hip, perineal
long bones
consist of a shaft and two ends and is longer than it is wide. Consists of a thick outside layer with a marrow filled cavity. The ends of the bone contain spongy bone. Ex: femur
irregular bones
consist of thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and do not fit any of the previous descriptions. Ex: vertebrae, sanctum
short bones
roughly a cube shape with vertical and horizontal dimensions being approximately equal. They consist of mostly spongy bones. The outside surface is a thin layer of compact bone.
radiology
A branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease.
fracture
A crack or break in a bone.
compression force
occurs when a physical force presses inward on an object, causing it to become compacted.
osteoblasts
a bone forming cell
osteoclasts
Any of the large multinucleate cells closely associated with areas of bone resorption (as in a fracture that is healing
callus
Fibrous tissues and cartilage that replace the blood clot at the fracture site
x-ray
A type of radiation that uses electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white.
ultrasound
Imaging that uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body.
MRI
A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body.
muscle
An organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary and involuntary movements of parts of the body
tendons
A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue.
skeletal muscle
An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to bone by a tendon or aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons.
smooth muscle
A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons.
cardiac muscle
Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons.
ATP
A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups, which supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes.
sarcomere
Any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils
actin
A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers.
myosin
The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers.
sliding filament theory
The explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length.
endomysium
The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers within the smallest bundles.
epimysium
The external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle.
perimysium
The connective-tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers.
fascicle
A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers.
myofibril
A threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin).
