First People & the Impact of Contact Flashcards
Who were the first Indigenous group to arrive in Canada?
Inuit
Where did the First Nations (specifically Inuit) come from?
Asia, 12000 years ago
This person sails to Greenland from Iceland, was blown off course and reported seeing new land in what year?
Bjarni Herjolfsson In 986 CE
15 years later, another Viking explorer from Greenland followed the same route.
Leif Ericson
This person landed on Newfoundland and named the place what?
Vinland
With the support of some First Nations/Innuit communities, this person settled what is believed to be the what?
First European Settlement in North America
Who were the first explorers to settle in Canada?
Norse Invaders
Why did the Norse deserted the settlement in Canada?
Unknown Reasons
This Italian explorer sailed to Canada’s east coast in 1497.
John Cabot
This person claimed the land area for England (their sponsor) and named what the place was.
Newfoundland
During this period, all of Europe’s trade with Asia went through what place?
Constantinople
What happens with the European countries in the Northwest Passage?
They began to look for alternate route
After becoming aware of North America’s existence, they look for the route that is around North America and through the Arctic Ocean called?
Northwest Passage
This person’s lost expedition was a British voyage of what exploration and led by what person?
Arctic Exploration and Captain Sir John Franklin
This person left from what place during their lost expedition?
England
This person boarded 2 ships, what are the names of the ships?
HMS Erebus and HMS Terror
This person’s fourth and last expedition was undertaken when they were 59 and was meant to traverse the last navigation section of what?
Northwest Passage
After a few early fatalities, the 2 ships became icebound in Victora Strait near King William Island in the Canadian Arctic, in what is today the territory of what?
Nunavut
What happened during the entire Franklin lost expedition?
He and his 129 men were lost during the entire expedition
A search led by Francis McClintock in 1859 was discovered by how?
A note was left on William Island with details about the expedition’s fate
The 21st-century search for Franklin’s expedition was launched by the Canadian former prime minister…
Stephen Harper
In 2014, a Canadian search team led by _______ located something…
Parks Canada, Wreck of Erebus
What happens 2 years later during the search of Franklin’s expedition?
The Arctic Research Foundation found the wreck of Terror
The belief that a country could accumulate wealth by exporting more goods than it imported is called…
Mercantilism
Is the research and dive expeditions at the reck sites still ongoing?
Yes
To manufacture these goods, they needed raw materials, hence the desire for the natural sources of what?
North America
The theory that leads to colonization is called?
Colonialism
The sending of “our superior people” out to physically take the land away from “their inferior people” and run it for the benefit of “our benefit people” and is the control and exploitation of a territory through the settlement is called?
Colonization
What is another factor that fueled the colonization of the Americas?
Intense Rivalry or Competition
What are the 3 reasons for colonization?
Mercantilism, Competiton and The Desire To Spread Christianity
What is this film called that gives voices to a national tragedy and demonstrates the incredible resistance of the human spirit?
We Were Children
What is John Cabot known for?
The first documented European to arrive in North America after the Norse
While the argument persists over his birthplace, how did he get the name “John Cabot”?
He sailed for a British King and his name was anglicized to John Cabot
This person sailed up the St. Lawrence River in what year?
Jacques Cartier, 1534
Who did Jacques Cartier claim the land for?
France
What did the French Colonists name the new area?
New France
What happened in the year, 1608?
Samuel de Champlain built a permanent French settlement in what is now Quebec City
Samuel de Champlain settled in 2 places, what are they?
Acadia (aka Maritime provinces) and Quebec
What name was Samuel de Champlain called?
The Father of New France
The company was also given what? (Hint: It is an exclusive right to trade)
Monopoly
What did the Roman Catholic Church do?
The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in the colony of Nouvelle-France & brought with them French laws, traditions and religion
The King of France wouldn’t let anyone move to New France who isn’t?
Catholic
An infectious disease caused by the variola virus is called
Smallpox
The iconic Hudson’s Bay point blanket is described as a
A complicated history with the Indigenous people in Canada
What took a darker history on these blankets?
There were rumors swirling that they were used to spread smallpox among First Nations in the 1700s and 1800s
In the last half of the 17th century, the beaver became ________ along the St. Lawrence lowlands
Scarce
What are the Coureurs du Bois?
Large numbers of young, adventurous men left their settlements to go and trade with the First Nations of the North
The name, Coureurs du Bois means…
Runners of the Wood
A vast commercial enterprise across the wild, forested expanse of what is now Canada is called?
Fur Trade
How did it open the continent to exploration and settlement?
Intensely Competitive Trade
What are the Filles du Roi?
They’re known as the King’s Daughters who were unmarried women sponsored by the King
Besides wanting to correct the gender imbalance in the colonies, why was the Filles du Roi created?
To increase the growing population
What did the King do during the Filles du Roi period?
Taking charge of recruiting, clothing and covering the cost of the royal wards’ travel with France and across the Atlantic
The method of land ownership in New France is known as?
Seigneurial System
The seigneurial system relied on having one person, a lord or a seigneur rent out the land to where?
Habitants (French Immigrants who lived and farmed the seigneur’s land)
What happened with the British in Canada?
The British colonized region south of New France and saw New France’s success in fur trapping and wanted to take control of the fur trade
In what year and the name of the war that Britain and France were engaged?
The Spanish Succession in Europe, Between 1701 and 1713
What did the War of Spanish Succession in Europe do?
These hostilities erupted in North America as well
In what year and treaty name did both of the Spanish Succession in Europe as well as the fighting in North America?
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht
What does the Treaty of Utrecht do?
France surrendered possession of almost all of Newfoundland (except some fishing rights), Hudson Bay and Acadia to Britain
It pitted the colonies of who and against those in where?
British America, New France
What is the name of the War between the French and the Indians?
7 years War of 1756-63
Between Great Britain and Iroquois vs. France and Huron, who were first sent in reinforcements and helped end the war?
British
True or False: The 7 Years War of 1756-63 was the first global war
True
What happened by the end of the war?
France gave Canada/Quebec and Ile Royale/Cape Breton to Britain, among other territories
What is the Treaty of Paris?
The Treaty of Paris gave British control of all lands east of the Mississippi River, except for 2 islands off of Newfoundland and the British forced Nova Scotia’s French-speaking people to leave
With their friends and allies the Mi’kmaq, the Acadians felt…
Secure
In what year and person saw the Acadian question of loyalty as a strictly military matter
British Governor, Charles Lawrence, 1755
In meetings with Acadians in July 1755 in Halifax, Lawrence pressed the delegates to take an unqualified _____ to Britain
Oath of Allegiance
When the Acadians refused, what did Lawrence do?
Imprisoned them and gave the fateful order for deportation
In between what year and how many Acadians were deported?
Between 1755 and 1763, 10,000 Acadians
What is the Quebec Act?
It guaranteed the French the right to maintain their culture
True or False: Many Loyalists (American Colonists) did not want to live among French-speaking Canadians
True
What happened in the year 1774?
The British government passed the Quebec Act
What is the result of the Quebec Act?
It gave French Canadians in Quebec the right to continue practicing the Catholic religion and allowed French civil law and the difference between the 2 groups eventually led to a re-division of the country
Ontario is the _______ filled with mostly _______
Upper Canada, English-speaking citizens
Quebec is the _______ filled with mostly _______
Lower Canada, French-speaking citizens
What happened with the Americas in 1776?
The Americans (American colonists) gained independence from Great Britain
What if there are Americans who do not believe in independence?
They left America and moved to Quebec, The people were called “Loyalists” since they were loyal to Great Britain and Quebec began to have people who spoke English as well as French
What happened during the War of 1812?
The French and the British worked together, resulting in a draw but it defined the US-Canadian border and increased a sense of Canadian nationalism and they were more united than ever before
What happened after the War of 1812?
The two sides signed a peace treaty on Christmas Eve, 1814 and ended the war called the Treaty of Ghent which it simply affirmed pre-war borders
In one final irony, it was fought more than two weeks after the peace treaty was drafted, resulting in a U.S. victory and 2000 British casualties called?
The Battle of New Orleans; they suffered in vain not knowing the war was over
What did the French Canadians and British Canadians realize?
They hated being under British rule
What did they think about Great Britain?
Thought that Great Britain was too far away to understand their economic and political needs
Oddly enough, the War of 1812 brought some lasting benefits to British North America and it is?
Bringing a new sense of pride among the people, a better understanding between French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians, for each group had a fought a common foe
True or False: Canadians began to rebel against British control
True
True or False: In 1841, the Upper and Lower Canada were united, establishing the Province of Canada
True
True or False: In 1860, British North America was made up of scattered colonies that were geographically, politically and economically separated from each other, although they were all intricately tied to Britain
True
What was in the center?
A larger, bickering United Province of Canada composed of the French-Catholic dominated Lower Canada and English-Protestant Upper Canada
True or False: In 1841, the formerly separate colonies of Lower and Upper Canada were forced into an unhappy political marriage
True
The _______ still loosely held much of the northwestern territory of the continent
Hudson’s Bay Company
British Columbia, cut off by the Rocky Mountains, was in the throes of the ________
Gold Rush
The colonies each had a ______________, although all were still subject to the overriding political authority of Britain
Separate government with locally elected representatives
True or False: By the 1860s, Britain was growing tired of maintaining its colonies
True
The costs, especially of defending British North America, were _________ that a growing number of British politicians could do without
Burdens
True or False: The British North America Act created a federation union (dominion) of Canada and made Canada independent from Britain
True
It’s joined by 4 colonies, what are the 4 colonies?
Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick & Nova Scotia
True or False: Britain accepted the agreement because they were glad to be rid of the responsibility of protecting the colonies from the Americans (expensive)
True
What date did the Dominion of Canada happen by the Canadian Confederation processing?
July 1, 1867
There is a result of the current union with…
10 Provinces and 3 Territories
What is the Results of the British North America Act?
Allowed each region to sell goods more easily to one another, improved trade helped the economy and soon there was enough money to build a railroad across the country
The year, _______ was making the railroad from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean called _____
1886, Transcontinental Railroad
True or False: When Canada became a confederation in 1867, there were only 4 provinces
True
Eventually, the First Nations (Inuit) agreed to relocate to reservations, now known as…
Nunavut
True or False: Canadian Pacific Railway (Canada’s first Transcontinental Railroad) was built on part of this land
True
A ceremonial final last spike was driven into the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellachie, British Columbia, at 9:22 am on what date?
November 7, 1885
One of the benefits of the results of the railroad is…
Birth of Canadian nationalism; before the railroad, most people only thought of themselves as belonging to their province; after the CPR, they felt as if they were part of one country.
True or False: Chinese immigrants and Chinese Canadians in BC experienced broad racism beginning with the Gold Rush and the construction of the Canadian Pacific railway
True
Due to their precarious financial position, these immigrants ___________________ than white immigrants
Were willing to work for lower wages
After the completion of the railway, the federal government imposed a series of ___________
Head taxes to dissuade Chinese immigrants from coming to B.C.
In 1885, the initial tax was _____ a head (wife, child, parent) and when that didn’t stop people from coming to Canada, it was raised to _____ per person in 1903
$50, $500
Who arrived in Manitoba first?
Fur Traders
It was officially recognized by the Federal Government in 1870 _______________ and became the first province created from the Territories
As separate from the Northwest Territories
The economy was long based on _________________
Farming, centring on grains, cattle and hay
Who is Louis Riel?
Founder of Manitoba, central figure in the Red River and North-West Resistance and died in November 16, 1885
True or False: Riel led two popular Métis governments, and was central in bringing Manitoba into Confederation
True
____________ was discovered along the western coast of Canada in 1896
Gold
1898: Canada’s government created ________________ to meet the needs of the area’s growing population
Yukon Territory
This land was originally part of the Northwest Territories, but by the early 1900s, many people wanted this to change for 3 reasons, what are they?
Reason 1: The economy had shifted from the fur trade to farming, mining, logging & railway, Reason 2: The population grew quickly because of the new industries. Reason 3: The area could not afford everything people needed (schools)
True or False: Canada sent military forces, raw materials, & food to Europe
True
True or False: Canada was now a union that was able to compete with world powers and WWI increased Canadian nationalism
True
True or False: Canada promised to help Newfoundland by building many things such as railroads & roads
True
True or False: Britain didn’t want the cost of supporting Newfoundland anymore
True
Canada’s constitution was approved by the British Parliament on March 25, 1982, and proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II on April 17, 1982 is called…
Canada Act, also called the Constitution Act of 1982
True or False: This made Canada wholly independent from Britain
True
In the 1970s, Inuit wanted to create a territory called Nunavut because:
They wanted their own territory so that they could start making decisions for themselves. They needed their own government and they wanted control of their land - for many years Canada had used the resources of the Arctic without asking the Inuit
True or False: On April 1, 1999, Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories to become the newest Canadian territory
True
True or False: The name Nunavut is taken from the Inuktitut language and it means “our land”
True
