First partial exam Flashcards
What was Chiron?
a centaur, basically a horseman
What was the symbol of veterinary medicine?
Caduceus
Who was the father of ancient Egyptian medicine?
Imhotep
The humoral theory of health was introduced by:
Hippocrates
Who was the oldest text about horse training for chariot written by?
Kikkuli
The ending “arius” in the word “veterinarius” is…
Latin ending used in nominatives describing job
What was the purpose of votiv mummies preparation?
prayer or offering
What did Galenus try to explain?
the rules of blood circulation
What can Musejon be compared to?
modern scientific centre
To the four features of inflammation defined by A. C. Celsus do not belongs:
(not written by me, this is by the professor)
- Tumor
- Incubatio
- Calor
- Dolor
incubatio
Which animal according to legend fed Romulus and Remus with its own milk?
wolf
The abbreviation “M.f” in latin medical prescription means…
misce fiat – mix and make…
Ancient Roman traditionalists used to believe in miraculous treatments with…
dog salivia
Corpus Hippiatricorum Graecorum was…
the summary of all accessible for Byzantinians knowledge on horse medicine
One of the most important precursors of monastic medicine was..
Constantin Africanus
Medical School of Salerno was founded in…
1231 AD
Rhazes devoted his works to
medicine and…
astronomy
Cannon Medicinae was translated to Latin by…
Gerard of Cremona
„Anatomia porci” is the synonym of…
pig anatomy
De Medicina Equorum was written by…
Jordanus Rufus
What is a petroglyph?
It is a rock drawing made by Paleolithic artists
When were the different animals domesticated?
Dog - 12 000 BC
Goat - 10 200 - 8800 BC
Sheep - 8000 BC
Pig - 8000 BC
Cow - 7000 BC
Cat - 7000 BC
Chicken - 6000 BC (china)
Horse - 4000 BC
Donkey - 4000 BC
Camel - 3000 BC
Asiatic elephant - 2000 BC
What 3 things did domestication of animals change?
- Animal morphology (body proportion changes, eg. muscle development)
- Animal physiology (production abilities, eg. milk production)
- Animal behaviour (change in behaviour/character, eg. elimination of aggression)
What are the different types of domestication?
- Monotopic domestication - domesticated in one geographic region
- Politopic domestication - domesticated simultaneously in various geographical regions
What was the serpent Uroboros a symbol of?
It was a symbol of eternity
Who was Chiron’s pupil?
Achilles
Asclepios had how many daughters, what were their names and what were they goddesses of?
He had 3 daughters,
- Hygeia - goddess of health
- Panakeia - goddess of ideal cure
- Iaso - goddess of healing
Health in hippocratic school of medicine (humoral theory) vs Pneumatic theory Alkemon of Corinth vs Solidary theory Asclepiades of Bithynia
humoral theory:
- Equipoise between blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile, known as four humours.
Pneumatic theory:
- Eqiupiose between:
– humidity and dryness
– heat and coolness
– sweetness and bitterness
(Equipoise of these elements - izonomia)
(Predominance of one element - monarchia)
Solidary theory:
- the results from a regular or harmonious motion of the corpuscles of the body.
Xenophon of Athenes, when did he live between, what was he, what work did he release about animals?
- he lived between 430 and 355 BC
- he was a philosopher, soldier and agronomist
- His 3 animal works:
1. “peri hippikes”
- “hipparchikos”
- “cynegeticus”
Between when did Arystoteles live, what works did he write, and which illnesses did he write about?
- He lived between 384 and 324 BC
- his works are “historian animalium” and “de partibus animalium”
- He wrote about tuberculosis, rabbies, tetanus and maleus
What is the Musejon?
It’s an institution established by Ptolemeus in 280 BC consisting of:
the Library of Alexandria
the Botanic garden and zoological garden
and the Astronomic observatory
Where did the first information about people caring for animals and about animal healing come from?
It came from Sumerian texts
What was the first know name for veterinarian and when?
Abil-ilisu - 1700 BC in Mesopotamia
(Cattle’s doctor)
The abbreviations “Rp.”, “d.t.d” and “S.” in latin medical prescription mean..
Rp. - recipe
d.t.d. - dentur tales doses
S. - signatura
Animal incarnations in Egypt (the 7 gods)
- Anubis - jackal
- Horus - falcon
- Sekhmet - lion female
- Toth - baboon
- Amon - ram
- Bast - cat female
- Seth - Sometimes hippopotamus, but usually unindentified animal with red haircoat
When was the fall of Rome? and when was the fall of Constantinople?
Rome:
395 AD - 476 AD
Constantinople:
395 AD - 1453 AD
What are the four features of inflammation found by Aulus Cornelius Celsus?
Calor - temperature increase
Dolor - pain
Tumor - swelling
Rubor - reddening
Extra:
Functio laesa - dysfunction
Who was one of the first people to use experiments as a method of research for their medical findings?
Claudius Galenus
What texts did Arystoteles write that were about anatomy and kidney diseases?
“De partes animalium” and “Historia animalium”
Who were the different authors of hippiatric texts?
Apsyrtos,
Anatolios,
Eumelos,
Theomnestos,
Hippocrates,
Hierocles,
Pelagonius.
what were the different works dealing with veterinary medicine in Rome?
Flawius Renatus (V AD): „Ars veterinaria sive Mulomedicina”
Author unknown: „Mulomedicina Chironis”
Pelagonius Salonius: „Ars Veterinaria”
Apsyrtos, Theomnestus, Hierokles, Anatolios, Tyberiusz: „Corpus Hippiatricorum Graecorum”
What do these words stand for? “medicus veterinarius, medicus, vetus, terion, veterinus and veterinarius”
Medicus veterinarius - source and etymology
Medicus - professionalist dealing with medicine and health care
Vetus - skillful
Terion - animal
Veterinus - domesticated, useful, skillful animal
Veterinarius - breeder or herder dealing with the animals mentioned above
What are these professions? medicus - “veterinarius, iumentarius, equarius and pecuarius”
Medicus veterinarius - veterinary doctor
Medicus iumentarius - draught animal doctor
Medicus equarius - horse veterinarian
Medicus pecuarius - cattle veterinarian
What were the famous Arabian medics?
Avicenna - “cannon medicine”
Abucasis - “kitab al-Tasrif”
Rhazes - “Chickenpix and rubeloa, complete study of medicine, doubts about galen”
Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al Ibadi - “book of the ten treatises of the eye”
Ali Ibn Al-Abbas Al-Magusi: „Kitab al-
Maliki” or “complete book of the medical art”
What was the structure of the medical universities?
Trivium - grammar, logic and rhetoric
Quadrivium - arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy
The quadrivium was taught after the
preparatory work of the trivium and
would lead to the degree of Master of
Arts.
The student could leave the university
or pursue further studies in one of the
higher faculties, law, medicine or
theology.
“Chirurgia Magna” was written by..
Guy de Chauliac
Miguel Serveto proved… and later he was…
the lack of blood transitions between heart ventricles in animals.
and later he was sentenced to death from burning on October 27th 1533 AD :)
Gabrielle Falloppio- Falloppius- introduced…
The condoms in order to prevent syphilis
(specifically in the royal family and the higher circles of nobles as they were known for having fun)
Paracelsus introduced…
The first effective syphilis therapy (mercury solution)
In 1527 AD Paracelsus…
Burned scientific textbooks at basel marketplace.
- wanted scientific theories to be tested by others and not just stated as 100% facts
