first midterm

Question 1

Body language

Answer 1

gaze, breathing, gestures

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

Formal connectedness of sentences within discourse

Question 3

Coherence

Answer 3

Semantic unity of sentences within a discourse

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

To understand the structure of discourse, we need to attend to
u World knowledge
u “Context”

Question 5

Conversation

Answer 5

conversation –> talk –> discourse

Question 6

Discourse analysis

Answer 6

How do we use linguistic information and what is being accomplished?

Question 7

Formal

Answer 7

Unit of language above the sentence or the clause

Question 8

Functional

Answer 8

The analysis of discourse is the analysis of language in use

Question 9

Ordinary Language Philosophy

Answer 9

takes that the meaning of an expression is
its use - language is for social action

Question 10

Speech Acts

Answer 10

J.L. Austin – How to do things with words
Rules allow people to identify acts
All utterances are speech acts

Question 11

Constatives

Answer 11

Constatives: speech acts that can be either true or false

Question 12

performatives

Answer 12

Performatives: speech acts that perform actions

Question 13

Felicity conditions

Answer 13

The conditions that need to be met for the speech act to be happy

Question 14

The felicity conditions

Answer 14

Propositional: the utterance formulates the action
Preparatory: speaker is socially sanctioned to perform act
sincerity: speakers intends to perform act, not trying to deceive
essential: nature of speech act

Question 15

Typology of speech act

Answer 15

declarative = causes
assertive = believes
commisive = intends
expressive = feels
directive = wants

Question 16

Locution
Illocutionary
perlocutionary

Answer 16

L = speaking of an utterance; its meaning
I = the speech act performed
P = effect of utterance on hearer

Question 17

Conventional indirectness

Answer 17

speech act performed by questioning a felicity condition ex. could you help me?

Question 18

Gricean’s Maxims

Answer 18

quantity: be informative
quality: no false statements
relation: be relevant
manner: don’t be obscure

Question 19

People can flout or violate maxims

Answer 19

Flout = meant to be recognized
violate = meant to pass unnoticed

Question 20

Conventional implicatures

Answer 20

meanings of utterances that arent overtly stated

Question 21

Neo gricean view

Answer 21

Logical forms conform to literal meaning

Question 22

Normative approach

Answer 22

is the way someone spoke or acted reasonable? what is the meaning?

Question 23

Reasoning pragmatically

Answer 23

ex. does ‘kill’ and ‘cause to die’ mean the same thing?

Question 24

Criticisms of speech act theory

Answer 24

anglocentric, mindreading, calculate semantics before pragmatic meaning

Question 25

first order politeness

Answer 25

prescriptive - forms that express politeness ex. thank you

Question 26

second order politeness

Answer 26

descriptive - linguistic expression that achieve politeness, not learnt words but social norms

Question 27

Face

Answer 27

the positive social value a person claims for themselves which others assume

Question 28

positive face

Answer 28

desire to be approved and admired

Question 29

negative face

Answer 29

desire not to be imposed upon

Question 30

face threatening acts

Answer 30

potential to damage positive or negative face of speaker, hearer or both

Question 31

off vs on record

Answer 31

off is indirect, on is clear speech

Question 32

positive politeness

Answer 32

speaker accommodates for hearers desire for admiration

Question 33

negative politeness

Answer 33

speaker accommodates hearers negative face