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CHE140 > First Long Quiz > Flashcards

First Long Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

How do you define hardness traditionally?

A

The measure of water’s capacity to react with soap.

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2
Q

Hardness is measured often in terms of what?

A

Calcium carbonate equivalent per liter

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3
Q

State the range of water hardness according to calcium carbonate equivalence.

A

60 mg/L below - soft
60-120 mg/L - moderately hard
120-180 mg/L - hard
180 mg/L above - very hard

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4
Q

What is carbonate (temporary) hardness?

A

contains calcium and magnesium carbonates that can be precipitated by heating

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5
Q

What is non-carbonate (permanent) hardness?

A

contains magnesium and calcium in the forms of chlorides and sulfides that cannot be remove by simple boiling

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6
Q

Who patented the lime process that was able to remove carbonate hardness?

A

Thomas Clark

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7
Q

Who developed the use of soda ash for the elimination of noncarbonate water hardness?

A

Porter

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8
Q

Who commercialized zeolites for water-softening uses?

A

Robert Gans

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9
Q

Why is drinking hard water considered advantageous?

A

calcium and magnesium in hard water have a dose-dependent preventive impact against cardiovascular disease

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10
Q

Give some water conditioning methods.

A
  1. Ion Exchange (Sodium-cation exchange process, hydrogen-cation exchange process, regeneration with sulfuric acid, anion exchangers)
  2. Lime-Soda Process (Cold-lime process, Hot-lime process)
  3. Phosphate Conditioning
  4. Silica Removal
  5. Deaeration
  6. Deminirelization and Desalination
  7. Purification
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11
Q

How is Ion exchange used in water conditioning?

A

Ion exchange consists of removing hardness ion calcium and magnesium and substituting them with non-hardness ions such as sodium usually supplied by sodium chloride salt or brine.

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12
Q

Explain the hydrogen-cation exchange process for water conditioning.

A

This process es able to remove all cations using exchange resins because they contain an exchangeable hydrogen ion.

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13
Q

What is the most extensively utilized and cost-effective approach for water conditioning under the ion exchange process?

A

Regeneration with Sulfuric Acid

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14
Q

Explain the anion exchangers

A

These are made of two resin kinds, either highly basic or weakly basic.

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15
Q

What is the Lime-Soda Process?

A

This procedure is now obsolete. It uses lime and soda ash to precipitate hardness from the solution.

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16
Q

Explain the cold-lime process

A

Also known as Clark’s process. It interacts with the hardness and alkalinity carried under room temperature. (25-30 deg C)

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17
Q

What are the five treatment processes involved in Cold-lime processes?

A
  1. Chemical pre-treatment
  2. Clarifying
  3. Re-carbonation
  4. Filtering
  5. Sludge Treatment
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18
Q

Explain the hot-lime process

A

Reactions occur at temperatures close to the boiling point of water (100-120 deg C) with the addition of steam to the mixed tank. Precipitation becomes more rapid and efficient than cold lime soda.

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19
Q

Explain how phosphate conditioning

A

This method can prevent scale formation on high-pressure boilers by generating a soft- non-adherent sludge of calcium and magnesium phosphates that can be removed via blowdown.

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20
Q

Explain how Silica Removal is used for water conditioning.

A

Since silica causes precipitation and forms a glassy layer on turbine blades, it decreases the turbine’s efficiency. Hence, it is removed by using a strong base anion exchange resin to reduce ionic silica.

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21
Q

What are the 2 forms of SIlica in water?

A

Ionic silica and colloidal silica

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22
Q

Explain how deaeration is used for water conditioning.

A

Since dissolved oxygen creates rust and corrosion it is removed by deaeration, which is the process of removing dissolved gases from boiler feedwater by mechanical means to avoid corrosion.

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23
Q

What are the three design criteria that must be adhered to for any deaerator?

A
  1. The entering feedwater must be heated to the full saturation temperature.
  2. The hot feedwater must be stirred mechanically.
  3. A sufficient amount of steam must be passed through the water in both the spray section and the tray section to remove the gases.
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24
Q

Differentiate demineralization from desalination.

A

Demineralization is a type of water purifying technique that removes minerals from water. Desalination, on the other hand, is the process that removes soluble salts from water.

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25
Q

What are the two primary desalination techniques? (Define them)

A
  1. Membrane desalination - uses osmosis to remove salt and other contaminants
  2. Thermal desalination - purifies water by evaporating and condensing
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26
Q

Explain what is purification in water conditioning.

A

Purification is the process that removes undesired chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended particles, and gases from water.

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27
Q

Give some physical techniques in purification.

A

filtering, sedimentation and distillation

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28
Q

Give some biological processes in purification.

A

slow sand filters and biologically active carbon

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29
Q

Give some chemical processes in purification.

A

flocculation, chlorination and electromagnetic radiation

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30
Q

Give some membrane desalination techniques

A

reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, electro-deionization and electrodialysis

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31
Q

Give some thermal desalination techniques

A

multiple-effect distillation (MED), multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF) and vapor compression

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32
Q

Define what an open system is in energy conservation.

A

A cycle that begins with an environmental balance but ends with an unbalanced environment. This cycle consumes resources and produces waste.

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33
Q

Define what a closed system is in energy conservation.

A

It is the closed cycles of resources that is the energy system sustainability model. It is an energy system without waste or resource consumption.

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34
Q

Give some primary energy sources

A

Conventional Energy Sources (CES), Nuclear Power, and New and Renewable Energy Sources (NRES)

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35
Q

What do you mean by conventional energy sources (CES)?

A

it is the most extensive use and has a well-established structure.

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36
Q

Give some examples of conventional energy sources

A

petroleum, coal, natural gas and hydropower

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37
Q

What do you mean by nuclear power as a primary energy source?

A

It is well established but has many issues. Its major use is limited to the production of electric power, naval propulsion or space utilization.

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38
Q

Give some sources of nuclear power

A

uranium, thorium, hydrogen, lithium, and natural radioisotopes

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39
Q

What do you mean by New and Renewable Energy sources?

A

This type of energy source is available in nature in a wider diversity than commercial sources.

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40
Q

Give some sources of new and renewable energy sources

A

For thermal energy: sunlight, endogenous fluid, and the sea thermal gradient
For chemical energy: wood, biomass energy crops, sea’s saline gradient, bituminous schists, and oil sands.

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41
Q

Give some examples of electric heating devices.

A

Portable Electric Heating Devices, Radiant Heating Panels, electric baseboard heating, and unit and wall heaters

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42
Q

Give some types of furnaces.

A

Upflow, Low-boy, downflow, and horizontal furnaces

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43
Q

What is an up-flow furnace

A

It stands vertically and needs headroom. It takes in cool air from the rear, bottom, or sides near the bottom. It discharges hot air out of the top

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44
Q

What is a Low-Boy furnace?

A

Its air intake and discharge are both at the top.

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45
Q

What is a downflow furnace?

A

Also referred to as the counterflow furnace, where its air intake is at the top and discharge is at the bottom

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46
Q

What is a horizontal furnace?

A

Positioned on its side where its air intake is at one end and its discharge is at the other.

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47
Q

Give the formula of a perfect combustion

A

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + HEAT

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48
Q

What is a boiler?

A

An appliance that heats water using oil, gas, or electricity as the heat source.

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49
Q

Define refrigeration

A

The process of removing heat from a place where it is not wanted and transferring that heat to a place where it makes little or no difference.

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50
Q

What are the directions of heat?

A

Hot to cold

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51
Q

What are the four major components that make up a mechanical refrigeration system?

A

evaporator, compressor, condenser and the refrigerant metering device

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52
Q

Explain what an evaporator does on a refrigeration system

A

The evaporator absorbs heat into the system. It is able to absorb heat because the temperature of the coil is lower than the temperature of the medium being cooled.
1. absorbs heat from the medium being cooled
2. allows the heat to boil off the liquid refrigerant to a vapor in its tubing bundle
3. allows the heat to superheat the refrigerant vapor in its tubing handle

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53
Q

Explain what a compressor does on a refrigeration system

A

It pumps heat through the system in the form of heat-laden refrigerant. It can be considered a vapor pump. It is able to reduce and increase pressures which causes the refrigerant to flow.

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54
Q

What are the most common compressors used in residential and light commercial air-conditioning and refrigeration?

A

reciprocating, rotary and scroll

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55
Q

Explain what a condenser does on a refrigeration system.

A

It rejects both sensible and latent heat. It receives hot gas from the compressor through the hot gas line.

56
Q

State the important things that happen to the refrigerant in the condenser.

A
  1. Hot gas from the compressor is transformed into a condensing temperature. (Sensible heat Transfer)
  2. Refrigerant is condensed from vapor to liquid (Latent heat transfer)
  3. the liquid refrigerant temperature may then be lowered below the condensing temperature or subcooled.
57
Q

Give some examples of renewable resources

A

solar power, hydropower, Ocean thermal energy plant, wave, tidal, wind, biomass, biogas, and geothermal

58
Q

Give an example of a power plant in the Philippines

A

Helios Solar Power Plant and Malaya Thermal Power Plant

59
Q

Give an example of a hydropower plant in the Philippines

A

Binga Hydropower Plant

60
Q

Give an example of a wind power plant in the Philippines

A

Ilocos Norte’s Burgos Wind Farm

61
Q

Give an example of a Biomass power plant in the Philippines

A

San Carlos BioPower

62
Q

Give an example of a Biogas power plant in the Philippines

A

Malitbog Geothermal Power Station

63
Q

What are some Non-Renewable Resources?

A
  • Solid Fuels (Coal and Coke)
  • Liquid Fuels (Fuel Oils, Tar Sands, Shale oil)
  • Gas Fuels ( Natural Gas and Manufactured Gas)
  • Nuclear Energy (Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion)
64
Q

Differentiate nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

A

Nuclear Fission occurs when a neutron slams into a larger atom forcing it to split, while nuclear fusion is where two light nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus

65
Q

What are fuel cells?

A

It works like batteries but does not run down or need recharging.

66
Q

What is Cogeneration?

A

The simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat

67
Q

Give an example of a Philippine cogeneration power plant

A

Mariveles Cogeneration Power Plant

68
Q

What are the requirements for refrigerants?

A
  1. Its vapor pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure to avoid air leaks.
  2. Its vapor pressure at condenser temperature should not be unduly high due to cost- issues.
69
Q

Give some common refrigerants.

A

R-134A (1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethene), R-402, R-404A

70
Q

What is coke?

A

The first used coal with few impurities and high carbon content

71
Q

Define what a coal is.

A

It is made up of carbon-based compounds where various processes can be done to generate chemicals derived from this.

72
Q

Give the types of coal enumerated by Nat Geo

A

Peat, Lignite, Sub-bituminous, Bituminous, Anthracite and Graphite

73
Q

What is a Peat?

A

An accumulation or partly decayed vegetation that has gone though small amount of carbonization.

74
Q

Define Lignite

A

Has the lowest rank among other coal. Comes from relatively young coal deposits

75
Q

Define Sub-bituminous coal

A

Considered “brown coal” along with lignite but it contains more carbon than it. Mainly used as fuel for generating electricity.

76
Q

Define Bituminous coal

A

Formed under more heat and pressure. And is divided into three major types:
1. Smithing coal - has a very low ash content
2. Canned coal - extensively used as a source of coal oil.
3. Coking coal - used in large-scale industrial processes.

77
Q

Define Anthracite coal

A

the highest rank of coal. Has the most amount of carbon therefore contains the most energy.

78
Q

Define graphite coal

A

An allotrope of carbon which means that it is only made up of carbon atoms

79
Q

What are some common procedures for generating chemicals from coal and define them.

A
  1. Gasification - turns coal into a very hot synthesis gas
  2. Liquefaction - turns coal into liquid products resembling crude oil.
  3. Direct Conversion - involves contacting coal directly with a catalyst.
  4. Co-production of chemicals
  5. Co-production of fuels
80
Q

This is also called destructive distillation

A

Carbonization, pyrolysis of coal lignite, and carboniferous shales

81
Q

Give some products of destructive distillation of coals.

A

coal-tar aromatics, benzene and homologs, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene

82
Q

Give some products of reduction and refining of ores

A

iron, ferro alloys, aluminum, magnesium

83
Q

Give some products of gasification of coal

A

coal gas, blue water gas, producer gas, peak gas, synthesis gas, CO2 liquid and dry ice

84
Q

Give some products of combustion for comfort heating and power combustion of coals

A

electric power utilities, comfort heating, retail deliveries, fly ash, sintered ashes

85
Q

Give some products of combustion for the process heating of coal

A

heat for manufacture of lime, cement, ceramics, steel and rolling mills

86
Q

Give some products for the reduction of coals

A

sodium sulfite, sodium sulfide, barium sulfide, phosphorus

87
Q

Give some products of hydrogeneration and hydrogenolysis of coals

A

Fischer-Tropsh liquid fuels

88
Q

Give some products of Demethylation of coal

A

benzene from toluene or xylene, naphthalene from methylnaphthalenes

89
Q

Give some products of Hydrolysis of coal

A

mixed aromatics

90
Q

Give some products of oxidation of coal

A

synthesis gas for Nh3, CH3OH, hydrogen, coal acids, carbon monoxide

91
Q

Give some products of electrothermal of coal

A

graphite and electrodes, abrasives silicon carbide, calcium carbide, cyanamide, carbon disulfade

92
Q

Give some products of sulfur recovery of coal

A

H2S from gas, pyrite from coal

93
Q

Define the process of pyrolysis or carbonization

A

this is the process of heating coal in the absence of air/oxygen to obtain products that are determined by the temperature and coal type.

94
Q

What is low-temperature carbonization?

A

the yield of liquid products is larger than the yield of gaseous products, soft coke is obtained and no smoke is produced

95
Q

What is high-temperature carbonization?

A

the yield of gaseous products is larger than the yield of liquid products, hard coke is produced and smoke is produced

96
Q

What is meant by coking coal?

A

the process of converting coal into a graphitizable substance known as coke

97
Q

What are the two types of coking procedures and differentiate them

A

Beehive coking - an old and primitive method of securing coke
By-product Coking - method where blended-coal charge is heated on both sides so that the heat travels towards the center that produces shorter and more solid pieces of coke

98
Q

State the process of coke-making operations

A
  1. Selected coals are blended, crushed, and oiled,
  2. The blended coal is fed into a series of slot-type ovens, each of which shares a heating flue with the oven adjacent to it.
  3. Coal is carbonized in a reducing atmosphere, and the off-gas is collected and transferred to a byproduct recovery plant
  4. The hot coke is discharged, quenched and shipped to the blast furnace
99
Q

It is a by-product of coal pyrolysis

A

Coal tar

100
Q

What is the purpose of tar distillation?

A

to dehydrate the tar in the dehydration column and separate tar oils in the fractionating column

101
Q

Define fuel gas.

A

These are gases that burn using air or oxygen to produce heat.

102
Q

Why can fuel gases be used as fuel?

A

Since they are essentially flammable gases they are able to generate heat and burn the air while maintaining sufficiently stable and standard temperature to permit storage longevity without risks of degradation.

103
Q

What are most fuel gases composed of?

A

hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oil vapor forms

104
Q

Where were the earliest gas leaks located?

A

Iran

105
Q

Which country first recorded the use of combustible fuel gas

A

China

106
Q

What are the classifications of fuel gas?

A
  1. Naturally occurring gases
  2. Synthesized gas
  3. By-products
107
Q

What is natural gas?

A

It is a mixture of non-hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon gases that are present in porous geologic formations beneath the earth’s surface.

108
Q

What are the major components oof natural gas?

A

methane, higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, and pentane), water vapor

109
Q

How is natural gas generated?

A

Since it is recognized as a fossil fuel, it is generated by decay of sea plants and creatures who died many hundred years ago.

110
Q

What are the classifications of natural gas according to its location?

A

Conventional gas, unconventional gas, and associated gas

111
Q

What is the overall chemical reaction of natural gas

A

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 +2H2O

112
Q

Give a natural gas field in the Philippines

A

Malampaya natural gas field

113
Q

What are the main four steps in natural gas processing and purification?

A

Oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of natural gas liquids, and sulfur and carbon dioxide removal

114
Q

Differentiate absorption from adsorption

A

Absorption occurs when water vapor is taken out by a dehydrating agent. Adsorption on the other hand, happens when water vapor is condensed and is collected on the surface of a dessicant.

115
Q

What are the two principal techniques for the separation of natural gas liquids?

A

absorption method and cryogenic expansion process

116
Q

Give examples of acid gases.

A

carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfie and other sulfur compounds (mercaptans)

117
Q

What do you mean by sweetening the gas?

A

It is the process of removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from a steam of natural gas

118
Q

What are the four most commin process for solid bed process?

A

iron sponge, sulfa-treat, molecular sieve process and zinc oxide process

119
Q

Give the chemical equation for non-regenerative process for liquid bed process

A

H2S + 2NaOH = Na2S + 2H2O

120
Q

Give the chemical equation for regenerative process for liquid bed process

A

Purification: H2S + Na2CO3 = NaHS + NaHCO3
CO2 + Na2CO3 + H2O = NaHCO3
HCN + Na2CO3 = NACN + NaHCO3

Acidification: NaHS + NaHCO3 = Na2CO3 + H2S

121
Q

What is gasification for fuel?

A

It is a thermochemical process of converting carbonaceous material such as coal into a fule - such as synthesis gas.

122
Q

Give the chemical equation for methanation

A

CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O
CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O

123
Q

What is producer gas?

A

This is a type of fuel gas that is prooduced when air and steam is employed to a heating bed of coal.

124
Q

Give the following reactions that occur upon creating producer gas

A

C + O2 = CO2 (exothermic)
CO2 + C = 2CO (endothermic)
C + H2O = CO + H2 (endothermic)
C + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2 (endothermic)
CO + H2O = CO2 +H2 (endothermic)

125
Q

Give some natural gas applications

A

transportation, air conditioning, commercial, syntehtic production, electircity generation, cooking

126
Q

What is solid bed process?

A

it separates the acid gases from the gas stream traps the acid gases in a fixed bed

127
Q

Define industrial gases

A

These are a variety of gases that are produced for industrial purposes across a wide range of applications.

128
Q

Give some common industrial gases.

A

carbon dioxide
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
rar gases of the atmosphere (argon, neon, krypton, xenon)
helium
sulfur dioxide
acetylene
nitrous oxide

129
Q

What are some properties of industrial gases?

A

gaseous at room temperature and pressure
usually tend to have low molecular weight
require proper handling and storage
can be an element, molecular compound, or even mixtures
have distinct chemical properties

130
Q

Give some industrial gas companies in the Philippines

A

Air Liquide and Linde Engineering

131
Q

Give some uses of Carbon Dioxide

A

In solid form: refregerating and freezing
In liquid form: carbonated beverages, fire-extinguishing material
In Gaseous form: reduce meal and food bacteria spoilage, Salicylic acid production, neutralizing alkalies, pH contorl for wastewater

132
Q

What is fermentation?

A

a process in which sugars are transformed into a new product through chemical reactions carried out by microorganisms.

133
Q

Give the chemical equation of fermentation

A

C6H12O6 = (yeast) 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

134
Q

What is hydrogen?

A

colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable gaseous substance that is the simplest member of the family of cemical

135
Q

What properties of industrial gases are valued for?

A

coldness, reactivity and inertness

136
Q

This method produces high-purity hydrogen and consists of passing direct current through an aqueous solutioon of alkali

A

Electrolytic method

137
Q

give the reversible reaction for concentrating CO2

A

Na2CO3 +CO2 + H2O = 2NaHCO3

CHE140 (2 decks)

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