First Lecture Exam Flashcards
1
Q
It is the technique of obtaining information about objects through the analysis of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects of investigation.
A
Remote Sensing
2
Q
This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.
A
Remote Sensing
3
Q
What is the course title of NRC 141?
A
Introduction to Remote Sensing
4
Q
These are instruments that detect electromagnetic radiation that are reflected, absorbed, transmitted and emitted from the objects.
A
Remote Sensors
5
Q
It pertains to both film and digital aerial photography.
A
Aerial Photography
6
Q
In what year photography was born?
A
1839
7
Q
Give the three individuals who pioneered the photographic process which eventually led to the birth of photography in 1839.
A
Nicephore Niepce,
William Henry Fox Talbot,
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
8
Q
He is the Director of the Paris Observatory who advocated the use of photography for topographic surveying in 1840.
A
Arago
9
Q
He is the Parisian photographer who took the first known aerial photograph in 1858.
A
Gaspard-Felix Tournachon
10
Q
The pseudonym of the instrument used to capture the first known aerial photograph taken by Gaspard-Felix Tournachon in 1858, where he used a tethered balloon to obtain the photography over Vel de Bievre, near Paris.
A
Nadar
11
Q
Who introduced aerial photography to the United States in 1860 where he took photographs of Boston using a hot-air balloon.
A
James Wallace Black
12
Q
They were used to obtain aerial photographs at the beginning of 1882.
A
Kites
13
Q
He is an English meteorologist who was credited as the first man to take an aerial photograph from a kite.
A
E.D. Archibald
14
Q
He took aerial shots of the South of France between 1887 and 1889 using a kite, a camera, and a fuse.
A
Arthur Batut
15
Q
In the early 1900s, May 28, 1906, to be exact, an American photographed San Francisco approximately six weeks after the great earthquake and fire using kite photography. Who is this man?
A
G.R. Lawrence
16
Q
When was the airplane invented?
A
1903
17
Q
Where and when was the first motion pictures taken?
A
Le Mans, France - 1908
18
Q
In 1908, he used carrier pigeons in his work as an apothecary and filed a patent for a miniature camera that could be worn by a pigeon and would be activated by a timing mechanism.
A
Julies Nerbronner
19
Q
Name the two notable battles between the French and German Army, where the French used pigeons to capture the position of their enemies during the First World War.
A
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
20
Q
When was the American Society of Photogrammetry founded?
A
1934
21
Q
What is now the name of the American Society of Photogrammetry
A
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
22
Q
What is the meaning of ISPRS
A
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
23
Q
Where was the 2000 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Congress took place wherein the first widely available digital aerial cameras were unveiled?
A
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
24
Q
He patented the “New or Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Bird’s Eye Photographic Views” in 1891.
A
Ludwig Rahrmann
25
It is a rocket-propelled camera system that is recovered by parachute. Patented by Ludwig Rahrmann in 1891.
New or Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Bird's Eye Photographic Views
26
In 1907, he, a German, added the concept of gyrostabilization to rocket camera systems.
Alfred Maul
27
In 1912, he successfully booted a 41-kg payload containing a 200-500 mm format camera to a height of 790 m.
Alfred Maul
28
Early weather satellites were developed in 1960, one of which includes TIROS-1. What does TIROS stand for?
Television and Infrared Observation Satellite
29
It refers to an early US military space imaging reconnaissance program which started in 1960 and went through many developments during its lifetime (final mission was flown in 1972).
Corona
30
Name the three early manned space programs in the 1960s.
Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
31
It was the first American space workshop launched in 1973.
Skylab
32
Skylab was launched and its astronauts took over 35,000 images of the Earth with the EREP on board. What does EREP stand for?
Earth Resources Experiment Package
33
These were the first to demonstrate the complementary nature of photography and electronic imaging from space.
EREP experiments
34
What does ASTP stand for?
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
35
What does USSR stand for?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
36
It is a form of energy with the properties of a wave and its major source is the sun.
Electromagnetic Radiation
37
It is the distance between successive wave peaks.
Wavelength
38
It is the number of cycles per second passing of a fixed point.
Frequency
39
The most prevalent unit used to measure wavelength.
Micrometer
40
It is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
Visible Spectrum
41
What is the range (in micrometers or nanometers) of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?
0.4 micrometer - 0.7 micrometers
400 nanometers - 700 nanometers
42
Give the approximate range of the color blue, green, and red, respectively.
0. 4 to 0.5 micrometers
0. 5 to 0.6 micrometers
0. 6 to 0.7 micrometers
43
This refers to the energy which adjoins the blue end of the visible portion of the spectrum.
Ultraviolet (UV)
44
This adjoins the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Infrared (IR)
45
This energy ranges from 0.7 micrometers to 1.3 micrometers.
Near IR
46
It is also referred to as shortwave IR or SWIR with a range of 1.3 to 3 micrometers.
Mid IR
47
Sometimes referred to as longwave IR with a range of 3 to 14 micrometers.
Thermal IR
48
The theory that suggests that electromagnetic radiation is composed of many discrete units called photons or quanta.
The Particle Theory
49
The law which states that all matter at temperatures above absolute zero (0K or -273 degree centigrade) continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.
Stefan-Boltzman Law
50
It is a hypothetical, ideal radiator that totally absorbs and reemits all energy incident upon it.
Blackbody
51
It is referred to as the distance where all radiation detected by remote sensors passes through the atmosphere
Path Length
52
It resulted from sunlight that passes through the full thickness of the Earth's atmosphere twice from its journey from source to sensor.
Space Photography
53
It detects energy emitted directly from objects on Earth.
Airborne Thermal Sensor
54
It is the unpredictable diffusion of radiation by particles in the atmosphere.
Scattering
55
A common occurrence when radiation interacts with atmospheric molecules and other tiny particles that are much smaller in diameter than the wavelength of the interacting radiation.
Rayleigh Scatter
56
This exists when atmospheric particle diameters essentially equal the wavelengths of the energy being sensed.
Mie Scatter
57
It comes about when the diameters of the particles are much larger than the wavelengths of the energy being sensed.
Non-selective Scatter
58
Water vapor and dust are major causes of this scatter and tend to influence longer wavelengths.
Mie Scatter
59
Water droplets cause this scatter.
Non-selective Scatter
60
Results in the effective loss of energy to atmospheric constituents.
Absorption
61
These are the most efficient absorbers of solar radiation of energy (3).
Water Vapor
Carbon dioxide
Ozone
62
The upper atmosphere blocks 100% of the gamma rays, x-rays, and most ultraviolet light. What do you call these blocked wavelengths?
Absorption Bands
63
It is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere.
Atmospheric Window
64
It defines the ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected from a surface to the amount originally striking the surface.
Reflectance
65
It refers to the movement of energy through a surface.
Transmission
66
It is the ratio of transmitted radiation to the incident radiation.
Transmittance
67
It refers to the process where some electromagnetic radiation is absorbed through electron or molecular reaction within a medium, then a portion of this energy is reemitted usually at longer wavelengths.
Absorption
68
This suggests that even within a given feature type, the proportion of reflected, absorbed, and transmitted energy will vary at different wavelengths.
Wavelength Dependency
69
These are responses measured by remote sensors over various features.
Spectral Signatures
70
These refer to any factors that change the spectral characteristics of a feature over time.
Temporal Effects
71
It refers to factors that cause the same types of features at a given point in time to have different characteristics at different geographic locations.
Spatial Effects
72
These are flat surfaces that manifest mirror-like reflections, where the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
Specular Reflectors
73
These are rough surfaces that reflect uniformly in all directions.
Diffuse (Lambertian) Reflectors
74
It is the angle between the horizon and the center of the sun's disc.
Solar Elevation
75
It defines in which direction the sun is.
Azimuth Angle
76
It is the maximum angle at which a display can be viewed with an acceptable visual performance.
Viewing angle
77
It is the variations in brightness that can result from identical objects at different locations.
Differential Shading
78
It is a mirror-like reflection and normally contributes little information about the true character of the objects (e.g. water)
Specular Reflection
79
The type of resolution that dictates the amount of discernible details in the image through its resolution cells or pixels.
Spatial Resolution
80
The type of resolution which describes the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals.
Spectral Resolution
81
A type sensor which records energy over several wavelength ranges at various spectral resolutions (e.g. Landsat 8, Sentinel 2).
Multi-spectral Sensors
82
Type of sensor that has the capability to detect hundreds of narrow spectral bands (e.g. Hyperion).
Hyper-spectral Sensors
83
A type of resolution which describes the ability to discriminate slight differences in the recorded energy. It is defined by the number of bits used for coding recorded grey scales.
Radiometric Resolution
84
16 bits radiometric resolution has 65,536 colors, and also referred to as ______?
High Colors
85
24 bits radiometric resolution has 16.M colors and is also referred to as ______?
True Colors
86
It is the amount of detail in each pixel expressed in units of bits.
Bit Depth
87
It refers to the frequency within which the same image is taken in the same area.
Temporal Resolution
88
It refers to the vehicle or carrier for remote sensors.
Platforms
89
These are platforms often used to record detailed information about the surface, and may be placed on a ladder scaffolding, tall building, boom, crane, mast/tower, or handheld.
Ground-based Platforms
90
These are platforms that are primarily stable wing aircraft, helicopters, and drones, among others, which can be at 100m to 3-4km in height.
Airborne Platforms
91
A type of platform where photographic, scanning, radar, LiDAR, and videographic types of sensors belong.
Airborne Platforms
92
What does LiDAR stand for?
Light Detection and Ranging
93
These refer to satellites that revolve around the Earth at 150km to 36,000km away from the Earth's surface.
Spaceborne Platforms
94
These are remote sensing devices that record wavelengths of energy.
Sensors
95
Type of sensors that supply their own source of
energy to illuminate features of
interest.
Active Sensors
96
A type of sensor wherein it sends a pulse of energy at the speed of
light to the earth’s surface then the
received backscatter gives information
on the land surface characteristics
Active Sensors
97
The type of sensors which usually sense
naturally available
energy.
Passive Sensors
98
The type of sensor which measures solar light
reflected or emitted
from the earth’s
surfaces and objects.
Passive Sensors
99
Refers to the path
| followed by a satellite.
Satellite Orbit
100
It is the area imaged by a
given sensor as it
revolves around the
earth’s surface
Swath
101
A type of orbit where satellites pass above or
nearly above the poles on each orbit, so
the inclination to the earth’s equator is
very close to 90 degrees.
Polar Orbit
102
A type of orbit where satellites travel north-south over the poles and take
approximately an hour and a half for a full
rotation.
Polar Orbit
103
A type of orbit where satellites fly at an altitude of approximately 800-900 km.
Polar Orbit
104
A type of orbit where satellites follow a circular
geosynchronous orbit directly above the earth’s
equator.
Geostationary Orbit
105
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A type of orbit where satellites have an altitude of approximately 36,000 km and
provides the same orbital period as the earth’s
rotation period (24H).
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Geostationary Orbit
106
An orbit that can have any inclination and
| synchronizes with the Earth’s rotation
Geosynchronous Orbit
107
Type of orbit that is particularly useful for
| telecommunications.
Geosynchronous Orbit
108
Type of orbit that is approximately 20,200
km above Earth’s
surface.
Semi-synchronous Orbit
109
A type of orbit satellites completes a full rotation within 12 hours.
Semi-synchronous Orbit
110
The word 'pixel' is a contraction of two words, what is the expanded form of 'pixel'?
Picture element
111
A type of image that is consists of only one band and is usually
displayed as a grey scale image.
Panchromatic Image
112
A type of image which may be interpreted as a black and white
aerial photograph.
Panchromatic Image
113
A type of image that consists of several bands of data.
Multispectral Image
114
Is a multispectral image consists of the
three visual primary color bands (red,
green, blue).
True Color Composite
115
A multispectral image showing color composite image
resembles closely that observed by the
human eye.
True Color Composite
116
Color composite where the image does not have resemblance of its
actual color.
False Color Composite
117
Resolution systems that are intended mostly for
| meteorology.
Low Resolution Systems
118
Resolution system used in monitoring atmospheric and
| oceanographic phenomena.
Low Resolution Systems
119
Resolution systems that have spatial resolutions usually range from 1
to 5 km and have high temporal
resolution.
Low Resolution Systems
120
Resolution systems useful for frequent monitoring of large areas and
for large-scale and generic mapping of land
surfaces.
Low Resolution Systems
121
Geostationary satellites used in Europe.
Meteostat
122
Geostationary satellites used in the USA.
GOES-E and GOES-W
123
What does NOAA stand for?
National Oceanic
| and Atmospheric Administration
124
What does AVHRR stand for?
Advanced Very High
| Resolution Radiometer
125
Resolution system used to develop ways of detecting, classifying
and monitoring a range of vegetation
phenomena.
Medium Resolution Systems
126
Resolution system used also to study the seasonal changes and to
detect stress and disease.
Medium Resolution Systems
127
Satellite launched in 1986, made use of the
pushbroom scanning where it increased the dwell
time to enable pixels of 20 m (10 m panchromatic)
to be obtained.
SPOT-1
128
The High Resolution Video system used in SPOT-1.
Haute
| Resolution Video
129
The satellite launched in 2002, had three optical bands
with 10 m resolution, the shortwave infrared band
with 20 m resolution, and the panchromatic band
with 5 m resolution.
SPOT-5
130
The satellite launched on 9 Sep
2012 with a 1.5 m panchromatic and 6 m
multispectral resolution.
SPOT-6
131
The satellite was launched on 20 Jun 2014 and carried the
| same resolutions as its predecessor.
SPOT-7
132
The first civilian spaceborne hyperspectral sensor, with 220 spectral bands at 30 m
resolution, and carried the Advanced Land Imager
(ALI).
Hyperion
133
The first commercial hyperspatial satellite launched on 24 Sep 1999, with 0.82 m
panchromatic and 3.28 m multispectral images
using linear array technology in 11.3 km swaths,
and the revisit time is 11 days.
IKONOS
134
The satellite which followed IKONOS and was launched on 18 October 2001.
Quickbird
135
Satellite launched in 2007 and provides
half-meter panchromatic imagery with a revisit time
of 1.7
WorldView-1
136
Satellite launched on 8 Oct
2009, has eight bands of multispectral imagery in
the visible and near infrared.
WorldView-2
137
The satellite successfully launched on 6 Sep
2008 and provides 0.46 m panchromatic and 1.84 m
multispectral images.
GeoEye-1
138
Satellite that was launched on 16 Dec 2011
and on 2 Dec 2012, both with 0.5 m
panchromatic and 2 m for multispectral image data.
Pleiades-1A
| Pleiades-1B
139
Successfully launched on 13
Aug 2014 and provides 31 cm panchromatic
resolution, 1.24 m multispectral resolution, 3.7 m
shortwave infrared resolution and 30 m CAVIS
resolution, with an average revisit time of <1 day.
WorldView-3
140
Bands that are intended for clouds, aerosol,
| water vapor, ice and snow.
CAVIS
141
Satellite launched on 11 Nov 2016 and
has similar resolution as the WorldView-3
satellite sensor, however, on 7 Jan 2019, Maxar Technologies Inc.
reported that the satellite experience a failure in
its control moment gyros (CMGs) that precent it
from collecting imagery dur to loss of stability.
WorldView-4
