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NRC 141 > First Lecture Exam > Flashcards

First Lecture Exam Flashcards

1
Q

It is the technique of obtaining information about objects through the analysis of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects of investigation.

A

Remote Sensing

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2
Q

This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.

A

Remote Sensing

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3
Q

What is the course title of NRC 141?

A

Introduction to Remote Sensing

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4
Q

These are instruments that detect electromagnetic radiation that are reflected, absorbed, transmitted and emitted from the objects.

A

Remote Sensors

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5
Q

It pertains to both film and digital aerial photography.

A

Aerial Photography

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6
Q

In what year photography was born?

A

1839

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7
Q

Give the three individuals who pioneered the photographic process which eventually led to the birth of photography in 1839.

A

Nicephore Niepce,
William Henry Fox Talbot,
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

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8
Q

He is the Director of the Paris Observatory who advocated the use of photography for topographic surveying in 1840.

A

Arago

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9
Q

He is the Parisian photographer who took the first known aerial photograph in 1858.

A

Gaspard-Felix Tournachon

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10
Q

The pseudonym of the instrument used to capture the first known aerial photograph taken by Gaspard-Felix Tournachon in 1858, where he used a tethered balloon to obtain the photography over Vel de Bievre, near Paris.

A

Nadar

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11
Q

Who introduced aerial photography to the United States in 1860 where he took photographs of Boston using a hot-air balloon.

A

James Wallace Black

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12
Q

They were used to obtain aerial photographs at the beginning of 1882.

A

Kites

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13
Q

He is an English meteorologist who was credited as the first man to take an aerial photograph from a kite.

A

E.D. Archibald

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14
Q

He took aerial shots of the South of France between 1887 and 1889 using a kite, a camera, and a fuse.

A

Arthur Batut

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15
Q

In the early 1900s, May 28, 1906, to be exact, an American photographed San Francisco approximately six weeks after the great earthquake and fire using kite photography. Who is this man?

A

G.R. Lawrence

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16
Q

When was the airplane invented?

A

1903

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17
Q

Where and when was the first motion pictures taken?

A

Le Mans, France - 1908

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18
Q

In 1908, he used carrier pigeons in his work as an apothecary and filed a patent for a miniature camera that could be worn by a pigeon and would be activated by a timing mechanism.

A

Julies Nerbronner

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19
Q

Name the two notable battles between the French and German Army, where the French used pigeons to capture the position of their enemies during the First World War.

A

Battle of Verdun

Battle of Somme

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20
Q

When was the American Society of Photogrammetry founded?

A

1934

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21
Q

What is now the name of the American Society of Photogrammetry

A

American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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22
Q

What is the meaning of ISPRS

A

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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23
Q

Where was the 2000 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Congress took place wherein the first widely available digital aerial cameras were unveiled?

A

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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24
Q

He patented the “New or Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Bird’s Eye Photographic Views” in 1891.

A

Ludwig Rahrmann

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25
Q

It is a rocket-propelled camera system that is recovered by parachute. Patented by Ludwig Rahrmann in 1891.

A

New or Improved Apparatus for Obtaining Bird’s Eye Photographic Views

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26
Q

In 1907, he, a German, added the concept of gyrostabilization to rocket camera systems.

A

Alfred Maul

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27
Q

In 1912, he successfully booted a 41-kg payload containing a 200-500 mm format camera to a height of 790 m.

A

Alfred Maul

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28
Q

Early weather satellites were developed in 1960, one of which includes TIROS-1. What does TIROS stand for?

A

Television and Infrared Observation Satellite

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29
Q

It refers to an early US military space imaging reconnaissance program which started in 1960 and went through many developments during its lifetime (final mission was flown in 1972).

A

Corona

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30
Q

Name the three early manned space programs in the 1960s.

A

Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo

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31
Q

It was the first American space workshop launched in 1973.

A

Skylab

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32
Q

Skylab was launched and its astronauts took over 35,000 images of the Earth with the EREP on board. What does EREP stand for?

A

Earth Resources Experiment Package

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33
Q

These were the first to demonstrate the complementary nature of photography and electronic imaging from space.

A

EREP experiments

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34
Q

What does ASTP stand for?

A

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

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35
Q

What does USSR stand for?

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

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36
Q

It is a form of energy with the properties of a wave and its major source is the sun.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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37
Q

It is the distance between successive wave peaks.

A

Wavelength

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38
Q

It is the number of cycles per second passing of a fixed point.

A

Frequency

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39
Q

The most prevalent unit used to measure wavelength.

A

Micrometer

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40
Q

It is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

A

Visible Spectrum

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41
Q

What is the range (in micrometers or nanometers) of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

0.4 micrometer - 0.7 micrometers

400 nanometers - 700 nanometers

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42
Q

Give the approximate range of the color blue, green, and red, respectively.

A
  1. 4 to 0.5 micrometers
  2. 5 to 0.6 micrometers
  3. 6 to 0.7 micrometers
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43
Q

This refers to the energy which adjoins the blue end of the visible portion of the spectrum.

A

Ultraviolet (UV)

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44
Q

This adjoins the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A

Infrared (IR)

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45
Q

This energy ranges from 0.7 micrometers to 1.3 micrometers.

A

Near IR

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46
Q

It is also referred to as shortwave IR or SWIR with a range of 1.3 to 3 micrometers.

A

Mid IR

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47
Q

Sometimes referred to as longwave IR with a range of 3 to 14 micrometers.

A

Thermal IR

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48
Q

The theory that suggests that electromagnetic radiation is composed of many discrete units called photons or quanta.

A

The Particle Theory

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49
Q

The law which states that all matter at temperatures above absolute zero (0K or -273 degree centigrade) continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.

A

Stefan-Boltzman Law

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50
Q

It is a hypothetical, ideal radiator that totally absorbs and reemits all energy incident upon it.

A

Blackbody

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51
Q

It is referred to as the distance where all radiation detected by remote sensors passes through the atmosphere

A

Path Length

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52
Q

It resulted from sunlight that passes through the full thickness of the Earth’s atmosphere twice from its journey from source to sensor.

A

Space Photography

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53
Q

It detects energy emitted directly from objects on Earth.

A

Airborne Thermal Sensor

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54
Q

It is the unpredictable diffusion of radiation by particles in the atmosphere.

A

Scattering

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55
Q

A common occurrence when radiation interacts with atmospheric molecules and other tiny particles that are much smaller in diameter than the wavelength of the interacting radiation.

A

Rayleigh Scatter

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56
Q

This exists when atmospheric particle diameters essentially equal the wavelengths of the energy being sensed.

A

Mie Scatter

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57
Q

It comes about when the diameters of the particles are much larger than the wavelengths of the energy being sensed.

A

Non-selective Scatter

58
Q

Water vapor and dust are major causes of this scatter and tend to influence longer wavelengths.

A

Mie Scatter

59
Q

Water droplets cause this scatter.

A

Non-selective Scatter

60
Q

Results in the effective loss of energy to atmospheric constituents.

A

Absorption

61
Q

These are the most efficient absorbers of solar radiation of energy (3).

A

Water Vapor
Carbon dioxide
Ozone

62
Q

The upper atmosphere blocks 100% of the gamma rays, x-rays, and most ultraviolet light. What do you call these blocked wavelengths?

A

Absorption Bands

63
Q

It is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere.

A

Atmospheric Window

64
Q

It defines the ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected from a surface to the amount originally striking the surface.

A

Reflectance

65
Q

It refers to the movement of energy through a surface.

A

Transmission

66
Q

It is the ratio of transmitted radiation to the incident radiation.

A

Transmittance

67
Q

It refers to the process where some electromagnetic radiation is absorbed through electron or molecular reaction within a medium, then a portion of this energy is reemitted usually at longer wavelengths.

A

Absorption

68
Q

This suggests that even within a given feature type, the proportion of reflected, absorbed, and transmitted energy will vary at different wavelengths.

A

Wavelength Dependency

69
Q

These are responses measured by remote sensors over various features.

A

Spectral Signatures

70
Q

These refer to any factors that change the spectral characteristics of a feature over time.

A

Temporal Effects

71
Q

It refers to factors that cause the same types of features at a given point in time to have different characteristics at different geographic locations.

A

Spatial Effects

72
Q

These are flat surfaces that manifest mirror-like reflections, where the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.

A

Specular Reflectors

73
Q

These are rough surfaces that reflect uniformly in all directions.

A

Diffuse (Lambertian) Reflectors

74
Q

It is the angle between the horizon and the center of the sun’s disc.

A

Solar Elevation

75
Q

It defines in which direction the sun is.

A

Azimuth Angle

76
Q

It is the maximum angle at which a display can be viewed with an acceptable visual performance.

A

Viewing angle

77
Q

It is the variations in brightness that can result from identical objects at different locations.

A

Differential Shading

78
Q

It is a mirror-like reflection and normally contributes little information about the true character of the objects (e.g. water)

A

Specular Reflection

79
Q

The type of resolution that dictates the amount of discernible details in the image through its resolution cells or pixels.

A

Spatial Resolution

80
Q

The type of resolution which describes the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals.

A

Spectral Resolution

81
Q

A type sensor which records energy over several wavelength ranges at various spectral resolutions (e.g. Landsat 8, Sentinel 2).

A

Multi-spectral Sensors

82
Q

Type of sensor that has the capability to detect hundreds of narrow spectral bands (e.g. Hyperion).

A

Hyper-spectral Sensors

83
Q

A type of resolution which describes the ability to discriminate slight differences in the recorded energy. It is defined by the number of bits used for coding recorded grey scales.

A

Radiometric Resolution

84
Q

16 bits radiometric resolution has 65,536 colors, and also referred to as ______?

A

High Colors

85
Q

24 bits radiometric resolution has 16.M colors and is also referred to as ______?

A

True Colors

86
Q

It is the amount of detail in each pixel expressed in units of bits.

A

Bit Depth

87
Q

It refers to the frequency within which the same image is taken in the same area.

A

Temporal Resolution

88
Q

It refers to the vehicle or carrier for remote sensors.

A

Platforms

89
Q

These are platforms often used to record detailed information about the surface, and may be placed on a ladder scaffolding, tall building, boom, crane, mast/tower, or handheld.

A

Ground-based Platforms

90
Q

These are platforms that are primarily stable wing aircraft, helicopters, and drones, among others, which can be at 100m to 3-4km in height.

A

Airborne Platforms

91
Q

A type of platform where photographic, scanning, radar, LiDAR, and videographic types of sensors belong.

A

Airborne Platforms

92
Q

What does LiDAR stand for?

A

Light Detection and Ranging

93
Q

These refer to satellites that revolve around the Earth at 150km to 36,000km away from the Earth’s surface.

A

Spaceborne Platforms

94
Q

These are remote sensing devices that record wavelengths of energy.

A

Sensors

95
Q

Type of sensors that supply their own source of
energy to illuminate features of
interest.

A

Active Sensors

96
Q

A type of sensor wherein it sends a pulse of energy at the speed of
light to the earth’s surface then the
received backscatter gives information
on the land surface characteristics

A

Active Sensors

97
Q

The type of sensors which usually sense
naturally available
energy.

A

Passive Sensors

98
Q

The type of sensor which measures solar light
reflected or emitted
from the earth’s
surfaces and objects.

A

Passive Sensors

99
Q

Refers to the path

followed by a satellite.

A

Satellite Orbit

100
Q

It is the area imaged by a
given sensor as it
revolves around the
earth’s surface

A

Swath

101
Q

A type of orbit where satellites pass above or
nearly above the poles on each orbit, so
the inclination to the earth’s equator is
very close to 90 degrees.

A

Polar Orbit

102
Q

A type of orbit where satellites travel north-south over the poles and take
approximately an hour and a half for a full
rotation.

A

Polar Orbit

103
Q

A type of orbit where satellites fly at an altitude of approximately 800-900 km.

A

Polar Orbit

104
Q

A type of orbit where satellites follow a circular
geosynchronous orbit directly above the earth’s
equator.

A

Geostationary Orbit

105
Q 
A type of orbit where satellites have an altitude of approximately 36,000 km and
provides the same orbital period as the earth’s
rotation period (24H).
A

Geostationary Orbit

106
Q

An orbit that can have any inclination and

synchronizes with the Earth’s rotation

A

Geosynchronous Orbit

107
Q

Type of orbit that is particularly useful for

telecommunications.

A

Geosynchronous Orbit

108
Q

Type of orbit that is approximately 20,200
km above Earth’s
surface.

A

Semi-synchronous Orbit

109
Q

A type of orbit satellites completes a full rotation within 12 hours.

A

Semi-synchronous Orbit

110
Q

The word ‘pixel’ is a contraction of two words, what is the expanded form of ‘pixel’?

A

Picture element

111
Q

A type of image that is consists of only one band and is usually
displayed as a grey scale image.

A

Panchromatic Image

112
Q

A type of image which may be interpreted as a black and white
aerial photograph.

A

Panchromatic Image

113
Q

A type of image that consists of several bands of data.

A

Multispectral Image

114
Q

Is a multispectral image consists of the
three visual primary color bands (red,
green, blue).

A

True Color Composite

115
Q

A multispectral image showing color composite image
resembles closely that observed by the
human eye.

A

True Color Composite

116
Q

Color composite where the image does not have resemblance of its
actual color.

A

False Color Composite

117
Q

Resolution systems that are intended mostly for

meteorology.

A

Low Resolution Systems

118
Q

Resolution system used in monitoring atmospheric and

oceanographic phenomena.

A

Low Resolution Systems

119
Q

Resolution systems that have spatial resolutions usually range from 1
to 5 km and have high temporal
resolution.

A

Low Resolution Systems

120
Q

Resolution systems useful for frequent monitoring of large areas and
for large-scale and generic mapping of land
surfaces.

A

Low Resolution Systems

121
Q

Geostationary satellites used in Europe.

A

Meteostat

122
Q

Geostationary satellites used in the USA.

A

GOES-E and GOES-W

123
Q

What does NOAA stand for?

A

National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration

124
Q

What does AVHRR stand for?

A

Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer

125
Q

Resolution system used to develop ways of detecting, classifying
and monitoring a range of vegetation
phenomena.

A

Medium Resolution Systems

126
Q

Resolution system used also to study the seasonal changes and to
detect stress and disease.

A

Medium Resolution Systems

127
Q

Satellite launched in 1986, made use of the
pushbroom scanning where it increased the dwell
time to enable pixels of 20 m (10 m panchromatic)
to be obtained.

A

SPOT-1

128
Q

The High Resolution Video system used in SPOT-1.

A

Haute

Resolution Video

129
Q

The satellite launched in 2002, had three optical bands
with 10 m resolution, the shortwave infrared band
with 20 m resolution, and the panchromatic band
with 5 m resolution.

A

SPOT-5

130
Q

The satellite launched on 9 Sep
2012 with a 1.5 m panchromatic and 6 m
multispectral resolution.

A

SPOT-6

131
Q

The satellite was launched on 20 Jun 2014 and carried the

same resolutions as its predecessor.

A

SPOT-7

132
Q

The first civilian spaceborne hyperspectral sensor, with 220 spectral bands at 30 m
resolution, and carried the Advanced Land Imager
(ALI).

A

Hyperion

133
Q

The first commercial hyperspatial satellite launched on 24 Sep 1999, with 0.82 m
panchromatic and 3.28 m multispectral images
using linear array technology in 11.3 km swaths,
and the revisit time is 11 days.

A

IKONOS

134
Q

The satellite which followed IKONOS and was launched on 18 October 2001.

A

Quickbird

135
Q

Satellite launched in 2007 and provides
half-meter panchromatic imagery with a revisit time
of 1.7

A

WorldView-1

136
Q

Satellite launched on 8 Oct
2009, has eight bands of multispectral imagery in
the visible and near infrared.

A

WorldView-2

137
Q

The satellite successfully launched on 6 Sep
2008 and provides 0.46 m panchromatic and 1.84 m
multispectral images.

A

GeoEye-1

138
Q

Satellite that was launched on 16 Dec 2011
and on 2 Dec 2012, both with 0.5 m
panchromatic and 2 m for multispectral image data.

A

Pleiades-1A

Pleiades-1B

139
Q

Successfully launched on 13
Aug 2014 and provides 31 cm panchromatic
resolution, 1.24 m multispectral resolution, 3.7 m
shortwave infrared resolution and 30 m CAVIS
resolution, with an average revisit time of <1 day.

A

WorldView-3

140
Q

Bands that are intended for clouds, aerosol,

water vapor, ice and snow.

A

CAVIS

141
Q

Satellite launched on 11 Nov 2016 and
has similar resolution as the WorldView-3
satellite sensor, however, on 7 Jan 2019, Maxar Technologies Inc.
reported that the satellite experience a failure in
its control moment gyros (CMGs) that precent it
from collecting imagery dur to loss of stability.

A

WorldView-4

NRC 141 (2 decks)

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