First Lecture Flashcards
The most external part of the eye which provides barrier for drugs
The Cornea
The innermost layer of the eye
Retina
Most exterior Lipophilic part of the cornea
Epithelium layer
The layer of cornea which is the innermost and provides nutrients from internal to external part of the eye
Endothelium layer of Cornea
Biggest layer of the Cornea which is hypophilic
Stroma
Part of the eye that is responsible for accommodation for near reading
The lens accommodates for Near reading but relaxes for Far
Part of the eye that helps with details or High definition
The Macula
Which vessels in the eye carry the drugs systematically
Episcleral vessels which are in the Epithelium layer of sclera
What happens when transcorneal absorption is increased?
Drug will stay around the cornea (anterior segment) longer
What is diagnostic drugs used for
To diagnose for example: dilators
And also for anesthesia
Glaucoma medications
GOTY: Green (Miotics) Orange CAI's (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) Teal (Prostaglandins) Yellow or blue B-blockers
Red cap medication
Mydriatics and Cyclopegics
Red means STOP and think whether patient really needs it because it will cause the patient to have low vision and discomfort
Gray color cap
NSAIDS used for inflammation and pain management following a surgery
Pink color caps
Steroids (Antibiotics)
Brown color caps
Anti-infective used to treat infection
Green cap
For Glaucoma and for accommodation problems
Why does Glaucoma have such variety of medications
Because it’s a chronic eye disease and patient have to take life long
What are important things to cover before giving a drug to a patient
Patient compliance, Cost, Systematic disease, pregnant women, pediatrics
Drug discussion includes
Mechanism of action clinical uses Dosage side effects drug to drug interactions
Ideal characteristics of ophthalmic drug delivery system
Corneal Penetration Maximized absorption Simple instillation Reduced frequency of administration Compliance Low toxicity and side effects Ideal concentrations
The viscous the medication the higher the —– and the slower—-through the cornea
The more viscous the drug the higher the bioavailability and the slower it takes to penetrate through the layers of the cornea and by the tissues
Steroids are what kind of topical drug
Suspension, particles are larger in size
What is the role of surfactants in topical medication
Stabilization and protects the medication from getting oxidized and go bad
Restasis is used for
Severe Dry eye
Most common mixtures of Emulsions
Glycerin
Polysorbate 80
Caster oil
Examples of Emulsions
Restasis
Refresh
Endura
What type of topical medication is used for Corneal abrasion
Ointments like
Erythromycin(antibiotic) Tobramycin(antibiotic)
Tobradex(antibiotic with steroids) dual action drug
What topical medication is used for kids
Ointments and sprays (used as diagnostic drug for kids)
Examples of Gel form medications
Pilocarpine(pilopine HS)=carbopol gel
Timoptic XE
GenTeal (lubricant) over the counter
What is Timoptic XE
A B-blocker used for Glaucoma. Once the medication touches the cornea it will act as an ointment
What kind of drug application is used for Blepharitis
Lid Scrubs specifically Eyelid Cleansers
What are Filter paper strips used for?
Used for staining To disclose: Corneal injuries Herpes Simplex DES (dry eye syndrome)
In general to examine the anterior segment (cornea) of the eye.
What is pseudomonas aeroginosa
A pathogen that causes cornea lesion such as ulcers in patients with contact lens.
Sodium Fluorescein is used for
Cornea disclosure and to check the pressure of the eye
RGP fitting
We take a hard lens apply then Fluorescein to examine the pattern of the lens to see if its to flat or if there is good movement
What are some filter paper strips
Sodium Fluorescein
Lissamine Green
Rose Bengal
Difference between Lissamine Green and Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal causes more side effects like burning sensation
What method is used to treat cornea dystrophy, Corneal erosion, Epithelial defects and wounds after surgery
Contact lenses
Example of soft contact lenses used to help heal the cornea
Purevision
Acuvue oasys
Superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is caused by
Dry eye
Contact lens solution
Medication toxicity
Corneal shields used for
Made of collagen to protect the cornea against scarring post surgery
Cornea shields are larger than soft lenses so they also cover the
The Conjuctiva
Artificial tear insert is used for
Severe DES
Artificial tear inserts once in the eye act as
Ointments
Artificial tear insert also called Lacrisert one advantage and disadvantage are
Advantage: Preservative free and one time apply
Disadvantage: difficult application for elderly patients
What is Ocusert(pilocarpine) drug used for
Like a cotton pledge used for Glaucoma
What are Mydriatic drugs
A drug such as atropine or Phenylephrine that causes the pupil to dilate
