First half material

Question 1

Name the characteristics of The Bryophytes

Answer 1

1. These are multicellular organisms that are haploid gametophyte prominent
2. they are mostly near available water but not always
3. These are non-vascular plants meaning they do not have any special conducting tissues (Xylem and phloem)

Question 2

What two things does a thallus give rise to?

Answer 2

The thallus gives rise to stalked gametophores (n)

1. Sperm (antheridiophore)
2. Egg (archegoniophore)

Question 3

In the Liverwort (coming from Hepatophyta) the ex organs are born on what? What are the two receptacles called

Answer 3

In the liverwort there are two receptacles called antheridiophore (male) and archegoniophore (female). These sex organs are found on separate plants on special stalked receptacles called gametophores

Question 4

what are gametophores?

Answer 4

These are special stalked receptacles where the sex organs of liverworts are born on.

Question 5

True or False.

Does asexual reproduction have progressive death but non decay of the thallus?

Answer 5

False. It has decay of the thallus as well.

Question 6

Where does asexual propagules form? How do the sperm from asexual propagules get around?

Answer 6

Asexual propagules forms inside specialized structures an are dispersed to other parts on the plants through abiotic mechanical factors like raindrops

Question 7

1. How do sperm cells travel in plants for sexual reproduction?
2. When does meiosis occur in sexual reproduction?

Answer 7

1. Water drops or other abiotic factors help aid in the moving of sperm in the antheridial head (male) to the archegonial head (female)
2. This occurs in mature sporogenous tissues of sporophyte in spores

Question 8

In the Hornworts how many chloroplast are found inside the thallus?

Answer 8

There is one chloroplast that can found inside the thallus.

Question 9

In the hornworts there are mucilage-filled cavities what are the often invaded by?

Answer 9

The hornworts mucilage-filled cavities are often invaded by N2-fixing cyanobacteria

Question 10

In the Hornworts where do the sporophytes grow from?

Answer 10

The sporophytes grow from the basal meristem and are surrounded by gametophyte tissues

Question 11

In the meristematic cells in Hornworts what do they produce?

Answer 11

New sporangium tissues

Question 12

What plant is protonemata found in?

What does the protonemata produce?

Answer 12

The protonemata is found in moss and this creates a leafy gametophores that develops from spores

Question 13

What is the phyllids?

Answer 13

These are normally one cell layer thick

Question 14

What are the hydroids?

Answer 14

These are water conducting cells

Question 15

What are leptoids?

Answer 15

These are sugar conducting cells

Question 16

What is the significance of moss?

Answer 16

Moss have the ability to lose up to 70% of their moisture. The water is able to be absorbed quickly, respiration cytoplasmic streaming. These plant can be revived in minutes after even decades of desiccation

Question 17

What is the life cycle of moss

Answer 17

The moss life cycle

• Spores are released from the capsule
• The HAPLOID spores begin to germinate (which is when the plant begins to grow and put out shoots after a period of dormancy). The results of the haploid germinating forms filamentous
• This germination will develop in leafy male and female gametophytes (n)
• The sperm will be released from the antheridium and go the archegonium where the sperm fuses with the egg and produces a zygote (2n)
• The ventor of the archegonium will begin to enlarge creating features of the plant known as calyptra
• Meiosis occurs in the capsule and the haploid spores are formed

Question 18

What do lycophytes have?

Answer 18

• the lignified tissues
• erect habit
• functional differentiation

Question 19

List traits of the Rhyniophytes which isa early vascular plant?

Answer 19

These plants contain
- a naked stem 
- upright short cylinders and naked stems 
branch ends - sporogenous tissues 
simple stele: protostele is the no pith 
- They had dichotomous branch

Question 20

What are lycophytes?

Answer 20

These are land plants with lateral sporangia (enclosure in which spores are formed) and exarch protosteles (a simple, primitive arrangement of conducting tissues in stems and roots of certain lower plants, consisting of a solid cylinder of xylem surrounded by a layer of phloem)

Question 21

What is another explanation of lycophytes?

Answer 21

This is a land plant with microphylls ( is a type of plant leaf with one single, unbranched leaf vein)

Question 22

When do larger megaphylls in lycophytes become increasingly vascularized?
(name the two types)

Answer 22

These plants become increasingly vascularized with branching veins. These branching veins are lateral sporangia and heterospory

Question 23

How do sperm cells directly swim to the female in lycophytes?

Answer 23

The sporangium dehisces (burst open) exposing the archegonia

Question 24

What are isosporous and where are they found?

Answer 24

These are spores borne on the super surface of sporophylls that are cluster and compact club shaped groups called cones and are found in the genus of lycopodium

Question 25

What are selaginella?

Answer 25

These are land plants with microphylls (a leaf (as of a club moss) with single unbranched veins) and sporophylls ( a leaf that has a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed) arranged in strobili (cone form)

Question 26

What is a heterosporous?

Answer 26

Both male (microsporophylls) and female (megasporophylls) sporangia (a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed) are found in the same area (strobilus)

Question 27

What is the significance of equisetum?

Answer 27

1. These have separate vegetative and reproductive shoots
2. underground rhizomes (a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals)
3. They have celiac in the cell walls which could actually cut your finger.

Question 28

List the 5 things ferns have?

Answer 28

Rhizomes (a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals

Question 29

In ferns what is the circinate vernation:

Answer 29

This is the roll with tip centre. The manner in which each fern frond opens. The tender growing tip of the main frond and each sub-frond is protected within the coil.
This structure is a circinate vernation which is not seen in most high plants
- This will unroll and then unroll the smaller ones and than would begin to grow

Question 30

What are sorus?

How are sorus in some ferns covered?

Answer 30

1. a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond.
2. By an umbrella like-indusium

Question 31

What is the significance of sori in ferns?

Answer 31

The positioning of the sori in ferns can allow for scientist to determine which type of fern it is as sori differ between ferns.