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Sport & exercise psych > First half > Flashcards

First half Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of physical activity

A

Body movements that result in energy

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2
Q

Definition of exercise

A

Physical activity occurring in a planned, structured, repetitive way

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3
Q

Definition of sport

A

Physical exertion or physical skill structured for training and competition

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4
Q

Positive psychology

A

Understanding the process that allows groups to thrive

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5
Q

Exercise psych vs sports psych examples

A

Exercise:
-Non competitive
-Recreational
Sports:
-Performance
-Athletes

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6
Q

What are ethics?

A

When you’re concerned w matters of right and wrong as they relate to human behaviour
- being aware of competencies

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7
Q

T or F: psychologists do not have to be regulated by provincial boards

A

False, they do!

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8
Q

Between a sports and exercise psychologist and a mental skills trainer, which one is unlicensed and while is licensed?

A

Licensed: Psychologist
Unlicensed:
Mental trainer

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9
Q

Definition of a variable

A

Scientific construct that can be assigned a specific value to be quantified

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10
Q

What is a scientific construct?

A

Defined terms created for scientific purposes

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11
Q

IV vs DV

A

IV is manipulated
DV is non manipulated but rather the outcome

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12
Q

Theory

A

Specifies relationships across lots of scientific constructs and explains phenomena across different times, contexts and people

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13
Q

Research hypotheses

A

Educated guess about nature of relationships among scientific constructs given specific conditions

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14
Q

Quantitative inquiry

A

Numerically examining relationship of scientific constructs

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15
Q

Qualitative inquiry

A

Verbally explore meaning ppl assign to their experiences

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16
Q

Mixed methods

A

Combination of verbal and numerical

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17
Q

Recommended weekly PA

A

150 mins mod-vig
Muscle strengthening twice a week
Several hours of light PA twice a week
Limit sedentary time to 8 or less hours

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18
Q

What is motivation

A

Internal process such as needs thoughts and emotions that give ur behaviour energy and direction

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19
Q

Behavioural approach

A

Learning from environment
-vicarious conditioning
- rewards for behaviour

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20
Q

Cognitive approach

A

One’s interpretation of environment influences behaviour
- change expectations and beliefs associated w PA

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21
Q

Cognitive

A

Behavioural approach
- cognitions influence emotions and behaviours
-Behaviour can affect thought patterns and emotions

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22
Q

Transtheoretical model steps

A

Pre contemplation:
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

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23
Q

Pre contemplation stage

A

No intention to start in six months

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24
Q

Contemplation

A

Intend to start in six months

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25
Q

Preparation

A

Intend to start really soon

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26
Q

Action

A

Meet pa guidelines for less than six months

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27
Q

Maintenance

A

Meet PA guidelines for 6 months or more

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28
Q

Decisional balance

A

Ratio of advantages vs disadvantages

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29
Q

Self efficacy

A

Belief in ability to organize and execute actions needed to be active

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30
Q

Process of change

A

Experimental/cognitive process:
Increase awareness, change thoughts and feels
Ex: determine cost

Behavioural process:
Change aspects of environment that can affect exercise participation
Ex: public

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31
Q

Intervention for pre contemplation

A

Educate about exercise and well being

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32
Q

Intervention for contemplation

A

Motivate and encourage specific plans

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33
Q

Intervention for preparation

A

Organize and start planning for new active lifestyle

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34
Q

Intervention for action

A

Tips on overcoming barriers and maintaining motivation

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35
Q

Intervention for maintenence

A

Help w coping and avoiding lapses and relapses

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36
Q

Cons of TTM

A
  • can’t predict which stage a person will move to and when
  • fails to explain mechanisms by which ppl change their activity behaviour and move across stages
  • doesn’t explain that many ppl don’t progress and many actually go backwards
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37
Q

Pros of TTM

A
  • useful for individual and population level
  • provides guidance on how to tailor messages to specific stages of PA
  • messages are specific to individual motivation
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38
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Personal and social factors influencing someone’s intentions to engage in behaviour

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39
Q

Intention

A

Persons motivational readiness to perform a behaviour

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40
Q

Attitude

A

Persons motivational readiness to perform behaviour, the positive or negative evaluation of engaging in behaviour

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41
Q

Behavioural beliefs

A

Consideration of consequences of engaging in behaviour and evaluation of consequences

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42
Q

Affectiveness

A

Enjoyable or unenjoyable

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43
Q

Instrumental

A

Useful or useless

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44
Q

Subjective norms

A

Perceived social pressures to perform a behaviour from personal and or environmental sources

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45
Q

Normative beliefs

A

Perception of values and importance that significant others place on behavioural engagement

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46
Q

Descriptive norms

A

Activity level of members in social group

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47
Q

Injunctive norms:

A

Perceived value of PA by members in social group

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48
Q

Motivation to comply

A

Desire to do what social network encourages

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49
Q

Perceived behavioural control

A

Degree of personal control the individual feels they have over behaviour

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50
Q

Control beliefs

A

Perceived barriers and facilitators of engaging in behaviour

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51
Q

Interventions should help develop intentions

A
  1. Educate about benefits of pa
  2. Enlist and support and identify pa environment
  3. Promote personal control over one’s pa
  4. Allows exercisers input when designing pa
    Programs
  5. Teach exercisers methods to approach perceived barriers to pa
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52
Q

What’s personality

A

Systematic variation in the way ppl think feel and behave

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53
Q

What are traits

A

relatively stable characteristics that are part of one’s personality

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54
Q

Definition of psychological state

A

momentary and thoughts change depending on sit and time

55
Q

Trait approach

A

normally distributed in population

56
Q

Dig and five factor model

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

57
Q

Self actualization

A

Individual attempts to be best self

58
Q

Self efficacy

A

Belief in abilities and values

59
Q

Biological/evolutionary psych

A

Individual differences in reactivity to stimulus, response threshold, arousal and recovery from evoked response

60
Q

Interactionist approach

A

Led to sport specific and exercise specific measures of traits and dispositions

61
Q

Why are specific traits associated w sport performance

A

interaction w other key psychological and environment factors which impacts diff types of behaviours cognitions and emotions

62
Q

Sensation seeking behaviour

A

Seeking varied, novel, complex and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take multiple risks for the sake of such experience

63
Q

Alexithymia

A

inability to identify their emotions and to describe feelings
More likely to engage in sport as a compensatory strat

64
Q

Competitiveness

A

desire to engage and strive for success In sport achievement sits

65
Q

Multi dimensional achievement orientation
CWG

A
  1. Competitiveness
  2. Win orientation interpersonal standards
  3. Goal oriented person standards
66
Q

4 main things successful elite athletes do

A
  1. Set high personal standards for performance
  2. Monitor progress toward these standards
  3. Highly organized
  4. Manageable expectations of s/o’s
67
Q

Perfectionism

A

Multidimensional personality disposition/trait that influences thought emotion and behaviour

68
Q

High performance standards

A

Overly critical self evaluation

69
Q

Dimensions of personal standards

A
  1. High performance standards
  2. High self oriented achievement
  3. High self oriented achievement
  4. Related to adaptive functioning
70
Q

Dimensions of perfectionistic concerns

A
  1. Neg social eval
  2. Excessive self critisicm
  3. Concerns over mistakes and doubts and actions
  4. Related to poor outcomes and maladjustment
71
Q

4 subtypes of perfectionism

A
  1. Non perfectionism
  2. Pure evaluative concerns
  3. Pure personal standards
  4. Mixed perfectionism
72
Q

Harmonious passion

A

Part of one’s identity and for pleasure of activity

73
Q

Obsessive passion

A

Rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage and avoid guilt

74
Q

Harmonious passion is associated w

A
  1. Pos emotions
  2. Task oriented coping
75
Q

Obsessive passion is associated w

A
  1. Increased risk of injury and burnout
  2. Neg emotions and behaviours
  3. Avoidance coping
76
Q

Mental toughness

A

Persona, characteristics that help athletes cope w challenging sits to attain important achievement goals

77
Q

What are the 4 p’s

A

Perseverance
Presence
Perspective
Prep

78
Q

Intention behaviour

A

Ppl have the best of intentions but don’t always follow thru on those intentions

79
Q

Why was HAPA deigned

A

To try to bridge intention behaviour gap

80
Q

Two sets of processes for changing health related behaviour

Sandwich

A
  1. Preintentional motivation processes that lead to intention
  2. Postintentional volition processes that lead to behaviour
81
Q

Motivational stage HAPA
(Diabetes)

A

Outcome expectancies: pos vs neg
Risk perception- how likely am I to get diabetes
Compared to average person of my age and sex

82
Q

Volitional stage

A
  • planning helps translate intentions into
    action
  • action plans: create strats to strengthen intentions ex: implementation intentions
  • coping plans:
83
Q

Task self efficacy

A

Action self efficacy; important for motivation

84
Q

Coping self efficacy

A

Maintenance self efficacy; optimistic beliefs to deal w barriers. Effort and persistence

85
Q

Recovery self efficacy

A

Recover from setbacks and deal w failure; control lapses

86
Q

HAPA strengths and limitations

A
  • used for intervention design and explaining behaviour
  • successfully applied to diverse health behaviours
  • similar to bases models, not clear how and when ppl will move
  • thru and between phases
  • Difficult to test full model emprically
87
Q

5 parts of hierarchy of needs pyramid in humanistic psych low to high

Penis sex sounds extra soaky

A

Physiological needs
Safety needs
Social needs
Esteem needs
Self actualization

88
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Individuals proactively engage in their own dev

89
Q

3 factors that interplay for motivation in social cog theory

A
  1. Personal
  2. Behavioural
  3. Environmental
90
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Personal, enviro, behavioural factors interact to influence each other

91
Q

Self efficacy theory

A

Belief in personal ability to succeed given abilities and unique situation

92
Q

Four main personal and environmental ways to change self efficacy beliefs

A
  • mastery experience
  • vicarious experience
  • social persuasion
  • physiological and active states
93
Q

Self efficacy is key for what 4 things

A
  1. New or challenging behaviours
  2. Early stages or ppl exercise adoption
  3. Maintaining exercise behaviour in transition from structured exercise to independent program
  4. Vigorous PA
94
Q

SCT in sport

A
  • coaches can intervene at all levels
    Personal: emotional states and self efficacy
    Emotional: skill focused training rathe than outcome focused
    Behavioural: improve athletic skills and self regulatory practices
95
Q

Dual process model

A

Motivation isn’t just controlled by conscious attitudes and intentions

96
Q

Conscious processes

A

deliberate, slow, guided by beliefs and values, require cognitive processing, and are of limited capacity

97
Q

Non conscious processes

A

Operate fast without awareness, are based on feelings, require minimal cognitive resources

98
Q

Application of dual process model

A
  1. Strats that have ppl create cues to action can help to create new non conscious processes ex: change environment to prime a valued health behaviour
99
Q

5 general dimensions of stress

A

Physical
Psychological
Social
Environmental
Career and life direction

100
Q

Stress response

A

Physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioural rxns when we are faced w heavy demands

101
Q

Stress

A

An experience that’s produced thru a person-situation relationship that’s perceived as taxing or exceeding persons resources

102
Q

Cognitive motivational relational theory

Each emotion has what

A

Identified that each emotion has a core motivational theme - describes essence of relationship between person and envrionment

103
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Eval of what is at stake for a person in a situation - considers persons goals and if it’s beneficial or harmful

104
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

An evaluation of what can be done in the situation, which depends on an individual’s available resources, level of perceived control, and expectations regarding what is likely to occur in the future

105
Q

Harm/loss appraisal

A

Psychological
damage has already been done and the loss is irrevocable.

106
Q

Threat appraisal

A

An individual
anticipates harm might occur or is likely to occur

107
Q

Challenge appraisal

A

although there are
obstacles in the way, they can be overcome

108
Q

Categorization of stressors

A
  1. Acute vs chronic
  2. Expected vs unexpected
  3. Comp vs non comp
109
Q

Organizational stressor examples

A
  1. Roles in sport organization
  2. Athletic career and performance dev issues
  3. Factors intrinsic to sport
110
Q

Management skills

A

Behaviours that are routine but that still help the
individual avoid problems and help prevent stress from happening in
the first place.

111
Q

Problem focused coping -know this for exam

A

Coping efforts that help people change the actual situation

112
Q

Emotion focused coping- know for exam

A

Coping efforts to change the way a situation is
attended to or interpreted–to deal with the emotions that arise during the
situation.

112
Q

Avoidance coping

A

Coping efforts in which athletes attempt to remove
themselves from the stressful situation.

113
Q

Disengagement oriented coping

A

Running away from the process of trying to make progress on a personal goal.

113
Q

Task oriented coping

A

dealing directly with the source of stress and its resulting thoughts and emotions.

114
Q

Distraction oriented coping

A

Doing smt to distract yourself from stressful thing

115
Q

5 types of emotion regulation strategies

A

Situation selection
Situation modification
Attentional deployment
Cognitive change
Response modulation

116
Q

Situation selection

A

Individual takes actions to increase the likelihood of being in situations that will promote emotions they would like to experience

117
Q

Situation modification

A

Individual tries to influence the situation directly

118
Q

Attentional deployment

A

Individual regulates his emotions by directing his attention toward (or away from) a situation

119
Q

Cognitive change

A

Individual changing the emotional significant of the event by changing how one thinkgs about the event

120
Q

Response modulation

A

Individuals physiological, experiential or behavioural responses to try to regulate emotions.

121
Q

Interpersonal emotion regulation strats

A

Effecting the emotions of ur teammates in a pos or neg way

122
Q

Affect improving vs affect worsening

A

Imp: cheering up teammate
Worse: criticizing teammate

123
Q

Coping effectiveness

A

decision about whether or not a coping strategy helped to deal with the problem or to deal with any distress associated with the problem.

124
Q

Good news coping

A

Coping attempts that are organized flexible and constructive

125
Q

Bad news coping

A

Coping attempts that are rigid disorganized and destructive

126
Q

Problem focused strategies

A

associated with higher perceived goal
attainment

127
Q

Avoidance oriented strategies

A

Associated w lower levels of goal attainment

128
Q

Task oriented copers

A

More likely to attain better achievement outcomes than other competitors

129
Q

3 common characteristics of burnout

A
  1. Physical exhaustion
  2. Devaluation of sport
  3. Reduced sense of accomplishment
130
Q

Factors that influence coping w some examples

A

Gender- men can’t express emotions
Social environmental factors- pos or neg enviro effects how we cope
Age
Personality
Development
Culture
Etc

131
Q

Self compassion is comprised of what

A

Self kindness
Common humanity
Mindfulness

Sport & exercise psych (3 decks)

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