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Psychometrics > First Half > Flashcards

First Half Flashcards

1
Q

What is a latent construct?

A

Unobservable attribute

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2
Q

What is a psychological test

A

A systematic procedure for comparing behaviour of 2 or more people (cronbachs)

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3
Q

What are Cronbachs 3 components?

A

Test involves behavioural samples
Behavioural samples must be collected in systematic way
Purpose to compare differences

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4
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

Science of evaluating the theoretical attributes of tests

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5
Q

What is arbitrary zero?

A

The relative zero, hypothetical indicator to quantify an attribute.

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6
Q

What is a nominal scale?

A

No meaningfulnorder
Often frequencies or %
Assigned numerical label

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7
Q

What are Ordinal scales

A

Groups/categories in a meaningfulnorder
Ranks people but amount of attribute
Frequencies or percentages

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8
Q

Which scales use categorical data?

A

Nominal and ordinal

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9
Q

What are Interval scale?

A

No true zero
eg, celcius

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10
Q

What is a ratio scale?

A

Data with a true zero

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11
Q

Which scales use continuous data?

A

Interval and ratio

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12
Q

What are interindividual differences?

A

Between-person differences

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13
Q

What are intraindividual differences?

A

Within-person differences

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14
Q

What is explicit research?

A

Direct aim
Directly intend to explore source and meaning of differences

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15
Q

What is implicit research?

A

Attempt to learn more about individual

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16
Q

How to work out sd?

A

Squareroot of variance

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17
Q

Where is the mode in a positive skew of distribution?

A

Below mean and median

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18
Q

Where is mode in negative skew of distribution?

A

Above mean and median

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19
Q

What is covariance?

A

a measure of the relationship between two random variables

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20
Q

How does a scatterplot display stong association

A

Dots closer together

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21
Q

How to work out covariance

A

Identify deviation from mean multiplied by each persons deviation

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22
Q

What indicates direction and magnitude of association?

A

Correlation coefficient

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23
Q

What does >0 correlation signify?

A

Positive associations

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24
Q

What does <0 correlation signify?

A

Negative associations

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25
Q

Tests for magnitude of correlation?

A

Pearsons for normal distributed data
Spearmans for non normal distributed

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26
Q

What does a r value between .10 and .30 mean?

A

Small magnitude correlation (low consistency)

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27
Q

What does r value .30 to .50 mean?

A

Medium magnitude (some consistency)

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28
Q

What does r value between .50 to 1.0 mean?

A

Large magnitude (strong consistency)

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29
Q

What is a z score?

A

Standardised scores
Mean converted to 0 sd to 1

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30
Q

What does a positive z score mean?

A

Enables to identify degree score is above the mean

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31
Q

What does a negative z score mean

A

The score is below the mean

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32
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency and replicability of a measure

33
Q

What is classical test theory?

A

A measurement theorythat defines conceptual basis of reliability
Outlines procedures for estimating reliability

34
Q

What is a percentile rank?

A

Indicates number of people below a specific score
Eg/ 90th percentile = higher than 90%

35
Q

What is reliability coefficient (R)

A

It indicates degree of reliability

36
Q

If the reliability coefficient (R) = 0 is there reliability?

A

No

37
Q

If the reliability coefficient (R) = 1 is there reliability?

A

Yes, observed at true scores perfectly aligned

38
Q

4 models of reliability?

A

Parralel model
Tau equivalent model
Essentially tau equivallent
Cogeneric model

39
Q

What is the cogeneric model?

A

Least restrictive model of reliability. Same construct different scales
Different degrees of precision and amounts of error

40
Q

What is the tau equivalent model?

A

Same construct and same units
Different amounts of error.

41
Q

What are the 2 parallel forms test?

A

Alternative forms reliability
Test-retest reliability

42
Q

What is intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)?

A

Used when multiple independent raters/observers
Less than 0.5 poor reliability
Between 0.5-0.7 mod reliability
0.7 + good reliability

43
Q

What is Internal consistency?

A

Correlations between different items within a measure

44
Q

What 2 main factors influence internal consistency?

A

1) consistency between items
2) length of test

45
Q

What are the 3 methods of internal consistency

A

1) split half
2) raw alpha
3) standardised alpha

46
Q

What is the split half approach?

A

Split items in half add all scores together compute correlation

47
Q

What is the spearman brown split half formula

A

Reliability = 2(correlation value)/1 + correlation valve

48
Q

What is the raw alpha approach

A

Evaluates the consistency across all scores
Checks if all questions answered in similar manner
Most important to report cronbachs alpha

49
Q

What is an acceptable level of cronbachs alpha

A

0.7

50
Q

What is the standardised alpha approach

A

Calculated after converting scores to z scores

51
Q

What is item discrimination?

A

Degree to which item differentiates people who score high/low on a teat

52
Q

What is the discrimination index? (D)

A

Proportion of high scores that get item correct
High d= high/low scores differ

53
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

Indicates accuracy if point of estimate
Large range = less confident

54
Q

What is regression?

A

A way to explore relationship between 2 numerical scores

55
Q

What is validity?

A

Degree to which test measures what its supposed to

56
Q

What are the 5 facets of construct validity?

A

Test content
Internal structure
Response process
Associations with other variables
Consequences of use

57
Q

What does test content validity involve?

A

Face validity and content validity

58
Q

What is face validity?

A

Degree to which measure appears related to specific content

Does the test make sense to participants

59
Q

What is content validity?

A

Degree to which content reflects the construct.

60
Q

What is internal structure?

A

For test to be valid actual structure should align with theoretical structure

61
Q

What is dimensionality?

A

The number of dimensions included in a test

62
Q

What does unidimensional mean?

A

All items relate to one dimension

63
Q

What does multidimensional with correlated dimensions mean?

A

Different dimensions are correlated

64
Q

What does multidimensional with uncorrelated dimensions mean?

A

Dimensions are separate so average score needs to be collected for each dimension

65
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

set of statistical procedures designed to determine the number of distinct unobservable constructs needed to account for the pattern of correlations among a set of measures

66
Q

What are the 2 main types of factor analysis?

A

Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis

67
Q

What is exploratory factor analysis?

A

There is no assumptions about how many factors in data
Data indicates how many factors present

68
Q

What is confirmatory factor analaysis

A

We assume certain items relate to different factors then try to confirm it

69
Q

What are factor loadings?

A

Indicates which item associated with which factor
Ranges from -1 to 1
Higher than 0.4 is acceptable

70
Q

What is associative validity?

A

Does a measures actual association match those it should have with others?

71
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

Degree to which test scores correlate with measures of related constructs

72
Q

What is discriminant validity?

A

Degree to which scores are uncorrelated with measures of unrelated constructs

73
Q

What is criterion validity

A

Test scores being related to particularly important criterion variables

74
Q

What are 2 types of criterion validity

A

Concurrent (cross sectional)
Predictive (longitudinal)

75
Q

What is discriminative and convergent evidence?

A

Assesses if measures shows correct pattern of association with other measures

76
Q

What are focused associations?

A

A method to eval convergent/discrim validity

77
Q

What is a multitrait-multimethod matrix? (Mtmmm)

A

A stats method to eval convergent and discrim validity
Involved obtaining scores for several (connected) traits using multi methods
Eg/ parent scales teacher scales etc

78
Q

What is trait variance?

A

Whether traits are actually associated with one another

79
Q

What is (Shared) method variance?

A

Do correlations between traits only exist when scored in same way?

Psychometrics (1 decks)

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