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BIOL 1080 > First half > Flashcards

First half Flashcards

1
Q

Systems biology

A
  • the systematic study of the interactions within biological systems
  • with the goal to understand the entire processes within a biological system
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2
Q

Emergent properties

A
  • properties of an entire system that are not necessarily evident from examining each of the individual components
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3
Q

Bioinformatics

A
  • predicting the outcomes or responses in a living system using complex mathematical modelling
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4
Q

Genomics

A
  • the study of an organisms complete set of data
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5
Q

Proteomics

A
  • study of the set of all proteins produced within a biological unit
  • this is typically an organ, an organ system or an entire organism
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6
Q

Metabolomics

A
  • the study of metabolites within a given unit

- cells, tissues, organs, organisms

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7
Q

Reduction

A
  • using isolated models (cells, organs, tissue)

- exquisite control over experimental conditions

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8
Q

Integration

A
  • integrated whole-body/organism approach
  • less control over variables
  • viewed as LESS mechanistic but MORE real world
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9
Q

Example: Stimulation of fat oxidation in muscle by leptin

A
  • lab data shows that leptin is good at burning fat
  • this is done in the absence of many other hormones and factors
  • in the entire body it is shown that the body can become leptin resistant and therefore is not a great fat burner
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10
Q

Example: limits of maximal oxygen uptake

A
  • whole body exercise - the more traditional integrated model
  • cardiac output - the main limiter within this model
  • single leg extensions - the reduction model, used to study effects in the absence of systematic changes
  • muscle mitochondrial content - the main limiter within this model
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11
Q

Clinical Example: regulation of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes

A
  • current diagnosis is using a reductionist approach

- does not fully factor in time, location or context

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12
Q

Nutritional Example: taking antioxidants

A
  • arguments made for both
  • yes; reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative damage, promotes aging and diseases. antioxidants protect the cell from these damaging effects
  • no; a certain amount of ROS are protective to the cells, they are a natural; signal involved in adaptation
  • not enough context to decide If they are beneficial or harmful
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13
Q

Genetic homology

A
  • 98%+ similarity with chimpanzees
  • 65% similarity with fruit flies
  • incredible variation among individuals within the human species even though there is 9.9% similarity
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14
Q

Control and Communication Network (CCN) components

A
  • the CCN is made up of multiple components that interact and coordinate our functions
  • the central nervous system; brain and spinal cord
  • the peripheral nervous system; somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
  • the endocrine system; endocrine tissue/glands and hormones
  • the support and defence system; the immune system and beyond, support, movement, maintenance, repair, adaptation, defences
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15
Q

CCN properties

A
  • controls and coordinates the function of all physiological systems and organs
  • the system is always on
  • distributed throughout the entire body
  • the network has redundancy; each component has multiple functions
  • flows within the network via chemical-based, cell-cell communication
  • the mind is not separate from the body and the 4 components are not separable
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16
Q

CCN focus

A
  • focal point of health in adult humans
  • the integrator of inputs to health, disease and aging due to genetics, environment and lifestyle
  • integrator of outputs to the 7 dimensions of health
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17
Q

Aging and diseases within the CCN

A
  • aging and diseases represent compromised function/structure of CCN
  • many disease processes result from a diminished/abnormal function of the CCN (diabetes,cancer,depression, etc)
  • there is a reduced function of the CCN with aging (impaired memory, Alzheimers, diminished touch sensitivity, etc)
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18
Q

systems biology approach to healthcare

A
  • systems biology integrated approach to health, disease and aging should enhance medical and healthcare practices
  • basis of P4 medicine; personalized, predictive, preventative, participatory
  • still challenges as a large amount of emphasis has been placed on genetics however susceptibility is determined by how genetics interact with lifestyle and enviornment
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19
Q

Experimental models

A
  • in silico; simulations with mathematics models (bioinformatics)
  • in vitro; using Petrie dishes and test tubes
  • ex vivo; isolated tissue/muscles
  • animal models
  • human participants
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20
Q

In Vitro and Ex vivo examples

A
  • isolated perfusion
  • culturing cells
  • isolated and incubated muscles
  • transformed cells
  • growing skin
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21
Q

Nematodes and Fruit fly animal models

A
  • used to study genetics
  • Nematodes; 40% homology, easy to study and cheap, short life cycle, can be frozen and thawed, self-fertilized, transparent
  • Nematodes examples; embryonic metabolism, fluorescent tagging to follow digestion
  • Fruit Fly; 65% homology, very sensitive to environmental conditions,
  • Fruit fly examples; neuropharmacology research
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22
Q

Rat animal models

A
  • very social and intelligent
  • study lifestyle effects on metabolism
  • researchers tend to take a more severe approach than they would with humans
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23
Q

Mice animal models

A
  • ease of applying recombinant DNA tech (knockout gene, over or under expression)
  • test the importance of a single protein
  • study lifestyle effects on metabolism
  • cannot assume the effects of one rodent model onto another; rat data will not be the same as mouse data
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24
Q

Swine animal models

A
  • best non-primate model for human infant development and metabolism
  • study organ transplant
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25
Q

Primates animal models

A
  • closest model you can get to a human
  • ethic and cost concerns
  • study human pathologies, transplants, toxicology
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26
Q

Non-clinical human trials

A
  • no medical treatment is given
  • cannot predict or prove cause and effect; can only predict associations and correlations
  • most commonly epidemiological studies
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27
Q

Clinical human trials

A
  • definition; any investigation involving participants that evaluates the effects of one or more health- related interventions on health outcomes
  • a medical treatment or placebo is given
  • predicts a cause and effect
  • double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are the best
    _ double blind; when the researchers and the participants don’t know who has placebo vs medicine
28
Q

Human clinical trial phases

A
  • Preclinical; animal studies
  • Phase 1 clinical trial; is the drug safe?, less than 100 people
  • Phase 2 clinical trial; dosage, safety, 100s of people
  • Phase 3 clinical trial; how does it compare to other treatments, 1000s of people
  • After approval; assessment of long term use, benefits and risks
29
Q

Cochrane reviews

A
  • a database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses which summarize and interpret the results of medical research
30
Q

New dimension of medicine; Evolutionary Medicine

A
  • the application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease; our bodies have been shaped by evolutionary process
31
Q

New dimension of medicine; Intergrative Medicine

A
  • healing- oriented medicine that takes into account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle
  • emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between practitioner and patient
  • makes use of all appropriate therapies
32
Q

New dimension of medicine; Collective Medicine

A
  • one health
  • seeks to promote, improve and defend health and well-being of all species by enhancing cooperation and collaboration between physicians, vets and other scientific health professionals
33
Q

New dimension of medicine; Enhancement Medicine

A
  • treatments not needed for direct health

- botox, viagra, liposuction, nootropics (brain enhancers)

34
Q

Dimensions of time

A
  • Trajectory, Rhythms, Homeostasis or Balance, Energy and information flow
35
Q

Trajectory

A
  • growth, development and aging

- years, decades

36
Q

Rhythms

A
  • maintenance/repair, such as circadian rhythm, mentsrual cycle
    days, weeks, months
37
Q

Homeostasis or Balance

A
  • maintenance or steady state

- seconds, minutes, hours

38
Q

Energy and information flow

A
  • action potentials, enzymatic reactions

- milliseconds, microseconds

39
Q

Lifespan VS Healthspan

A
  • lifespan; how long do I have to life (in Canada, 72yrs)

- health span; how long will I be living a healthy, independent lifestyle (in Canada; 81yrs)

40
Q

Biomarkers

A
  • indicators of the biological state of the organism

- find “things” to objectively measure, then we can track the aging/disease process

41
Q

Shortening of height

A
  • bone degradation, disk degeneration/compression
42
Q

Loss of muscle mass

A
  • Males; decrease in testosterone, IGF-1, inactivity

- Females; inactivity and estrogen

43
Q

Requirements of a biomarker

A
  • reflect normal function or processes, or predict the risk of future development of disease
  • have a predictable range across an identifiable category of individuals or must be routinely monitored over time
  • have methods available for accurate and precise measurement
  • normal ranges and diagnostic value if they are too high or too low
  • change during the lifespan
  • must be interpreted in relationship to age, sex and physiological state
  • when you are outside the reference range for a biomarker, it may indicate risk for development of a disease, or the actual presence of a disease condition
44
Q

New era of biomarkers

A
  • networks within organs are perturbed during disease states

- panels of blood markers provide assessment of perturbed networks and the organs

45
Q

Biological rhythms

A
  • Ultradain –> less than 24hrs (meals, cortisol)
  • Circadian –> 24hrs (cortisol, sleep cycle)
  • Infradian –> more than 24hrs (menstrual)
46
Q

Circadian rhythms

A
  • involved in almost all physiological processes
  • controlled by peripheral clocks
  • controls gene expression, regulation of enzyme activity, hormone secretion etc
  • coordinate sleep, nutrient supply and activity patterns with metabolic patterns throughout the day
47
Q

Disruption if circadian rhythm

A
  • leads to a wide spread of health problems and premature aging
  • elevated inflammatory cytokines
  • gastrointestinal function
  • obesity
  • metabolic syndrome
48
Q

Circadian rhythm in the brain

A
  • in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
    keeps time based on light signals from the retina
  • nearly every cell in the body has a subsidiary clock that coordinates its metabolism with the rest of the body
49
Q

Controlling the metabolic clock

A
  • entrained by light/dark cycles
  • involves melatonin; hormone produced by pineal gland
  • blue spectrum light inhibits melatonin release
50
Q

Disruption of circadian rhythm

A
  • shift workers –> experience a greater risk of heart attacks, obesity, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimers
  • late chronotypes (night owls) –> more likely to suffer from mental health
51
Q

Example; circadian rhythm relevant to health

A
  • risk of sudden heart attack is greatest mid-morning
  • may be due to a protein called Klf15
    combination of factors; caffeine, stress, fast food etc
52
Q

Height as a biomarker

A
  • osteoperosis
  • criteria; loss of more than 2cm in one year
  • there is a ~2cm daily variation in height
53
Q

Limitations of using change in height as a biomarker

A
  • varies during the day –> timing needs to be standardized
  • needs to be measured over time
  • low sensitivity
  • doesn’t directly precede or predict the disease state
54
Q

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

A
  • determine bone mineral density
55
Q

Bone and plasma ca2+ homeostasis

A
  • bone serves as a functional calcium store in the body
  • acts as a buffer for plasma calcium levels
  • plasma calcium must be maintained over a very narrow range
56
Q

Loss of bone density

A
  • men and women, have different bone densities and different patterns of bone loss as they age
  • attain peak bone density between 20-30
57
Q

Maximizing bone density

A
  • consume sufficient calcium
  • get adequate vitamin D
  • participate in weight bearing physical activity most days of the week
  • maintain a stable body mass that is not too thin
  • get plenty of sleep
58
Q

Direct intercellular communication; Gap junctions

A
  • Connexons; subunits that form a channel, very small pore size, passage of sugars, amino acids, ions, found in all cells except mature skeletal muscle
  • Intercalated disks; in cardiac muscle, allows for rapid and coordinated propagation of action potentials for rhythmic contractions, smaller than connexons, acutely regulated by phosphorylation/dephosporylation
59
Q

Direct intercellular communication; membrane nanotubes

A
  • formed from the plasma membrane
  • longer than gap junctions and have a larger pore diameter
  • transfer of nucleic acids or small organelles between cells
  • way to transfer cellular components from stressed to healthy cells
60
Q

Direct intercellular communication; Mechanosignal transduction

A
  • conversion of mechanical stimuli into a cellular response

- direct physical stress to the cells, eliciting a chemical or metabolic response

61
Q

Examples; Mechanosignal transduction

A
  • pulsatile and shearing stresses from blood flow on arterial endothelial cells
  • mechanical stress to muscle fibres from weightlifting resulting in increases protein synthesis
  • remodelling of bone and cartilage through physical stress
  • conversion of pressure on skin into a neural impulse
  • conversion of a soundwave into an electrical signal
62
Q

Indirect intercellular communication; Chemical messengers

A
  • paracrines, neurotransmitters, hormones

- autocrine communication is also possible

63
Q

Chemical messengers; Paracrine

A
  • acting on a nearby cell
  • “lock and key”
  • examples; clotting factors, growth factors
  • secreted hormones can act as a paracrine and can also act in an endocrine manner
64
Q

Chemical messengers; Neurotransmitters

A
  • synapse is a short distance
  • axons can be long
  • signal must be tightly controlled
  • not too many molecules released
  • need an auto shutoff
65
Q

Chemical messengers; hormones

A
  • can be water or lipid soluble
  • must cross boundaries
  • have target specificity; cells can express many different types of receptors, 100s or 1000s of a given receptor on a cell surface, the amount of a receptor is controllable
66
Q

Hyrdophilic messengers

A
  • water loving
  • stored in secretory cells
  • dissolve in plasma, don’t need a carrier
  • trouble crossing a lipid membrance
  • secreted by fusing secretory vesicles to membrane and releasing
67
Q

Hydrophilic messengers

A
  • water hating or lipid loving
  • storage is more limited, typically made on demand
  • cannot dissolve in plasma; needs a carrier
  • no trouble crossing a lipid membrane

BIOL 1080 (1 decks)

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