Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paleontology > First Exam Study Set > Flashcards

First Exam Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

Fossils

A

Any evidence of a once living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

paleontology

A

a bridge between biology and geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

missing links

A

living things we haven’t yet discovered which could connect one living thing to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

paradigm shift

A

new idea comes into play. usually met with reluctance and opposition (ex: evolution, plate tectonics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

uniformitarianism

A

present is key to the past! (look at animals TODAY and see similar organisms in the PAST and make educated assumptions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

niche

A

the role and position a species has in its environment. how it meets its needs for food and shelter. How it survives, how it reproduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

opportunistic species

A

a species with a low level of specialization that is either capable of adapting to various living conditions or gives priority to reproduction under survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

earth is about how many years old?

A

4.6 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the first ocean was estimated to have been about how long ago?

A

4.41 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when was the first form of life found on earth (estimated)

A

3.8 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did archean cyanobacteria and pokaryotes do?

A

they made mats underground that are preserved today as stormatolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stormatolites:

A

mats created by cyanobacteria and pokaryotes. Blue green algae thats from 3.5 B.Y.A. —- THE LAYERS OF ALGAE MATS TRAP SEDIMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

life in general was “exploding”- the start of complex life. it was like a chemical change in the ocean (more oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what were one of the first complex organisms to appear?

A

sponges!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prokaryotes:

A

single selled organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

eukaryotes:

A

simple but can be single or multi celled. has things prokaryotes don’t (Ex: nucleaus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a good trick to remember the difference between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

Think of prokaryotes like a studio apartment- it has all the BASICS that you may need

Think of eukaryotes like a mansion- has lots of EXTRA THINGS like movie theatres and more rooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

early earth ocean characteristics:

A

complex with many organisms. some attatched to sea floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

invertebrates:

A

any multicellular animal that lacks a vertebrate (example: starfish, spiders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phylum porifera, AKA…

A

sponges!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do sponges eat?

A

they filter feed, water goes in and out of their pores and they get nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parazoa:

A

beside the animals (sponges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

metazoa

A

animals that develop from an embryo with 3 tissues layers- multicellular (more complex life forms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

time range of phylum porifera (sponges)

A

Pre-Cambrian to Recent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sillica bodies:

A

sponge specula’s that can be left as fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 types of phylum porifera (sponges)

A
  1. demosponcea: marine, brackish
  2. heyatinelids (glass sponges): deep water, abyssal plain
  3. calcareous: shallow, high energy environment (reefs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are archaeocyatha (type of porifera/ sponge):

A
  • Early to Late Cambrian
  • “Ancient Cups”
  • 1st reef former
  • Shallow marine, tropical
  • No spicules, has double walls with septa in between
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

sclerocytes:

A

secret mineralized elements of skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

songocytes:

A

secretes organic parts of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

choanocytes:

A

cells that generate feeding currents with flagellum into pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are stromatoporoids?

A
  • Ordovician to Devonian
  • important reef formers
  • marine, brackish, or fresh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

examples of cnidaria

A

jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

life cycle of cnidaria:

A

egg to planula to polyp to medusa and then repeat!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are cnidaria?

A
  • Pre- Cambrian to Recent
  • have tissues but no organs
  • has a nervous system, muscular system, and reproductive system
  • mouth AND stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

polyp:

A

individual that attatches to the sea floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

corallite:

A

calcareous cup that surrounds the softer tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

zooxanthellae

A

beneficial algae to corals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

septum

A

radiating vertical plates within the corallite wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

tabula

A

horizontal plates, tabulate coral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

nematocysts

A

stinging tentacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

mineralization:

A

addition of minerals into body

43
Q

taphonomy

A

all of the processes that occur after the death of an organism

44
Q

necrology

A

covers how an organism dies

45
Q

biostratinomy

A

alteration of an organism after death but before burial

46
Q

6 processes of biostratinomy:

A
  1. disarticulation
  2. fragmentation
  3. reorientation
  4. biological (bioerosion)
  5. transport
  6. reworking
47
Q

disarticulation

A

occurs when multiple parts of an organism are separated from each other (ex: ocean waves, scavenging animals)

48
Q

fragmentation

A

parts of an organism are broken into smaller pieces of the whole

49
Q

reorientation

A

fossil is rotated/ repositioned/ flipped usually putting it into a more stable spot (ex: ocean waves push a shell)

50
Q

bioerosion

A

predation, scavenging, decay all lead to the breaking down of it

51
Q

transport

A

movement of an organism (ex: usually by floating down a river)

52
Q

reworking

A

organism has been buried when it somehow repositioned in a new sedimentary layer (ex: earthquakes/ rock fall)

53
Q

diagenesis

A

the physical and chemical changes that affect an organism after burial in sediment

54
Q

unaltered hard/ soft parts

A

example of exceptional preservation (ex: mammoth in permafrost)

55
Q

altered hard/soft parts

A

alteration of an organism occurs through 4 processes and is not preserved as nicely.

56
Q

4 alteration processes of hard/ soft parts:

A
  1. permineralization
  2. recrystallization
  3. replacement
  4. carbonization
57
Q

permineralization

A

minerals precipitate into the pore spaces of any organisms body

58
Q

recrystallization

A

minerals in organism go through molecular alteration

59
Q

replacement

A

an original material dissolves away

60
Q

carbonization

A

all material dissolved and only leaves a carbon film behind

61
Q

casts are made when…

A

sediment falls into a mold

62
Q

cast fossils:

A

organism buried decays and sediment fills

63
Q

mold fossils:

A

organism leaves an impression on the

64
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

produces about 95% of the nutrients corals need and corals provide a home for this algae. (symbiotic relationship)

65
Q

hermatypic corals

A

photic zone, colonial

66
Q

ahermatypic corals

A

deeper than photic zone, no zooxanthella. Usually solitary

67
Q

Rugose (horn) coral:

A
  • ordovician to the devonian
  • scientists used this to find out that the earth used to spin faster!
  • solitary (usually)
68
Q

tabulate corals:

A

-ordovician to permian
- colonial
-no speta, has horizontal plates called tebula

69
Q

major extinction events

A
  1. inordabition
  2. late debodia
  3. imperimian
  4. intriassic
  5. cretacious paleogene
70
Q

scleractinia corals

A
  • major septa is well defined with regular growth
  • solitary and colonial
  • septa grow in dfferent orders
  • triassic to recent
71
Q

lophophorates:

A

animals with guts

72
Q

lophophors:

A

antoher type of tentacle but they dont sting. they are used to collect food with cillia

73
Q

index fossil:

A

special fossil used to date rocks

74
Q

4 steps to being an index fossil:

A
  1. globally widespread
  2. high preservation potential
  3. evolved and went extinct quickly
  4. easily recognizable
75
Q

bryozoans:

A
  • ordovician to recent
  • ALL colonial and almost all marine
  • benthic
  • filter feeders
  • sexual and asexual reproduction
  • has gas exchange/ diffusion as they dont have a circulatory system
  • has nervous system
  • no sensory organs
  • closely related to the brachiopods
76
Q

benthic

A

attatched to or on the sea floor

77
Q

zooid:

A

individual bryozoan. They bud and feed by lophophorates

78
Q

operculum:

A

door controled by retracter muscles

79
Q

zooecium:

A

hard parts of the zooid “zooid home”

80
Q

ancestrula:

A

founder of the colony

81
Q

many bryozoans are what?

A

rock formers

82
Q

life cycle of bryozoans:

A

embryo to swimming larvae to zooid to repruduce

83
Q

two types of brachiopods:

A

articulate and inarticulate

84
Q

articulate brachiopods:

A

valves form a joint by teeth on the pedicle valve that fit into sockets on the brachial valve

85
Q

inarticulate brachiopods:

A

untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles to keep shells aligned

86
Q

brachiopods have an overbite or are normal?

A

overbite

87
Q

bivalves have an overbite or are normal?

A

normal

88
Q

phylum mollusca

A
  • pre-cambrian to recent
    -bilateral symmetry
89
Q

4 types of phyllum mollusca:

A
  1. clam
  2. gastropods
  3. cepholopoda
  4. scaphopoda
90
Q

mollusca parts (generalized):

A
  • gill
  • radula
  • mantle
  • mantle cavity
  • siphon
  • foot
91
Q

radula:

A

structure of tiny teeth for scraping off food particles (algae, shells, etc) “rasping tongue”

92
Q

mantle:

A

covers the visceral mass (organs) and secretes calcium carbonate for shell. muscular

93
Q

mantle cavity

A

contains the visceral mass (organs)

94
Q

siphon:

A

water forced through by contraction of the mantle and it propels it through the water

95
Q

foot:

A

muscular muscle that is used for digging, movement, and twisting/ propelling in defense

96
Q

scaphopoda:

A
  • devonian to recent
  • captacula
  • really no front or back/ top or bottom
  • foot extends from larger end
  • destroys bedding
  • no gills, mantle cavity absorbs oxygen
  • has radula
  • seperate sexes, external fertilization
  • no siphon
97
Q

gastropods:

A
  • cambrian to recent
  • can be herbivores or carnivores
  • may or may not have shells
  • shells can be coiled, single or shell-less
  • expanded foot
  • well developed eyes and tentacles
  • later ones have siphons
  • can do torsion
98
Q

captacula:

A

tentacles around the foot of a mollusk that sifts through sediment and attatches into food and brings it to mouth

99
Q

torsion:

A

act of being twisted
-360 degrees = 1 whorl

100
Q

bivalvia

A
  • early cambrian to recent
  • 2 equal shells
  • modified foot
  • teeth (important for classification)
  • some are infaunal, some epifuanal
  • modified gill
  • adductor muscles
101
Q

infaunal:

A

lives/ burrows IN substrate

102
Q

epifaunal:

A

lives/ burrows ONTOP of substrate

103
Q
A

Paleontology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions