first exam (ppt only) Flashcards
can help you appreciate how management has evolved, where it is today, where it appears to be headed.
THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT
(REVIEW OF THEORIES OF MANAGING PEOPLE)
one needs to know where management has been if one is to understand where it is going.
HISTORIANS AND MANAGERS
psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology and etc.
Interdisciplinary field
- way back from the construction of the pyramids
- 20th century
- The pyramids of egypt stands as tangible evidence of the ancient world’s ability to manage
The systematic study and practices of Management
what are the FIVE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT
- THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS APPROACH
2.THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH - THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
- THE SYSTEMS APPROACH
- THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
-Assumes all organizations require the same rational management process
- THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS APPROACH / ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
approach is the oldest and one of the most popular approaches to
- THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS APPROACH / ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
- also known as Universalist or functional approach
- THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS APPROACH / ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
According to this approach, the administration of all organizations, public or private, large or small, requires the same rational process.
- THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS APPROACH / ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
-the Universalist approach is based on two main assumptions.
what are the 2?
- First, a core management process remains the same across all organizations (e.g business, government, education or religion)
- Second, the universal management process can be reduced to a set of separate functions and related principles
Successful managers, therefore, are _____ among organizations of differing purpose.
interchangeable
_______ process remains the same regardless of the purpose of the organization.
The Core management
__________ can be reduced to a set of separate functions and related principles
The universal management process
Early universal process writers emphasized the specialization of:
labor
(who does what)
Early universal process writers emphasized the specialization of:
the chain of command
(who reports to whom)
Early universal process writers emphasized the specialization of: authority
who is ultimately responsible for getting things done.
was first an engineer and later a successful administrator in a large French mining and metallurgical concern.
HENRI FAYOL’S UNIVERSAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS
HENRI FAYOL
He published Administration Industrielle et Générale in 1916
HENRI FAYOL
developed 14 universal principles of management.
HENRI FAYOL
HENRI FAYOL CREATED 5 FUNCTIONS OF A MANAGER’S JOB. NOW CALLED POSDICON (dati is poc3)
POSDICON MEANS
PLANNING
ORGANIZING
STAFFING
DIRECTING
CONTROL
specialization of labor is necessary for organizational success (e.g. vision, goal, aim).
1.DIVISION OF WORK
-obedience and respect to help organization run smoothly.
- DISCIPLINE
-the right to give orders must accompany responsibility.
- AUTHORITY
-Each employee should receive orders from only one superior.
- UNITY OF COMMAND
the efforts of everyone in the organization should be coordinated and focused in the same direction.
- UNITY OF DIRECTION
-resolving the tug of war between personal and organizational interest in favor of the organization in one of management’s greatest difficulties. (you should put the company’s goals above their personal goals)
- SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS TO THE GENERAL INTEREST
-employees should paid fairly in accordance with their contribution.
- RENUMERATION
-the relationship between centralization and decentralization is a matter of proportion; the optimum balance must be found in each organization.
- CENTRALIZATION
Centralization is about where decisions are made in a company. In a centralized setup, top leaders make most of the decisions, while in a decentralized setup, decisions are spread out across different levels or teams.
CENTRALISATION IS ONE (main) DECENTRALIZATION IS MANY (spread)
-subordinates should observe a formal chain of command unless expressly authorized by their respective superior to communicate with each other.
- SCALAR CHAIN
In other words SA SCALAR CHAIN : means that employees should follow a set chain of command when communicating within a company. For example, if someone needs to talk to a manager above their direct supervisor, they should go through their own supervisor first.
mao ning don’t diritso sa manager
-Both material things and people should be in their material places.
- ORDER
-fairness that results from a combination of kindliness and justice will be lead to devoted and loyal services.
- EQUITY
-people need time to learn their jobs.
- STABILITY AND TENURE OF PERSONNEL
-One of the greatest satisfactions is formulating and carrying out a plan.
- INITIATIVE
-harmonious effort among individuals is the key to organizational success.
- ESPIRIT DE CORPS (TEAMWORK)
The management process can be separated into _______
interdependent functions.
Management is a _______
continuous process.
Management is a largely, though not an entirely, ______
rational process.
The functional approach is useful because it specifies what _____ should do.
managers
have withstood the test of ______because of their widespread applicability
test of time
- the functions can still be found nearly all ____ _____
management texts.
Production-oriented field of management dedicated to improving efficiency, cutting waste and improving quality
- THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH
It has also been called scientific management, management science, operations research, production management, and operations management.
- THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH
Its underlying purpose is “to make person-machine systems work as efficiently as possible.
- THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH
Developing performance standards on the basis of systematic observations and experimentation
THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH (cont’d) Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific Management
Standardization of work practices and methods to reduce ______ and_____
waste and increase productivity
- Systematic selection and training of workers to increase efficiency and productivity
THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH (cont’d) Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific Management
Differential pay incentives based on established work standards
THE OPERATIONAL APPROACH (cont’d) Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific Management
is the development of performance standards on the basis of systematic observation and experimentation.
Scientific management
4 AREAS TAYLOR IS FOCUSED ON:
a) Standardization
b) Time and task study
c) Systematic selection and training
d) Pay incentives
the _____ determined the goals to be accomplished, divided work in most efficient way, trained workers to do the job, and rewarded them by wage incentives.
The manager
The manager was seen as the “_____”
brains
workers as “________” and as one of the resources just like machines.
“a pair of hands”
TAYLOR’S FOLLOWERS:
- Frank and Lilian Gilbreth
- Henry L. Gantt
motion study into an exact science, using motion pictures, they studied and streamlined work motions, paving the way for work simplification
- Frank and Lilian Gilbreth
refined production control and cost control techniques.
- Henry L. Gantt
scheduling charts are still used today.
Gantt’s work-
THE QUALITY ADVOCATES
- Walter A. Shewhart
- Kaoru Ishikawa
- W. Edwards Deming
- Joseph M. Juran
- Armand V. Feigenbaum
- Philip B. Crosby
introduced statistical quality control in 1931.
- Walter A. Shewhart
fishbone diagrams, which are still used as a problem-solving tool.
- Kaoru Ishikawa
introduced concepts such as employee participation and continuous improvement
- W. Edwards Deming
also had a strong influence on Japanese managers, Teamwork, partnerships with suppliers, problem solving, and brainstorming, Pareto analysis, (the 80/20 rule)
- Joseph M. Juran
developed the concept of total quality control while a doctoral
- Armand V. Feigenbaum
wrote the 1979 best-seller Quality Is Free, which promoted the concept of zero defects, or doing it right the first time.
- Philip B. Crosby
Scientific management was a r_________, producing dramatic results in the context of the haphazard industrial practices at the time.
revolutionary approach
It created a much-needed emphasis on promoting production efficiency and combating waste.
LESSONS FROM OPERATIONAL APPROACH
(BASAHA)
While Taylor’s work is often considered ________ today, Taylor actually improved working conditions by reducing fatigue and redesigning machines to fit people.
“dehumanizing”
approach to management point out that people deserve to be the central focus of organized activity.
- THE BEHAVIOR APPROACH
- it is believed that successful management depends largely on a manager’s ability to understandandworkwith people who have a variety of backgrounds, needs, perceptions, and aspirations
- THE BEHAVIOR APPROACH
The progress of this humanistic approach from the human relations movement to modern organizational behavior has greatly influenced management theory and practice.
- THE BEHAVIOR APPROACH
An effort to make managers more sensitive to their employees’ needs
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH (cont’d)
- The Human Relations Movement
Arose out the influences of
*The threat of unionization
*The Hawthorne studies
*The Philosophy of Industrial Humanism
The Wagner Act of 1935 legalized union-
management collective bargaining, promoting the growth of unions, and union avoidance by firms.
THE THREAT OF UNIONIZATION
The study’s results that productivity was strongly affected by workers’ attitudes turned management toward the humanistic and realistic viewpoint of the “social man” model.
*THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES (1924)
*THE PHILOSOPHY OF INDUSTRIAL HUMANISM
- Elton Mayo
- Mary Parker Follet
- Douglas McGregor
Emotional factors were more important determinants of productive efficiency than were physical and logical factors.
(MORE ON EMOTIONAL)
- Elton Mayo
Managers should be aware of how complex each employee is and how to motivate employees to cooperate rather than to demand performance from them.
(more on how to motivate employees to cooperate)
Mary Parker Follett -
Developed Theory X and Theory Y (assumptions)
- Douglas McGregor
Management’s traditionally NEGATIVE view of employees as unmotivated and unwilling workers
Theory X
most people dislike work, and they will avoid it when they can
Theory X
- most people must be coerced and threatened with punishment before they will work. They require close direction
Theory X
Most people prefer to be directed. They avoid responsibility and have little ambition. They are interested only in security
Theory X
The POSITIVE view of employees as
energetic, creative, and willing workers.
Theory Y
work is a natural activity, like play or rest
Theory Y
People are capable of self-directed and self-control if they are committed to objectives
Theory Y
- People will become committed to organizational objectives if they are rewarded for doing so
Theory Y
- The average person can learn to both accept and seek responsibility
Theory Y
- Many people in the general population have imagination, ingenuity, and creativity
Theory Y
Studies by Mayo and others at Hawthorne contributed the idea that worker output was affected by numerous variables such as
(i) how they were treated,
(ii) how they felt about their work, co worker and boss and
(iii) what happened to them outside work
workers were more than a pair of “hands”; workers have _____ and______ that affect productivity.
feelings and attitudes
Norms and rules of the work groups profoundly affect _____
productivity.
an _________ is expected to pay attention to people’s social needs and elicit their ideas about work.
effective manager
Doing the right things that are effective
Effective
Doing things right
Efficient
A modern research-oriented approach seeking to discover the causes of work behavior and to develop better management techniques
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Lessons from the Behavioral Approach
People are the key to productivity.
Success depends on motivated and skilled individuals committed to the organization.
Managerial sensitivity to employees is necessary to foster the cooperation needed for high productivity.
______ depends on motivated and skilled individuals committed to the organization.
Success
______ are the key to productivity.
People
______ Sensitivity to employees is necessary to foster the cooperation needed for high productivity.
Managerial sensitivity
A collection of parts operating interdependently to achieve a common purpose
systems
Postulates that the performance of the whole is greater than the sum of the performance of its parts
Systems Approach
Views an organization as a group of interrelated parts with a single purpose: to remain in balance
Systems Approach
- Seeks to identify all parts of an organized activity and how they interact
Systems Approach
Managers, therefore, can deal with separately with individual parts: they should views the organization as _____ and should anticipate the effects of their decisions on the other parts of the organization
as whole
______, therefore, can deal with separately with individual parts: they should views the organization as whole and should anticipate the effects of their decisions on the other parts of the organization
- Managers
_______ should maintain a balance between the various parts of the organization as well as the organization and the environment
- Management
Organisation as a system comprise four elements (ITOF)
- Input (resources)
- Transformational process
- Outputs (products and services)
- Feedback (reactions from the environment)
Wrote Functions of the Executive
Chester I. Barnard’s Early Systems Perspective
Characterized all organizations as cooperative systems
Chester I. Barnard’s Early Systems Perspective
Defined principal elements in an organization as
*Willingness to serve
*Common purpose
*Communication
Chester I. Barnard’s Early Systems Perspective
Strong advocate of business ethics
Chester I. Barnard’s Early Systems Perspective
An area of study based on the assumptions that everything is part of a larger, interdependent arrangement
General Systems Theory
Each system is a subsystem of the system above it
Levels of systems
Identification of systems at various levels helps translate abstract systems theory into more concrete terms.
Levels of systems
: A self-sufficient entity
*Closed system
: Something that depends on its surrounding environment for survival
*Open system
- Systems are classified as open (_____) by how much (_______) they interact with their environments.
closed, how little
Organizational learning and knowledge management
New Directions in Systems Thinking
- Organizations are living and thinking open systems that learn from experience and engage incomplexmental processes.
New Directions in Systems Thinking
Every complex system has a life of its own, with its own rule book.
Chaos theory
Complex systems are self-organizing.
Complex adaptive systems
The theory maintains that organizations and all subdivisions take in resources and transform them into a service or product that is purchased or utilized by a larger system.
Open Systems
A knowledge of subsystem interdependence and interfacing is essential to org success
Open Systems
- The systems theory implies that organizational effectiveness is governed by three factors:
i) individuals in the organization,
ii) the organization itself and
iii) the environment in whichanorganizationexists.
Open Systems
the effective management of the interfaces between the three factors is central to ______
(Open Systems) organizational success.
what are the 3 factors governed by organizational effectiveness
i) individuals in the organization,
ii) the organization itself and
iii) the environment in which an organization exists.
A research effort to determine which managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations
- THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
Different situations require different managerial responses.
- THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
It deals with intercultural feelings in which custom and habits cannot be taken for granted.
- THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
Application of management principles depend/varies according to the
Contingency Theory
Individuals, groups, industries, managing styles can all vary enormously
Contingency Theory
No single best way to manage, method effective in one situation not work in another
Contingency Theory
Management has to decide – scientific, bureaucratic, administrative, Behavioural e.t.c. (e.g. Hospital specialist vs hierachy)
Contingency Theory
If production manager needs to improve productivity, he/she decides on a new work method (a scientific), or to restructure (bureaucratic), or new motivation approach (behavioural)
Contingency Theory
The approach emphasizes situational ________ rather than _____ adherence to universal principles
appropriateness, rigid adherence
_________ creates the impression that an organization is captive to its environment
The contingency approach
The contingency approach emphasizes ______________ appropriateness.
situational appropriateness.
thinking is a practical extension of the systems approach
The contingency thinking
is still undeveloped. Its final impact remains to be seen.
The contingency approach
Critics say ____________ creates the impression that the organization is a captive of its environment, making attempts to manage it useless.
contingency theory
The various theories have shown different approaches to managing _______ and ______
people and organization
Management as a discipline: its practice implied effective management of both __________- and ___________
people and organizations
People as “___________” or as a commodity or a machine
“a pair of hands”
People as “a pair of hands” or as a __________ or_______
commodity or a machine
People as more than ‘a pair of hands’ and having feelings and attitudes that affect ___________
productivity
People seen as having ‘______’ to think and therefore needed to be involved in decision-making.
minds
People seen as having ‘minds’ to think and therefore needed to be involved in _______
decision-making.
_________ seen as social systems made up various interdependent subsystems.
Organizations
Organizations seen as __________made up of various interdependent subsystems.
social systems
_________________ are characterized by good ‘fit’ among
7S’s:
-strategy,
-structure,
-systems,
-staff,
-style,
-skills and;
-super-ordinate goals.
Successful organizations
what are the 7s
-strategy,
-structure,
-systems,
-staff,
-style,
-skills and;
-super-ordinate goals.
Management is an ____________ and _________ field that has evolved over the years.
interdisciplinary and international
__________ is an interdisciplinary and international field that has evolved over the years.
Management
The ___________________ has evolved from scientific management to operations management.
operational approach
________ has turned to the human factor in the human relations movement and organizational behavior approach.
Management
Under the systems approach, modern organizations are viewed as ________
open systems.
__________ teach the strategic importance of high-quality goods and services.
Quality advocates
______________ stresses situational appropriateness rather than universal principles.
The contingency approach
A _________ is unlikely to solve an organization’s unique problems.
quick-fix
emphasized structure, efficiency, and clear management functions (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling).
Henri Fayol’s approach
(developed later) focused on workers’ needs, social factors, and motivation. This approach highlighted the importance of morale, satisfaction, and group dynamics on productivity.
Human relations concepts
Modern organizations benefit from combining Fayol’s structure with human relations principles. Structured processes help manage tasks efficiently, while attention to employee well-being and motivation leads to a more engaged and productive workforce.
BASAHAA
- Why it became important to consider workers as having “minds
- Over time, it was recognized that workers aren’t just “machines” but people with emotions, motivations, and personal lives. Workers’ mental and emotional states affect their productivity, cooperation, and satisfaction, so understanding and supporting them can enhance performance and loyalty.
- Henri Fayol’s contribution to management thought:
- Fayol is known for outlining the main functions of management (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling), which are still fundamental in modern management. He emphasized the importance of organizational structure and clear lines of authority, contributing to the formalization of management as a distinct discipline.
- F. W. Taylor’s method for improving job performance through scientific management:
- Taylor introduced scientific management, which aimed to increase productivity through efficiency and standardization. He broke down tasks into smaller, measurable parts, found the “one best way” to perform each task, and provided training to ensure consistency. He also introduced performance-based pay as an incentive.
Circumstances that led to the human relations movement:
- The human relations movement emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management. Researchers like Elton Mayo found that social factors, group interactions, and worker satisfaction significantly affected productivity. This movement was influenced by studies like the Hawthorne Experiments, which showed that workers were motivated by attention and a sense of value.
- What is an open system, and why view organizations this way?
- An open system is a system that interacts with its environment, adapting to changes and exchanging resources. Organizations are considered open systems because they constantly interact with external factors like market trends, competitors, and technology. Viewing organizations as open systems helps managers understand that they must adapt to external changes to remain successful and competitive.
