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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is one of what?

A

great complexity

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2
Q

What is the foundation of our conscious experience, personality, and behavior?

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

What combines the behavioral and life sciences?

A

neurobiology

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4
Q

What two systems maintain internal coordinations?

A

the endrocrine system and the nervous system

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5
Q

Define endocrine system

A

The endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers secreted into the blood.

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6
Q

Define nervous system

A

The nervous system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell.

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7
Q

The nervous system carries out its task in how many basic steps?

A

three

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8
Q

First basic step of the nervous system carrying out its task?

A

Sense organs receive information about changes in the body and the external environment, and transmit coded messages to the spinal cord and the brain

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9
Q

Second basic step of the nervous system carrying out its task?

A

Brain and spinal cord process this information relate it to past experiences, and determine what response is appropriate to the circumstances.

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10
Q

Third basic step of the nervous system carrying out its task?

A

Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells to carry out such a response.

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11
Q

The nervous system has two major anatomical subdivisions, what are they?

A

Central Nervous System, CNS

Peripheral Nervous System, PNS

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12
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The Central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings. It is enclosed by the cranium and vertebral column.

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13
Q

What is the PNS?

A

The peripheral nervous system is all of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord and its composed of nerves and ganglia.

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14
Q

Define nerve.

A

A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers, or axons, that are wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.

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15
Q

Define ganglion.

A

A ganglion is a knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.

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16
Q

What are the categories under central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the categories under the peripheral nervous system?

A

sensory division and motor division

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18
Q

What are the categories under sensory division?

A

visceral sensory division and somatic sensory division

19
Q

What are the categories under motor division?

A

visceral motor division and somatic motor division

20
Q

What are the categories under visceral motor division?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

21
Q

define sensory division

afferent: accept or admit

A

carries sensory signals from various receptors to the CNS and informs the CNS of stimuli within or around the body

22
Q

define somatic sensory division

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones and joints

23
Q

define visceral sensory division

A

carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Like from the heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder.

24
Q

define motor division

efferent:exit or effect

A

carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body’s response

25
Q

define effectors

A

cells and organs that respond to commands from the CNS

26
Q

define somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles. also, the output produces muscular contraction as well as somatic reflexes which are involuntary muscle contractions

27
Q

define visceral motor division

autonomic nervous system: self governed

A

It carries signas to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle and is involuntary and responses of this system and its receptors are visceral reflexes.

28
Q

What two divisions are under visceral motor division?

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

29
Q

define sympathetic division

A

Fight or Flight; tends to arouse body for action and also accelerates the heart beat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems.

30
Q

define parasympathetic division

A

Rest and Digest; tends to have a calming effect, slows heart rate and breathing, and stimulates digestive and urinary systems

31
Q

What are the universal properties?

A

excitability, conductivity, and secretion

32
Q

What is excitability (irritability)?

A

Responding to environmental changes called stimuli

33
Q

What is conductivity?

A

Neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations.

34
Q

What is secretion?

A

when electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a chemical neurotransmitter is secreted that crosses the gap and stimulates the next call.

35
Q

There are about how many neurons in the nervous system?

A

1 trillion

36
Q

What are the three general classes of neurons based on function?

A

sensory, interneuron, motor

37
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?

A

they are specialized to detect stimuli and they transmit information about them to the CNS and they are afferent which means they are conducting signals toward the CNS.

38
Q

What do interneurons (association neurons) do?

A

They lie entirely within the CNS and receive signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function. That means that they process, store, and retrieve information and “make decisions” that determine how the body will respond to stimuli. They also lie between and interconnect the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS.

39
Q

What percentage of neurons are interneurons?

A

90%

40
Q

What does a motor (efferent) neuron do?

A

a motor neuron sends signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors). they’re motor because most of them lead to muscles and they are efferent neurons that conduct signals away from the CNS

41
Q

What is the soma?

A

the control center of the neuron

42
Q

What else can the soma be called?

A

can also be called neurosoma, cell body. has a single, centrally located nucleus with large nucleolus

43
Q

In the soma, there is cyto

A

the cytoplasm contains mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi complex, numerous inclusions, and extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton

44
Q

In the cytoskeleton (of soma) what does it consist of?

A

the cytoskeleton consists of dense mesh of microtubules and neurofibrils (bundles of actin filaments)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (2 decks)

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