First exam

Question 0

Aristotle describes different motivations/causes for behavior.

Efficient:?
Final:?

Answer 0

Efficient: causes trigger the behavior (eg food triggers eating)
Final: cause is the purpose of behavior (eg eating provides nourishment to the body)

Question 1

Plato’s ideas towards motivation (428BC-

Answer 1

motivation flows from a tripartite hierarchically arranged soul or mind, psyche

• the appetitive aspect (our dark horse- analogous to Frued’s ID- any whim or whimsy of something that is a desire)
• the spirited aspect (our white horse- Frued’s ego)
• the rational aspect(like Frued’s superego- things that we”should” do/act. higher level moral thinking and reasoning

Question 2

Formal cause:

Answer 2

cause refers to a theory (eg humans innately prefer sweets as an aid to survival)

Question 3

Material cause:?

Answer 3

refers to the role of the brain in behavior (eg brains hypothalumus triggers hunger

Question 4

I saw the candy sitting there, it smelled really good, so I ate it

What is the cause?

Answer 4

Efficient cause

Question 5

I ate the candy because I needed some extra fuel

what cause?

Answer 5

Final

Question 6

I ate candy because I was stresses amd people crave sweets when they’re more stressed

Answer 6

Formal cause

Question 7

Hedonism

Answer 7

refers to the concept that pleasure and pain motivate behavior. The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
Socrates, Democritus and Epicurus all believed pleasure should exceed pain in the long run.

Question 8

“A lack of knowledge is the only reason why a person would choose something painful over something pleasurable”

Who said this?

Answer 8

Socrates

Question 9

Locke: small immediate vs large delayed reward

Answer 9

nearness of reward increases our desire for it

Question 10

Frued: Pleasure principle:

Answer 10

pursue pleasure, felt as sudden decrease in tension.

Question 11

Freud: Reality Principle:

Answer 11

circumstances determine when to attain pleasure, postpone for greater pleasure later

Question 12

Thorndike: Law of effect

Answer 12

satisfying consequences strengthen behavior and dissatisfying consequences weaken behavior

Question 13

Law of effect: define

Answer 13

satisfying consequences strengthen and dissatisfying consequences weaken behavior

Question 14

reinforcers

Answer 14

consequences that increase behavior

Question 15

Punishers

Answer 15

consequences that decrease behavior (only if they are effective)

Question 16

Impulsiveness:

Answer 16

tendency to choose immediate reward, influenced more by nearness of reward

Question 17

Self control:

Answer 17

tendency to choose delayed rewards, influenced less by nearness of reward.

Question 18

Info about the marshmallow test

Answer 18

one of the reasons the marshmallow test was originally done to study when self control develops in children

Question 19

Positive Psychology:

Answer 19

science that investigates what promotes maximal functioning of people, groups, institutions.
study the conditions that produce happiness

Question 20

What were some of the correlations found from the marshmallow test?

Answer 20

second of delay time is related to longer delay showed higher SAT scores, lower weight as adults, lower tendency for drug use, higher social competence)

Question 21

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:

Answer 21

changes in the frequency of physical and psychological traits are explained by principles of variation and selection it is not the strongest f the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, it is the one most responsive to change”

Question 22

Variation:

Answer 22

amount or value of a particular trait varies in frequency in the population

Question 23

Selection:

Answer 23

Environment selects trait that aids survival; trait increases in frequency.

Question 24

Population Thinking (remember for test that it is a good thing)

Answer 24

Variation leads to this view, emphasizing uniqueness of each individual and individual differences.

Question 25

Instrinct:

Answer 25

Inherited impulses that result in specific patterns of behavior
some motivated behaviors appear to be instinctive
examples: sucking, crying, smiling, emotional feelings
they are supposed to have survival value for the species

Question 26

He was the first psychologist that had the idea of instincts. He was proposing that people needed certain instincts to know how to act. sucking instinct, imitation instinct, play instinct, etc…

Answer 26

William James (1890)

Question 27

“Human beings wouldn’t act at all if the didn’t have instinct”

Answer 27

William MacDougall (1926)

Question 28

Current trends on views of instincts:

Answer 28

Instincts viewed at species typical behavior
behaviors exhibited by all members of the species
behaviors that are innate
behaviors that are released or activated by a stimulus

Question 29

Love as an example of an instinct (or emotion) that evolved to solve the commitment problem?

Answer 29

Commitment means one individual remains loyal and faithful to another for the survival benefits of each
love evolved to ensure commitment
care provided from mother and father ensured higher rates of infant survival

Question 30

Drive:

Answer 30

internal stimulus that induces us to do something

Question 31

Psychological Needs (Henry Murray, 1938)

Answer 31

secondary needs (emotional needs)
primary needs- drive our behavior, physiological needs. We derive some of our secondry needs from wether or not primary are satisfied

Question 32

Incentives

Answer 32

Stimuli that attract or repel

Question 33

Tolman and Hoznik, hungry rats learning a maze

Answer 33

provide food incentive and maze errors decrease(rats got to eat the food
remove food incentive and maze errors increase(rats had food in the maze but did not get to eat it)