First exam Flashcards
(34 cards)
Aristotle describes different motivations/causes for behavior.
Efficient:?
Final:?
Efficient: causes trigger the behavior (eg food triggers eating)
Final: cause is the purpose of behavior (eg eating provides nourishment to the body)
Plato’s ideas towards motivation (428BC-
motivation flows from a tripartite hierarchically arranged soul or mind, psyche
- the appetitive aspect (our dark horse- analogous to Frued’s ID- any whim or whimsy of something that is a desire)
- the spirited aspect (our white horse- Frued’s ego)
- the rational aspect(like Frued’s superego- things that we”should” do/act. higher level moral thinking and reasoning
Formal cause:
cause refers to a theory (eg humans innately prefer sweets as an aid to survival)
Material cause:?
refers to the role of the brain in behavior (eg brains hypothalumus triggers hunger
I saw the candy sitting there, it smelled really good, so I ate it
What is the cause?
Efficient cause
I ate the candy because I needed some extra fuel
what cause?
Final
I ate candy because I was stresses amd people crave sweets when they’re more stressed
Formal cause
Hedonism
refers to the concept that pleasure and pain motivate behavior. The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
Socrates, Democritus and Epicurus all believed pleasure should exceed pain in the long run.
“A lack of knowledge is the only reason why a person would choose something painful over something pleasurable”
Who said this?
Socrates
Locke: small immediate vs large delayed reward
nearness of reward increases our desire for it
Frued: Pleasure principle:
pursue pleasure, felt as sudden decrease in tension.
Freud: Reality Principle:
circumstances determine when to attain pleasure, postpone for greater pleasure later
Thorndike: Law of effect
satisfying consequences strengthen behavior and dissatisfying consequences weaken behavior
Law of effect: define
satisfying consequences strengthen and dissatisfying consequences weaken behavior
reinforcers
consequences that increase behavior
Punishers
consequences that decrease behavior (only if they are effective)
Impulsiveness:
tendency to choose immediate reward, influenced more by nearness of reward
Self control:
tendency to choose delayed rewards, influenced less by nearness of reward.
Info about the marshmallow test
one of the reasons the marshmallow test was originally done to study when self control develops in children
Positive Psychology:
science that investigates what promotes maximal functioning of people, groups, institutions.
study the conditions that produce happiness
What were some of the correlations found from the marshmallow test?
second of delay time is related to longer delay showed higher SAT scores, lower weight as adults, lower tendency for drug use, higher social competence)
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
changes in the frequency of physical and psychological traits are explained by principles of variation and selection it is not the strongest f the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, it is the one most responsive to change”
Variation:
amount or value of a particular trait varies in frequency in the population
Selection:
Environment selects trait that aids survival; trait increases in frequency.