First Exam Flashcards
What is the realization concept?
Revenue and expenses are recorded when they occur and not when cash is received or paid out
What are The GAAP rules?
Separate entity Going concern Monetary unit Time period Historical cost Conservatism Realization Matching Consistency Materiality Full disclosure
What is the consistency concept?
Once an accounting method has been chosen, that method should be used unless there is a sound reason to do otherwise
What is the going concern concept?
The business entity for which accounts are being prepared is in good condition and will continue to be in business in the foreseeable future. If the firm can no longer operate or is liquidated then it will no longer be a going concern
What is the conservatism concept?
Shows least favorable position
What is the time period concept?
A business should report the financial results of its activities over a standard time period, usually monthly, quarterly or annually
What is the separate entity concept?
You must separately record the transactions associated with a business from its owners or other businesses.
What is the full disclosure concept?
Financial statements and their notes should contain all relevant data
What is the matching concept?
The costs of doing business are recorded in the same period as the revenue they help to generate
What is the historical cost concept?
It is the original cost at the the time of a transaction
What is the materiality concept?
Accountants are required to follow GAAP except where it makes no real difference if the rules are ignored and when doing so would be exceedingly expensive or difficult.
What is the monetary unit concept?
Recording business transactions that can be expressed in terms of currency
How is the matching principle related to the realization concept?
The matching principle deals with the costs to be matched again ex revenue, the realization concept has to do with the determination of revenue. The combination of revenue and costs determine income.
What is accounting?
The process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by the users of the information
Cash basis of accounting
Recognize revenue when cash is collected
Recognize expense when cash is paid
Accrual basis of accounting
Revenue recognized when earned-realization concept
Expenses recognized when incurred( not yet paid for…..taking out on credit)- matching concept
Definition of assets
Probable economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events
Define expenses
Outflows or other consumption or using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.
Auditors opinion
Unqualified opinion
Qualified opinion
Adverse opinion
Disclaimer of opinion
Unqualified opinion
The financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations, and cash flows of the entity, in conformity with GAAP
Qualified opinion
Except for the effects of the matter(s) to which the qualification relates, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the entity, in conformity with GAAP
Adverse opinion
The financial statements do not present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the entity, in conformity with GAAP
Disclaimer of opinion
The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial statements. A disclaimer of opinion is rendered when the auditor has not performed an audit sufficient in scope to form an opinion
What is the basic accounting equation?
Assets= liabilities + stockholder’s equity
What are permanent accounts and what do they include?
Accounts that do not close at the end of the accounting year. Include accounts receivables
What is a temporary account and what does it include?
Closed to retained earnings and not carried forward to the next period. Includes all of the income statement accounts
Why are notes to statements necessary?
The notes to the financial statements provide important disclosures and details to the information reported in the financial statements
What are contingent liabilities?
A contingent liability is a potential liability, it depends on a future event occurring or not occurring. Lawsuits against the firm is a contingent liability.
Which depreciation method is best for reporting?
Straight-line depreciation is better because it results in higher profit.
Which depreciation method is better for tax purposes?
Double-declining balance because it allows the highest depreciation and lower taxes in the early years of the life of the asset. It increases the firm’s cash flow in the short run
What are current assets?
- In the form of cash
- Will normally be realized in cash
- Conserve the use of cash during the operating cycle of a firm or for one year, whichever is longer
What are non-current assets?
Long-term assets that take longer than a year or an operating cycle to be converted into cash or to conserve cash.
Current assets
Cash, marketable securities, short-term receivables, inventories and prepaids
Long-term assets
Tangible assets, investments, intangible assets and others
What is depreciation?
The process of allocating the cost of buildings and machinery over the periods of benefit
What are donated capital?
Donated capital results from donations to the company by stockholders, creditors or other parties
Straight-line method (equation)
Cost-salvage / amt. of life
What are the rules of debit (Dr.) and credit (Cr.)?
- Assets Debit
- Liabilities. Credit
- Capital. Credit
- Withdrawal. Debit
- Income. Credit
- Expense. Debit
What are the major components of the balance sheet?
Assets, liabilities and stockholder’s equity
What is cash?
What the company has in the bank
CA
What are marketable securities?
Short-term investments that can be both equity and/or debt securities for which a ready market exists
CA
What are accounts receivables?
The money that is owed to the company for the goods and services it has provided to customers on credit
CA
What is inventory?
Raw materials and items that are available for sale or are in the process of being made ready for sale
CA
What are prepaid expenses?
Payments that have been made for services that the company expects to receive in the near future
CA
What are investments?
Investments that management does not expect to sell within the year.
Bonds, common stock, long term notes, pension funds, sinking funds, etc.
NA
What are fixed assets.
Durable physical properties used in operations that have a useful life longer than a year
Machinery & equipment, buildings or plants, land
NA
What are other assets?
Special classification for unusual items that cannot be included in one of the other asset categories
NA
What are intangible assets.
Assets that lack physical substance but provide economic rights and advantages
Patents, franchises, goodwill, copyrights, trademarks and organization costs
NA
What is accounts payable?
The amount owed to suppliers for products and services that are delivered but not paid for
CL
What are wages payable (rent, tax, utilities)?
This amount is payable to employees , landlords, government and others
CL
What are notes payable?
An amount that the company owes to a creditor and it usually carries an interest expense
CL & NL
What are dividends payable?
Occurs as a company declares a dividend but has not yet paid it out to its owners
CL
What is bonds payable?
Long term debt net of current portion
NL
What is deferred income tax liability?
Taxes due in the future on income that has already been recognized for the books
NL
What are extraordinary item?
Events or transactions that are distinguished by their unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence.
Might include casualty losses or losses from expropriation or prohibition. Might be shown separately , net of tax, in order that trend analysis can be made of income before extraordinary items
