First Exam Flashcards

(68 cards)

1
Q

Define psychology

A

the systematic study of behaviour and mental activity

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2
Q

What is applied psychology

A

Psychology as a profession, e.g. service providers

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3
Q

What is basic psychology

A

systematic study of behaviour and experience, mostly academia

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4
Q

Biological psych as a sub-field

A

biological basis of psychological processes, behaviour and learning

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5
Q

Developmental psych as a sub-field

A

Development and change of psychological processes over a life-span

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6
Q

Cognitive psych as a sub-field

A

Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information

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7
Q

Social psych as a sub-field

A

How people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour are influenced by the real or implied presence of others

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8
Q

Personality psych as a sub-field

A

Study of people’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving and how it differs from others

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9
Q

Clinical psych as a sub-field

A

Study of psychological disorders

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10
Q

Define struturalism

A

Focuses on the basic elements of the mind, trying to break consciousness into units, e.g. sensation, feelings

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11
Q

Objective introspection

A

Process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities

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12
Q

Freudian psychology

A

Used both structural and functional approaches by dividing the mind into 3 parts and stating the function of each part

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13
Q

Behaviourism

A

Idea that psychological science should only study observable behaviour, never experience, to ensure it is scientific

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14
Q

Aim of structuralism

A

identify basic structures of the conscious mind

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15
Q

Aim of functionalism

A

Describe how the conscious mind aids adaption to an environment

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16
Q

Aim of Gestalt psychology

A

Study subjective perception as a unified whole

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17
Q

Aim of psychoanalytic theory

A

Understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders

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18
Q

Aim of behaviourism

A

Describe behaviour in response to an environmental stimuli

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19
Q

3 examples of descriptive methods

A
  • observation
  • case study
  • survey
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20
Q

adv of descriptive methods

A
  • Easy
  • Good starting point
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21
Q

Disadv of descriptive methods

A
  • Does not test relations among varibles
  • Does not test a hypothesis
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22
Q

What makes a correlation strong

A

the closer to either +1.00 or -1.00 the stronger the correlation

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23
Q

Experimental methods

A
  • Lab
  • Field
  • Quasi
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24
Q

Institutional review boards

A

groups of psychologists who look over proposed research and have to approve it

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25
Ethical principles
-Informed consent -Must be voluntary -Right to withdraw -Privacy -Deception -Confidentiality -Risk/benefit ratio
26
Neurons
Individual nerve cells that specialize in communicating between brain and body
27
Glial cells
Grey fatty cells that provide support, deliver nutrients for neurons. And produce myelin to coat axons
28
Dendrites
Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons
29
Cell body (soma)
Cell body of neuron responsible for maintaining life of the cell
30
Axon
Long, tube-like structure that carries the neural messages to other cells
31
Myelin
Fatty substances that coat axons to insulate, protect and speed up impluses
32
Excitatory neurotransmitter
causes receiving cell to fire
33
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
causes receiving cell to stop firing
34
Agonists
Mimic/ enhance effects of a neurotransmitter on receptor sites
35
Antagonists
Block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals/ neurotransmitters
36
Central nervous system
Part of the nervous system connecting the brain and spinal cord- responsible for lifesaving reflexes
37
Peripheral nervous system
Link between the bran/ spinal cord and the rest of the body
38
3 types of neurons
Sensory, motor and interneurons
39
Sensory neurons
transmit info from sensory organs to the rest of the nervous system- part of PNS
40
Motor neurons
Transfer info from CNS to muscle fibres and are directly responsible for muscle movement- part of PNS
41
Interneurons
Communicate between sensory and motor neurons- part of CNS
42
Reflex arc
connections between sensory inputs and motor outputs allow for quick reactions without the use of the brain
43
Somatic- division of PNS
nerves that carry info from senses to CNS and from CNS to voluntary muscle movements
44
Autonomic- division of PNS
nerves controlling all involuntary processes
45
Sympathetic- division of autonomic system
controls fight of flight response
46
Parasympathetic- division of autonomic system
Returns body to resting state
47
3 major regions of the brain
-Hindbrain -Limbic system -Cortex
48
4 parts of the brain stem
-Medulla -Pons -Reticular formation -Cerebellum
49
Medulla
Responsible for life sustaining functions
50
Pons
Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination and arousal
51
Reticular formation
Responsible for selective attention
52
Cerebellum
Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement including balance, walking and limb coordination
53
5 parts of limbic system
-Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Hippocampus -Amygdala -Cingulate cortex
54
Thalamus
relays and processes sensory information before sending it to the brain (except smell)
55
Hypothalamus
Responsible for motivational behaviour
56
Hippocampus
Responsible for formation of long term memory and spatial memory
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Amygdala
Responsible for fear response
58
Cingulate cortex
Important role in cognitive and emotional processing
59
4 lobes within the cortex
-Frontal -Parietal -Occipital -Temporal
60
Cortex
Responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input
61
Corticalization
Wrinkling of the cortex
62
Occipital lobe
processes and makes sense of visual information
63
Parietal lobes
Contains centres for touch, taste and temperature sensations as well as the somatosensory cortex
64
Temporal lobes
Responsible for hearing and meaningful speech
65
Frontal lobes
Responsible for higher mental processes such as decision making and fluent speech
66
Corpus callosum
Fibrous structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
67
Left hemisphere
-Language -Writing -logical thoughts -Maths -information processing -Speech
68
Right hemisphere
-emotional expression -spatial perception -facial recognition -Patterns -Melodies -Emotions