First exam Flashcards
What is brain theory?
Brain theory it produces your behavior your brain underlines cognition
What is model system?
Allows for the study of some phenomenon in a simpler system than the real thing allows for a highly controlled experimental situation
Be able to describe the pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ?
The disease cuts off the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system
What are the three general brain parts?
The forebrain , brain stem, cerebellum
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Thumb temporal lobe
Fingers frontal lobe
Knuckles pariental lobe
Wrist occipital lobe
What are gyri and sulci?
Bumps gyri ,sulci groves in between
Why is the cortex folded?
It allows an increase in the surface area of the Bain in a confined space
What is connectome?
40million of funding to map the connectivity of the brain
What is the brain composed of?
Nervous tissues individual cells
What are the two classes of brain cells?
Neurons and glia
Be able to describe the function of de tries and axons?
Dendtries input axons output
What are the components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
Parts of the nervous system that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
What is the somatic nervous system?
associated with voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
What is the autonomic nervous system?
associated with involuntary movements that may regulate body processes such as breathing; sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (calming, relaxation); have ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic near spinal cord
How does irénaus eilbl-eibesfedt define behavior? What are the two behavioral patterns were discussed in the lecture?
Patterns in time relatively fixed and inherited , relatively plastic and learned
Define mentalismo , dualism and materialism
Mentalism- the mind is responsible for all behaviors
Dualism- the non eternal mind is seperate from the physical body
Materialism- conscious and unconscious behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain
What are the philosophical theories of Aristotle, Rene descartes and chales Darwin?
Aristotle- mentalism
Descartes - dualism
Darwin - materialism
Be able to relate the behavior of the red crossbill and roof rat to learned and fixed (inherited) behavioral patterns?
Red Crossbill beak is specifically designed to open pine cones inherited a baby roof rat must learned from its mother how to eat pine cones
What are the the general functions of the forebrain , brain stem and cerebellum
Fore brain biggest part of our brain involved in all functioning; two hemispheres of brain
What is cell assembly?
Patterns of neurons communication give rise to behavior
Know the layers of the ending es and the order they appear from the skull down to the brain?
Dura
Arachnoid
Pía
What are the two types of stroke?
Hemorrhagic bleed and ischemic blocked
Be sure to understand het the brain is crossed
The left hemisphere controls movements on the right side of your body and vice versa.
Where can you find cerebrospinal fluid i the brain?
In the ventricles
How many ventricles do you have in the brain?
4 ventricles
What is gray matter and white matter composed of?
Gray matter is cell bodies, dendrites white matter fibers or axons
How many layers are there in the neocortex? how many are in the límbico system?
Neocortex 6 layers limbico system 3 layers
Which layers of cortex are most associated with associating information and which layers serve as an output of the cortex?
Stellate associating information and pyramidal is output
Which brain areas comprise the basal ganglia and what is the function of the basal ganglia ?
Caudate nucleus ,putamen, globus pallidus.
Function a collection of nuclei that lie below the white matter
What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease and what brain areas are affected in this disease?
Uncontrollable dance movements chorea affects the basal ganglia
Which brain areas comprise the límbico system and what is the function of the límbico system?
Cingulate, hippocampus, Amygdala, temporal lobe function memory, space, emotion
What are the symptoms and the brain area by Alzheimer’s disease?
Symptoms disorientation dementia loss of memory amygdala
What is the function of the amygdala?
regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors
What are the symptoms of kluver-Bucy syndrome and what brain area is affected in this syndrome?
Tame, flattening of emotion, hyper sexuality, reduced fear amygdala
The brain stem is made up of 3 regions what are they/
Diencephalon, midbrain , hindbrain
What are the three rooms of the diencephalon and what are their general functions?
- Epithalamus - biological rhythms
- Thalamus - cortical relay system
- Hypothalamus - regulatory behavior
What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?
Eating on
What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Eating off
What is the function of teh superior Colliculus?
Orienting to visual cues
What is teh function of teh inferior colluculus?
Orienting to auditory cues
What brain region is damaged in Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia nigra
What is the function of the reticular formation?
Is involved in the stimulation of the fore brain
What afferent and efferent mean?
Afferent is used to describe things like nerves, blood vessels, and arteries that lead toward or bring things (like blood, in the case of arteries) to an organ, such as the heart or brain. Efferent means the opposite—it’s used to describe parts that carry or lead things away from organs or other parts.
What is a dermatome?
Skin cut area of body that the spinal cord and nerves innervate
What regions of the spinal cord are organized for sensory and motor processing?
Dorsal and ventral roots
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
emerges from the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. They carry sensory messages from various receptors
Hos does the stretch reflex work in terms of the spinal coed and muscles involved?
Sensory receptors (muscle spindles) respond to muscle
Stretching and tell the muscle to contract and relieve the
stretch.
What are stem cells?
the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated.
What are the three Brian regions of neurogenesis?
- The subgranular zone
- The subventricular zone
- Retina
Where do you find purkinje cells?
Cerebellum
Where can you find pyramidal cells?
Cortical hippocampus and basal
In what Part of the nervous system can you find oligodendrocytes?
The can central nervous system
In what part of the nervous system can you find Schwann cells?
Peripheral nervous system
In what part of the nervous system can you find ependymal cells and what functions do they have?
The central canal and it make cerebrospinal fluid
What is the function of microglia?
Phagocytosis to devour
What is the function of astroglia?
Nutrition and repair blood brain barrier
What is multiple sclerosis/ what brain cells are damaged in multiple sclerosis?
oligodendroglia cell
myelin degenerates
Possible attack by immune system
What is the brain principle of plasticity and how does it relate to dendritic structure/
Plasticity and enduring apical dentries and basal dendtries
What is the brain cell membrane made up of?
Semipermeable
What si a protein and what types of proteins have a role i information transfer between neurons?
Is a chain of amino acids, k+ calcium potassium sodium chorine ion atom
What are the steps in protein packaging and shipment?
- Proteins formed in the ER enter the Golgi bodies, where they are wrapped in a membrane and given a shipping address.
2.Each protein is attached to a motor molecule and moves along the microtubule to its destination - The protein may be incorporated into the membrane..
4..or be excreted from the cell by exocytosis
What is the two step process in creating proteins?
Transcription
- DNA to mRNA - base to base
Translation
- mRNA to protein - base to amino acid
What were Galvani and Bernstein’s contribution to the study of the nervous system?
Membrane hypothesis and Electrical Stimulation:
Waves of chemical change
- Ions surround neurons
- Change in concentration of ions in and
around neurons gives rise to neural
impulse
What is a cation and an anion?
Ions
What re the three factors that influence the movement of ions in and out of the cell?
Diffusion
* Concentration
* Charge
What proteins allow ions to pass through the cell membrane?
Potassium channel – K+
Sodium channel – Na+
Sodium pump – Na+
At resting potential where are anion proteins k+ and na+ ions most concentrated?
K (+) accumulates in the cell
Na (+) is pumped out of the cell by
the Na/K pump
What is the threshold potential defined by?
defined by Na+ voltage-gated channels
What triggers an action potential?
when different ions cross the neuron membrane
Be able to draw an action potential and label the following: Na+ influx, K+ efflux, threshold, resting potential, -90, -70, depolarization, hyperpolarization.
- Threshold = -50mV
- Depolarization: Na+ influx until membrane
potential reaches +30mV - Hyperpolarization: K+ efflux until membrane
potential reaches -90mV - Voltage sensitive ion channels
What is saltatory conduction?
A jump
What is a node of ranvier?
lots of voltage sensitive channels
What is an Epsp? What is an ipsp?
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials EPSPs
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials IPSPs
What is temporal and spatial summation?
Temporal - Graded potentials that occur at
approximately the same time on a
membrane are summated.
Spatial-Graded potentials that occur at
approximately the same location on a
membrane are summated.
What is eeg and what does it measure?
electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp
