First Exam Flashcards
1
Q
First Theme of Biology
A
Organization
2
Q
Second Theme of Biology
A
Information
3
Q
Third Theme of Biology
A
Energy and matter
4
Q
Fourth Theme of Biology
A
Interactions
5
Q
Fifth Theme of Biology
A
Evolution
6
Q
Theme 1: Organization
A
New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. Life is organized into levels. Ex) organelles, cells, ecosystems.
7
Q
Theme 1: Emergent properties
A
Novel properties not seen at lower levels of organization
8
Q
Examples of Emergent Properties:
A
Water. It is only when combined that hydrogen and oxygen atoms create water.
9
Q
Theme 1: Structure and Function
A
At each level of the biological hierarchy, we find a correlation between structure and function. Ex) Flexible branches-shed snow and prevent branches from snapping.
10
Q
Theme 1: The Cell
A
Basic unit of structure and function. The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life.
11
Q
Theme 2: Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information.
A
Within cells, chromosomes contains genetic material in the form of DNA
12
Q
Theme 2: Information
A
Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product
13
Q
Theme 3: Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter
A
energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat. The sun is the ultimate source of energy.
14
Q
Theme 4: Interactions
A
Interactions between the components of the system ensure smooth integration of all the parts.
15
Q
Theme 5: Evolution, the core theme of biology
A
evolution explains the unity and diversity of all life.
Modification with descent: concept that living organisms are modified descendant of common ancestors
16
Q
Each element consists of just one type
A
of atom
17
Q
An atom consists of
A
protons, neutrons, and electrons
18
Q
The Nucleus consists of
A
protons (+) and neutrons (0)
19
Q
An element is defined by
A
Its proton number, or its atomic number
20
Q
Isotopes
A
atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic mass
21
Q
Isotopes may be
A
stable or unstable
22
Q
Uses of radioactive isotopes (unstable)
A
used in research and as diagnostic tools in medicine
23
Q
Why are electrons relevant to life?
A
electrons allow molecules to interact with each other to form bonds. Theme: Interactions
24
Q
Typically, in an atom
A
The number of protons=the number of electrons
25
What are orbitals
Electron shells
26
1st electron shell
has up to two electrons
27
2nd electron shell
has up to eight electrons
28
3rd electron shell
has up to eight electrons
29
When are atoms most stable?
when their outer most shell is filled with electrons to the max capacity
30
Atoms whose outermost shells are not full tend to share, borrow or give away electrons. Why is this?
Sharing, borrowing or giving away electrons creates chemical bonds
31
Covalent bonds
formed when two atoms share electrons, very stable, both atoms hold onto the electrons
32
Nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons shared equally
33
polar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons
34
Chemical bond
strong force of attraction that holds atoms together resulting from the sharing or transferring of electrons
35
Ionic bonds
transfer of electrons, positively and negatively charged atoms attract each other forming an ionic bond.
36
Bonds in order from weakest to strongest:
1) Van der Waals Interactions 2) Hydrogen Bonds 3) Ionic bonds 4) Nonpolar covalent 5) polar covalent
37
When atoms of different elements form bonds
These compounds have different properties than the atoms from which they are formed. Emergent properties theme.
38
Hydrogen Bonds
weak chemical bonds
39
Hydrogen bonds
formed between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom (bonds between water molecules)
40
Van der Waals interactions (weak bonds)
nonpolar, electrons are not evenly distributed. Molecule has a transient positive and negative region.
41
Nonpolar covalent
electrons shared equally, H-H
42
Polar covalent
H20
43
Ionic
transfer of positive and negative, NaCl
44
Hydrogen
weak chemical bonds between water molecules
45
Van der Waals Interactions
unequal sharing, nonpolar covalent
46
Chemical reactions
are the making and breaking of chemical bonds
47
Water's unique properties come from
its hydrogen bonds
48
First property of water
cohesion of water molecules
49
2nd property of water
ability to moderate temperature
50
third property of water
expansion upon freezing
51
fourth property of water
versatility as a solvent
52
First property: Cohesion of water molecules
cohesion and adhesion help the transport of water against gravity in plants
53
Cohesion
hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick to eachother
54
adhesion
attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls
55
Cohesion example:
surface tension, (measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid)
56
Second property of water, ability to moderate temperature
water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air
57
2nd property water's ability to moderate temperature
water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature because water has a high specific heat
58
2nd property- water's ability to moderate temperature
water has a high heat of vaporization, as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative cooling
59
3rd property of water- expansion upon freezing
floating of ice on liquid water. ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds are more ordered, making ice less dense then water. If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth.
60
Heat of vaporization 2nd water property
the heat a liquid must absorb to be converted into a gas
61
4th property of water:
water: the solvent of life
62
solution property four, the solvent of life
a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances
63
Solvent property four the solvent of life
the dissolving agent of a solution
64
solute property four the solvent of life
the substance that is dissolved
65
aqueous solution, property four the solvent of life
one in which water is the solvent
66
hydration shell 4th property universal solvent
when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell
67
Disassociation of water molecules
2H20= Hydronium H+ and Hydroxide ion OH-
68
acid
any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution (hydronium)
69
Base
any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (hydronium)
70
pH of a solution
how acidic or basic it is
71
pH scale
1-14
72
pH of 7
neutral
73
pH less than seven
acidic, more H+ ions
74
pH greater than seven
basic, less H+ ions
75
examples of acidic solution
battery acid, gastric juice, lemon juice, vinegar
76
examples of neutral solution
pure water, human blood
77
examples of basic solutions
bleach, oven cleaner
78
bufffers
substances that minimize changes in pH, can accept H+ from the solution or donate H+ to the solution.
79
internal pH of most living cells must remain close to
pH 7
80
Organic molecules
made of carbon, have C-H bonds, are made by living organisms.
81
What makes carbon atoms so unique
can form four covalent bonds
82
carbon chains form the blank of most organic molecules
skeletons
83
three varieties of carbon chains
straight, branched, rings
84
Isomers
compounds with the same number of atoms but have different structures, and therefore different properties. Theme of biology: structure and function are related
85
isomers
also called structural isomers
86
What makes up 96% of elements in organisms
C, H, O, N
87
Hydrocarbon
molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
88
What can hydrocarbons do
store energy and release large amounts of energy
89
examples of hydrocarbons
fats, oils, plastic, gasoline
90
Nitrogen and oxygen
electronegative
91
Nitrogen and Oxygen
part of functional groups
92
Hydroxyl properties
forms hydrogen bonds with water
93
hydroxyl compound name
alchohol
94
carbonyl property
part of sugars
95
carbonyl compound name
ketone or aldehyde
96
carboxyl property
acts as acids
97
carboxyl compound name
carboxylic acid
98
amino property
acts as a base
99
amino compound name
amine
100
sulfhydryl property
stabilize protein structure
101
sulfhydryl compound name
thiols
102
phosphate property
contributes to negative charge
103
phosphate compound name
organic phosphates
104
methyl property
affects gene expression
105
methyl compound name
methylated compounds
106
polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
107
monomer
building blocks of polymers
108
three of four organic molecules are polymers
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
109
Biological Macromolecules
1) carbs (sugars), 2) lipids 3)Proteins (amino acids), 4) Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
110
Monomer of carbs
sugar
111
monomer of lipid
not a polymer, therefore no monomer
112
monomer of proteins
amino acids
113
monomer of nucleotides
nucleic acids (DNA; RNA)
114
Building Monomers into Macromolecules
Dehydration reaction, loss of water molecule, and covalent bond
115
How macromolecules are broken down
hydrolysis, polymers broken down by adding a water molecule
116
1) Carbohydrates
sugars are joined via dehydration reaction to form glycosidic linkages, covalent bonds in carbohydrates
117
Monosaccarides
one sugar monomer
118
disaccharides
2 monosaccharides, major fuel for cells
119
Polysaccharides
polyermers
120
Polysaccharides based on two types
storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides
121
Storage polysaccharides
store sugars as long polymers
122
Storage polysaccharide in plants
starch
123
storage polysaccharide in animal liver and muscle tissue
glycogen
124
structural polysaccharides
used for structure
125
structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls
cellulose
126
structural polysaccharide in insect exoskeleton
chitin
127
Lipids are not true
polymers
128
lipids are
hydrophobic
129
lipids include
fats, (saturated and unsaturated), phospholipids and steroids
130
The function of fats
energy storage, insulation
131
what do fats consist of
fatty acid chains linked to glycerol
132
what is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids
ester linkages
133
Triglycerides
glycerol+3 fatty acid chains
134
fatty acids can be
saturated or unsaturated
135
saturated fat
solid at room temp, butter
136
unsaturated fat
liquid at room temp, olive oil
137
unsaturated fat has
cis double bond that causes bending
138
phospholipid consists of
glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
139
phospholipid
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
140
what do phospholipids make up
phospholipid bilayer or the membrane bilayers
141
Amphipathic molecules
both hydrophobic(nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar)
142
steroids are composed of what
four carbon rings, with side groups
143
Three examples of steriods
1 cholesterol, important component of animal cell membranes, estradiol and testosterone
144
3 proteins
diverse in structure and function
145
monomers of proteins
amino acids
146
Proteins are linked by
dehydration synthesis to form a polypeptide chain
147
protein
one or more polypeptides
148
how many amino acids are there
20 amino acids
149
Function of proteins
defensive proteins, enzymatic proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, receptor proteins, structural proteins.
150
1) primary structure of protein
its unique sequence of amino acids
151
2 secondary structure of proteins
consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds, beta pleated sheets
152
3 tertiary structure of proteins
determined by interactions among various side chains, (R groups)
153
4 Quaternary structure of proteins
results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
154
name of bonds in a polypeptide chain
peptide bonds
155
4 nucleic acids monomers are
nucleotides
156
parts of a nucleotide
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen-containing base
157
nucleotides linked by
dehydration reaction and phosphodiester bonds
158
What nucleic acids do
transmit genetic information to the next generation (hereditary) and information for coding proteins
159
Two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
160
DNA
has thymine, deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded
161
RNA
has uracil, ribose sugar, usually single-stranded
