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Cell physiology > First Exam > Flashcards

First Exam Flashcards

1
Q

form covalent bonds with carbon

A
  1. other carbons
  2. oxygen
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. sulfur
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2
Q

special arrangements of atoms within a biomolecule

A

functional group

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3
Q

support life as we know it

A

acid and bases

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4
Q
  • have hydrophobic properties that help form the cell membrane
  • is a selectively permeable barrier between what is inside and outside the cell
A

hydrocarbons

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5
Q

important component of cell membranes

A

stearic acid H3C(CH2)16COOH

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6
Q

a biologically important hydrocarbon containing 4 rings

A

cholesterol

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7
Q
  • forms the hard exoskeleton of arthropods
  • composed entirely of N- acetylglucosamine units
A

N-acetylglucosamine/ chitin

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8
Q

when 4 different atoms are bonded to a single carbon, there are 2 different spatial configurations possible

A

stereoisomers

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9
Q

four broad biomolecular classes

A

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

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10
Q

will not assume their biologically functional conformations in the absence of water

A

proteins

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11
Q

will not come together to form a cell membrane when no water is present

A

lipids

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12
Q

cannot be made soluble in a non-aqueous solvent and hence will not enter glycolysis

A

glucose

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13
Q

water properties

A
  • functions as the universal solvent in biological systems
  • compromises 75-85% of a cell’s weight
  • makes up extracellular environment
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14
Q

three properties of water which are critical to supporting life

A
  1. cohesiveness
  2. temperature- stabilization
  3. capacity to function as a solvent
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15
Q

cohesiveness

A
  • water molecules form hydrogen bonds that join themselves to one another
  • one H can form one H bond with one oxygen, one oxygen can form TWO H bonds with TWO h atoms
  • water molecules form 3.5 H bonds in an instant
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16
Q

water’s cohesive properties

A
  1. high boiling point: water can absorb high levels of heat without damaging the cell
  2. high specific heat: enables water to heat and cool slowly
  3. high heat of evaporation: amount of heat energy needed to change water from a liquid to a gaseous state
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17
Q

water solvent properties

A

the most critical property that contributes to its supporting life
- water creates a strong attraction, enough to break ionic bonds

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18
Q
  • function as a shield that reduces the formation of ionic compounds
  • maintain ionic substances in a solubilized state
A

spheres of hydration

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19
Q

substances that are ionic at a neutral pH

A

carboxyl, phosphate, and amino groups

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20
Q

cannot solubilize in water

A

hydrophobic molecules

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21
Q

[H+]=10^-4 has a pH value of

A

4

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22
Q

a ____ pH value corresponds with a _____ [H+] and hence a _____ acidity

A

higher; lower; lower

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23
Q

substances that DONATE protons

A

acids

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24
Q

have less capacity to donate protons

A

weak acids

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25
Q

substances that ACCEPT protons

A

bases

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26
Q

most acids and bases of living cells are

A

weak

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27
Q

necessity for preserving cellular homeostasis

A

maintenance of pH within narrow limits

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28
Q

deviations from normal pH levels result in

A

inefficient to nonfunctional enzymes

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29
Q

In multicellular organisms it is necessary to maintain both

A

intracellular and extracellular pH levels

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30
Q

help to maintain the proper pH of both intracellular and extracellular fluids in multicellular organisms

A

buffer systems

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31
Q

contain both acid to neutralize added base and base to neutralize added acid

A

buffers

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32
Q

strong buffering systems are made up of

A

weak acids and their corresponding salts

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33
Q

Effective buffer systems of living systems consists of

A

bicarbonates and phosphates

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34
Q

the cell membrane is a

A
  • selectively permeable structure
  • bilayer structure
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35
Q

primarily hydrophobic structure composed of lipids proteins, and carbohydrates

A

cell membrane

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36
Q

contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

amphipathic

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37
Q

the amphipathic character of ______ is foundational to forming the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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38
Q

consists of a glycerol backbone attached, via an ester or ether linkage, to a fatty acyl group

A

phospholipid

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39
Q

attached to the phosphate and amino containing group

A

phospholipid fatty acyl tails

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40
Q

represents the lowest possible energy conformation by which the phospholipids can occur in the presence of water molecules

A

formation of the phospholipid bilayer spherical structure

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41
Q

associate with the neutrally chawed interior of the membrane

A

hydrophobic regions

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42
Q

project out into the aqueous environments located on either side of the membrane

A

hydrophilic regions

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43
Q

all membrane proteins can be classified as one of the following

A
  • integral
  • peripheral
  • lipid- anchored
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44
Q
  • amphipathic
  • the hydrophobic portion of the integral membrane protein anchors it in the interior of the lipid bilayer
  • the protein is not easily moved
A

integral membrane proteins

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45
Q

types of integral membrane proteins

A
  • transmembrane
  • monotypic
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46
Q
  • characterized by traversing the membrane from one side to the other
  • two types: single and multipass
A

transmembrane protein

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47
Q

a single hydrophobic region crosses the membrane only once

A

single pass

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48
Q

multiple hydrophobic regions cross the membrane two or more times

A

multipass

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49
Q
  • embedded in only one side of the membrane (usually the intracellular side)
A

monotypic proteins

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50
Q
  • lack hydrophobic regions that function to anchor the protein in the membrane bilayer
  • bound to the membrane surface through weak electrical forces and H bonding with hydrophilic regions of integral proteins
A

peripheral membrane proteins

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51
Q

occur on the surface of one of the membrane bilayer sides and are covalently bonded to lipid molecules of the bilayer

A

lipid anchored membrane proteins

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52
Q

composed of subunits that are brought together via a general process referred to as polymerization

A

macromolecules

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53
Q

smaller, hydrophilic subunits arranged in a linear manner

A

monomers

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54
Q

sub cellular structures such as chromosomes, ribosomes, cilia, flagella, and membranes are made up of

A

macromolecules

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55
Q

monomers

A

level 1

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56
Q

macromolecules

A

level 2

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57
Q

supramolecular structures

A

level 3

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58
Q

organelles

A

level 4

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59
Q

cell

A

level 5

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60
Q

includes nucleic acids and proteins
- the order is non- random, genetically determined and carries information that determines the function of the macromolecules

A

informational macromolecules

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61
Q

the information contained in the nucleotide sequences determines the amino acid sequence of a particular protein

A

nucleic acids

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62
Q

the information contained in the amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure of the protein and hence its function

A

proteins

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63
Q

most are composed either entirely of as single repeated monomer, or two monomers that strictly alternate one another

A

storage and structural macromolecules

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64
Q
  • examples of storage macromolecules because they function as a reservoir of energy within the cell
  • made up of the single repeated monomer: glucose
A

starch and glycogen

65
Q
  • macromolecules produced through the joining of similar or identical monomers to one another
  • condensation reaction
  • in order for a condensation reaction to proceed, monomers to be joined must exit in an activated state
  • monomer activation
  • ATP provides the energy needed to join the carrier molecule to the monomer
  • macromolecules are assembled from monomers such that there is a definite directionality to he resulting macromolecule
A

polymerization of monomers

66
Q

elements of water are collectively removed from monomers when one is joined to another

A

condensation reaction

67
Q

generally achieved through joining that monomer to a carrier molecule

A

monomer activation

68
Q

provides the energy needed to join the carrier molecule to the monomer

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

69
Q
  1. small and large ribosomal units come
A

self assembly

70
Q

all cells are made up of approximately ___ different molecules

A

30

71
Q

these include: _ common amino acids, _ nucleic acids, _ forms of lipids’ and _ forms of carbs

A

20; 5; 3; 2

72
Q
  • represent the most structurally and functionally diverse of all biomolecules
  • they are made up of 20 different monomers: the amino acids
A

proteins

73
Q
  1. enzyme
  2. structural
  3. motility
  4. regulatory
  5. transport
  6. hormones
  7. receptors
  8. defense
  9. storage
A

protein types

74
Q

catalyze a specific chemical reaction

A

enzyme protein

75
Q

provide a foundation for cellular components

A

structural protein

76
Q

control cellular processes

A

regulatory proteins

77
Q

move substances in and out of the cell

A

transport proteins

78
Q

cell to cell communicatory molecules; can send messages considerable distances

A

hormones protein

79
Q

enable cells to react to chemical stimuli

A

receptor proteins

80
Q

protect from agents of disease

A

defense proteins

81
Q

maintenance of amino acids for future utilization

A

storage proteins

82
Q
  • monomers that make up proteins
  • smallest biochemical units we can find
A

amino acids

83
Q

all amino acids start with

A

alpha carbons

84
Q

8 of the 20 common amino acids are

A

hydrophobic

85
Q

amino acids with hydrophobic R- groups tend to be located in the

A

interior of a protein

86
Q

amino acids with hydrophilic R- groups tend to be located in the

A

protein’s surface

87
Q

usually 7.0 inside the cell

A

pH considerations of amino acids

88
Q

the joining of amino acids to one another to form protein macromolecules requires

A

a condensation reaction

89
Q

the immediate product of translation

A

polypeptide

90
Q

biologically active protein made up of a single polypeptide chain

A

monomeric

91
Q

proteins made up of two or more polypeptide chains

A

multimeric

92
Q

hydrogen bonds: weak, attractive interactions that form between an electronegative atom and a H atom that is covalently bonded to another electronegative atom
ionic bonds: bonds formed through electrical attraction between substances of oppositely charged ions
van der Waals interactions: result from dipole separations in both atoms
hydrophobic interactions: non polar substances that interact with one another and thereby have minimal contact with water molecules

A

types of bonds

93
Q
  • most common covalent bonds
  • form between 2 cysteine groups
  • can only be broken through reducing processes
  • cysteine that form a disulfide bond are often part of the same polypeptide molecule
A

disulfide bonds

94
Q
  • adds stability
  • form between amino acids that are either far apart from each other or from two entirely separate polypeptide chains
  • a single hydrogen bond is weak, many hydrogen bonds are stable
A

hydrogen bonds

95
Q
  • form between oppositely charged R groups within a protein
  • have about 3.0 kcal/mol strength
  • unlike covalent bonds, ionic bonds do not require specific bond angle alignments
  • pH changes can greatly disrupt ionic bonds
A

ionic bonds

96
Q
  • occur when two molecules are very close to one another and have fleeting dipoles between them
A

van der Waals interactions

97
Q
  • greater density of electrons in one area of the molecule rather than the other
A

dipole

98
Q
  • tend to be located in the proteins interior where water concentration is much lower
A

hydrophobic interactions

99
Q
  • amino acid sequence from one end to the other
  • the three higher levels of protein structure are derived from this structure
A

primary structure

100
Q

the amino acids that become protein components

A

residue

101
Q

results from hydrogen bonding that occurs between atoms making up the peptide bonds of a polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

102
Q

a spiral made up of a peptide chain with the R- groups protruding outward
- there are 3.6 complete turns of alpha helix
- the peptide bonds of every 4th amino acid form hydrogen bonds between the amino group “above it” and the carbonyl group “beneath it”

A

alpha helix

103
Q

result from H bonds forming between all amino and carbonyl groups of two polypeptide chains that are next to each other

A

B sheets

104
Q

within the same polypeptide

A

intramolecular

105
Q

between two different polypeptides

A

intermolecular

106
Q

more stable

A

antiparralel

107
Q

results from interaction among R groups of a polypeptide

A

tertiary structure

108
Q

result from interactions between two or more polypeptide chains that make up an individual protein molecule

A

quaternary structures

109
Q

tend to be FIBROUS OUTSIDE OF CELLS while those INSIDE of cells tend to be globular

A

structural cells

110
Q

RNA and DNA
- encode genetic info
- order of nucleotides is genetically determined

A

nucleic acids

111
Q

Though RNA is single stranded, a single strand sequence _____ pair with other portions of itself and from various double- stranded structures

A

may

112
Q
  • Molecules of the general formula (CH2O)n
  • include monosaccharides and polysaccharides
A

Carbohydrates

113
Q
  • macromolecules composed of sugars or single substances called monosaccharides
  • most are made up of a single type of monosaccharide or two forms that alternate sequence
  • unlike proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides do not contain information
  • play roles in either structure or storage
  • the most common storage form for plants is starch while for animals, glycogen
  • made up of D- glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds
A

Polysaccharides

114
Q
  • either Aldo or keto sugars
  • Aldo sugars have a terminal carbonyl group
  • keto sugars have an internal carbonyl group
    most sugars contain from 3 to 7 carbons
  • covalently bonded to each other by condensation reactions
A

monosaccharides

115
Q
  • biomolecules not made of monomers that are classified according to their inability to solubilize in aqueous polar solvents
  • not synthesized as polymers
  • hydrophobic
  • helps with communication between cells
A

lipids

116
Q
  1. triacylglycerols
  2. phospholipids
  3. glycolipids
  4. steroids
  5. terpenes
A

types of lipids

117
Q
  • most are 16 to 18 carbons long
  • long unbranched hydrocarbon chain
  • saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds
  • monounsaturated fatty acids contain 1 double bond
  • polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds
A

fatty acids

118
Q
  • glycerol molecules with one fatty acid joined to each of the three glycerol carbons via ester linkages
A

triacylglycerols

119
Q
  • most important lipids making up cell membranes
    because their hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic fatty acid tail groups cause them to form, the lipid bilayer component of the cell membrane
  • phoshpoglycerides and sphingolipids
  • common phospholipids are:
    phosphatidyl choline
    phosphadityl serine
    phosphadityl ethanolmine
    phosphadityl inositol
A

phospholipids

120
Q
  • are less common forms of membrane lipids
  • form glycolipids when having a carbohydrate group substitute a phosphate group
A

sphingolipids

121
Q
  • lipid molecules formed from four ringed hydrocarbons
  • only occur in eukaryotic cells
  • cholesterol is the main animal steroid
A

steroids

122
Q
  • occur in globular proteins
  • compacted region containing an alpha and beta sheet, that has a particular function
A

domains

123
Q

DNA
- purines: adenine and guanine
- pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
A-T= 2 H bonds
G-C= 3 H bonds
RNA:
- purines: adenine and guanine
- pyrimidines; cytosine and uracil

A

nucleotides

124
Q
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • PO4^2- group (joined by a phosphodiester bond)
  • nitrogen- containing aromatic base
A

nucleotide components

125
Q

when a nucleotide loses its PO4^2- gtroup

A

nucleoside

126
Q

smallest units of life
share the following features with one another:
- enclosed by a membrane
- obtain substances from the environment
- have the capacity to convert energy into ATP
- posses mechanisms of energy conversion that are basically similar, can regulate their activities
- can control structures

A

cells

127
Q

archea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes
- archea and eubacteria are referred as “prokaryotes”

A

three basic types of cells

128
Q
  • nucleus
  • organelles
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • capacity to perform -endo and exocytosis
A

characteristics of eukaryotes

129
Q

most cells are from 1 to 10 micrometers long (eubacteria and archea) or 10 to 30 micrometers long (eukaryotes)
small sizes ensure that:
1. diffusion can play a significant role in physiological/biochemical processes
2. surface to volume ratio will remain sufficiently high to enable effective passage of substances into and out of the cell
3. concentration of substances will remain sufficiently high to support life

A

cell size

130
Q

the interior of the eukaryotic cell is divided up into smaller compartments by intracellular membranes

A

endoplasmic reticulum

131
Q

makes up areas of protein synthesis
- contains many ribosomes hence appears rough

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

132
Q

largely an area of lipid synthesis
- lacks ribosomes hence appears soft

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

133
Q

extend from the extracellular to the intracellular membrane side

A

receptor proteins

134
Q

move substances from one side of the membrane to the other

A

transport proteins

135
Q

in eukaryotes, most DNA transcription occurs ___ the cell

A

inside

136
Q
  • contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA
  • where the majority of transcription occurs
  • information center
  • bounded by a membrane bilayer called the nuclear envelope
A

nucleus

137
Q

chloroplasts

A

convert light into useful chemical energy
- contains own DNA and ribosomes

138
Q
  • organelle that processes and packages membrane and secretory proteins
  • produces complex polysaccharides
  • series of stacked, flattened, disk-like structures
A

Golgi apparatus

139
Q

manufacture and degrade hydrogen (H2O2)
- its enzyme catalase breaks down very toxic H2O2
- perform a detoxification function

A

Peroxisomes

140
Q

used for temporary storage or transport

A

vacuoles

141
Q

protein and nucleic acid complexes that manufacture protein

A

ribosomes

142
Q

made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

A

cytoskeleton

143
Q

give cells a rigid structure

A

extracellular matrix and cell wall

144
Q
  • produced during cell division
  • flexible and enables cells to grow
A

primary cell wall

145
Q

characteristic of mature plant cells and is a thicker, more rigid structure

A

secondary cell wall

146
Q

enables material from the cytosol of one cell to pass to the cytosol of an adjacent plant cell

A

plasmodesmata

147
Q

a molecule’s diffusion rate is ____ to its size

A

inversely proportional

148
Q

DNA contained within a protein matrix
- form chromatin within the fluid environment

A

chromosomes

149
Q

forms within the cell a vesicle containing what were formerly extracellular substances

A

endocytosis

150
Q

substances are taken out of the cell by intracellular vesicles joining to the cell membrane

A

exocytosis

151
Q

plasma membranes that have carbohydrates attached to the extracellular protruding portion of the protein

A

glycoproteins

152
Q

membrane proteins usually contain at least one _____ region that traverses the bilayer

A

hydrophobic

153
Q

a single eukaryotic cell may contain hundreds of
- has an inner and outer membrane

A

mitochondria

154
Q

foldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

cristae

155
Q

located in the mitochondria

A

Citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle and chain/oxidative phosphorylation

156
Q

flattened disks
- reactions requiring solar energy occur here

A

thylakoids

157
Q

tubular- shaped membrane structures occupying the chloroplast interior
- reactions requiring conversion of carbon dioxide into organic molecules occur here

A

stroma

158
Q

flattened sacks

A

cisternae

Cell physiology (1 decks)

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