first Bullet Point Flashcards
arabi pasha and nationalism
British replaced khedive ismail w pussio son tewfik. arabi pasha criticised this dual control interference, issue of army pay, egypt for the egyptions formed nationalist party 1879, aligned w fellahin.
what did dual control do to egypt
Cut pay of army, introduced sale taxes on food and goods for revenue due to the khedive being bankrupt by 1875-76. Reduced interest egyptians had to pay for foreign debt to 5%
Arabi coup
1879 coup following attempt to dismiss 2500 officers from army and halve salaries of those who remained, forced tewfik to appoint nationalist minsitry. Reversed this and borrowed 400,000 from rothschilds to avoid cuts.
reasons for protecting european loans and ppl
strategic: shortened journey to india 80% of shipping carried by british thru canal, couldnt let french get powerful
trade: ishmails railway and harvour building projects attractive, purchased 80% of egypt exports, supplies 44% of imports
people: 11 June 1882 maltese man egyptian donkey boy anti christian riots 50 europeans killed
French withdrawal
Gambetta note1882 -nationalist threaten for nationalist cabinet and depose tewfik. Bismarck said no, french defeated in 1870, bismark and other great powers said to sultan there should be no changes in egypt without consent, also Gambetta replaced by Freycinet, less open to intervene
British military campaign (historians)
Robinson and Gallagher: pursued policy of imperialism thru informal empire when possible and formal when necessary, pull factors canal and route to india
Cain and Hopkins: important bond holders and capital investment by the City of London, gladstones personal finance
national egyptian historians: al sayyid marsot- social and economic tensions caused by modernisation of the khedives
Veiled protecorate
1882-1914
Promises to withdraw and failures to do so
From 1882 to 1914 said they would withdraw 66 times, said khedive rules but he couldnt without british consent. 1883 Sir William Hicks beaten by the mahdi in sudan. Baring believed needed to be development of agricultural infrastructure and governmental institutions
Radical islam in Sudan
1881 mahdi appearance wiping out of all but 300 of 7000 troops under William Hicks scary. Dint trust khedive to deal w mahdi they stayed bc they cared abt cairo and alexandria.
French threat
Salisbury sure to stay as french and russians threatened to invade syria and armenia if uk could still re enter egypt
Work of sir evelyn baring (success)
By implementing stringent financial controls and making cuts in public spending Baring restored gov to solvency by 1887, which achieved ehat britain said in forst place. 8 million spent on stabilisng debt. spent 1 million on irrigation and clearing the silted drsinage canals of the nikes flood plains
Failure of Baring (agriculture)
Other spending was limited and progress slow or non existent. 1884 survey of land taxation system said kharaj land tax was £1 6s 4d per fedden, ushr was 10s 7d - although agriculture boosted by irrigation, inequality of land tax system
Failing of baring (edu)
Refused to fund secondary skl limiting mobility of fellahin, in 1901 raised tuition fees in existing primaries to decrease enrolment, believed too rapid progress would destabilise society.
