First Aid Pathology

Question 1

name 4 chemical carcinogens that cause liver cancer and what types of cancer they cause in the liver

Answer 1

aflatoxin (causes hepatocellular carcinoma), arsenic (angiosarcoma), vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma), carbon tetrachloride (centrilobular necrosis and fatty change)

Question 2

name 5 types of cancer that cigarette smoke causes

Answer 2

squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx,
squamous cell and small cell carcinoma of the lung,
renal cell carcinoma,
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder,
pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 3

what two types of cancer does asbestos cause and which one predominates

Answer 3

bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

Question 4

what chemical causes gastric cancer and what is it found in

Answer 4

nitrosamines (from smoked food)

Question 5

what cancers does arsenic cause

Answer 5

angiosarcoma of the liver,

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Question 6

what cancer does napthalene cause

Answer 6

transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Question 7

what chemical increases risk of leukemia

Answer 7

alkylating agents

Question 8

what cancers does bombesin serve as a marker for

Answer 8

neuroblastoma, lung cancer and gastric cancer

Question 9

what cancer does CA-125 serve as a marker for

Answer 9

ovarian cancer

Question 10

what does CEA stand for and what cancers does CEA serve as a marker for

Answer 10

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen: colorectal and pancreatic (found in 70%), gastric cancer, breast cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma

Question 11

what cancers does alkaline phosphatase serve as a marker for

Answer 11

mets to bone and liver as well as Paget’s disease of the bone (excessive bone remodelling)

Question 12

what does TRAP serve as a marker for

Answer 12

Hairy cell leukemia

Question 13

what does alpha-fetoprotein serve as a marker for

Answer 13

hepatocellular carcinoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

Question 14

in what situations is PSA high

Answer 14

prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis

Question 15

what does CA19-9 serve as a marker for

Answer 15

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 16

what does beta-hCG serve as a marker for

Answer 16

hyatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma (which are both forms of gestational trophoblastic disease)

Question 17

what does S-100 serve as a marker for

Answer 17

melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas

Question 18

what is calcitonin a marker for

Answer 18

medullary thyroid carcinoma

Question 19

what microbe causes cholangiocarcionoma (cancer of the bile duct)

Answer 19

liver fluke

Question 20

what is HTLV-1 and what does it cause

Answer 20

human T lymphotropic virus; causes T cell leukemia/lymphoma

Question 21

what does EBV cause

Answer 21

Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma in immunocompromised patients

Question 22

what cancers does HPV cause

Answer 22

cervical carcinoma (caused by HPV 16 and 18), penile and anal carcinoma, upper respiratory small cell carcinoma

Question 23

what cancers does H. pylori cause

Answer 23

gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

Question 24

what does Schistosoma haematobium cause

Answer 24

squamous cell bladder cancer

Question 25

what is HHV-8, what is it's nickname and what two cancers does it cause

Answer 25

Human Herpes Virus 8; aka Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus; causes Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity fluid B cell lymphoma

Question 26

what neoplasm causes Cushing's syndrome and what hormone is overproduced

Answer 26

small cell lung carcinoma causes Cushing's, causing overproduction of ACTH

Question 27

what three paraneoplastic syndromes can small cell lung carcinoma cause

Answer 27

Cushing's syndrome, SIADH and Eaton-Lambert's syndrome (antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels leading to muscle weakness)

Question 28

what neoplasms cause paraneoplastic polycythemia

Answer 28

renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma

Question 29

name the neoplasms that cause neoplastic hypercalcemia via parathyroid hormone related protein

Answer 29

squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer

Question 30

name the neoplasms that cause neoplastic hypercalcemia via calcitrol

Answer 30

Hodgkin's lymphoma, some non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Question 31

what neoplasms are paraneoplastic causes of SIADH

Answer 31

small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms

Question 32

use the mnemonic to name the cancers in which psammomas (concentric, calcific spherules) are seen

Answer 32

P-papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid S-serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary M-meningioma M-malignant mesothelioma

Question 33

which tumors commonly metastasize to the brain

Answer 33

lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

Question 34

which tumors commonly metastasize to the liver

Answer 34

colon >> stomach > pancreas

Question 35

which tumors commonly metastasize to the bone

Answer 35

prostate / breast > lung > thyroid and testes

Question 36

what are the two most common sites for metastasis after regional lymph nodes

Answer 36

liver and lung

Question 37

which cancers cause lytic bone lesions

Answer 37

lung and breast (breast causes lytic and blastic)

Question 38

which cancers cause blastic bone lesions

Answer 38

prostate and breast (breast causes lytic and blastic)

Question 39

explain the key difference between leukemia and lymphoma

Answer 39

leukemia involves the bone marrow and is a proliferation of less mature cells while lymphoma is a tumor of the lymph node involving more mature cells

Question 40

50% of cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma are associated with _________

Answer 40

EBV

Question 41

what are Reed-Sternberg cells and what kind of cancer are they associated with

Answer 41

large, binucleate tumor giant cells that look like "owl eyes" on histology; associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 42

what surface markers are found on Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 42

CD15+ and CD30+

Question 43

what's the difference in terms of age of onset between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's

Answer 43

Hodgkin's: young adults and >55 | non-Hodgkin's: ages 20-40

Question 44

what symptoms are associated with multiple myeloma

Answer 44

hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, bone lytic lesions/back pain,

Question 45

what percentage of people with MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) go on to develop multiple myeloma

Answer 45

1-2%