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Pathology > First Aid Pathology > Flashcards

First Aid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 chemical carcinogens that cause liver cancer and what types of cancer they cause in the liver

A

aflatoxin (causes hepatocellular carcinoma), arsenic (angiosarcoma), vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma), carbon tetrachloride (centrilobular necrosis and fatty change)

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2
Q

name 5 types of cancer that cigarette smoke causes

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx,
squamous cell and small cell carcinoma of the lung,
renal cell carcinoma,
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder,
pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

what two types of cancer does asbestos cause and which one predominates

A

bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

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4
Q

what chemical causes gastric cancer and what is it found in

A

nitrosamines (from smoked food)

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5
Q

what cancers does arsenic cause

A

angiosarcoma of the liver,

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

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6
Q

what cancer does napthalene cause

A

transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

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7
Q

what chemical increases risk of leukemia

A

alkylating agents

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8
Q

what cancers does bombesin serve as a marker for

A

neuroblastoma, lung cancer and gastric cancer

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9
Q

what cancer does CA-125 serve as a marker for

A

ovarian cancer

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10
Q

what does CEA stand for and what cancers does CEA serve as a marker for

A

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen: colorectal and pancreatic (found in 70%), gastric cancer, breast cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma

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11
Q

what cancers does alkaline phosphatase serve as a marker for

A

mets to bone and liver as well as Paget’s disease of the bone (excessive bone remodelling)

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12
Q

what does TRAP serve as a marker for

A

Hairy cell leukemia

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13
Q

what does alpha-fetoprotein serve as a marker for

A

hepatocellular carcinoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

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14
Q

in what situations is PSA high

A

prostatic carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis

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15
Q

what does CA19-9 serve as a marker for

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

what does beta-hCG serve as a marker for

A

hyatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma (which are both forms of gestational trophoblastic disease)

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17
Q

what does S-100 serve as a marker for

A

melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas

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18
Q

what is calcitonin a marker for

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma

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19
Q

what microbe causes cholangiocarcionoma (cancer of the bile duct)

A

liver fluke

20
Q

what is HTLV-1 and what does it cause

A

human T lymphotropic virus; causes T cell leukemia/lymphoma

21
Q

what does EBV cause

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma in immunocompromised patients

22
Q

what cancers does HPV cause

A

cervical carcinoma (caused by HPV 16 and 18), penile and anal carcinoma, upper respiratory small cell carcinoma

23
Q

what cancers does H. pylori cause

A

gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

24
Q

what does Schistosoma haematobium cause

A

squamous cell bladder cancer

25
Q

what is HHV-8, what is it’s nickname and what two cancers does it cause

A

Human Herpes Virus 8; aka Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus; causes Kaposi’s sarcoma and body cavity fluid B cell lymphoma

26
Q

what neoplasm causes Cushing’s syndrome and what hormone is overproduced

A

small cell lung carcinoma causes Cushing’s, causing overproduction of ACTH

27
Q

what three paraneoplastic syndromes can small cell lung carcinoma cause

A

Cushing’s syndrome, SIADH and Eaton-Lambert’s syndrome (antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels leading to muscle weakness)

28
Q

what neoplasms cause paraneoplastic polycythemia

A

renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma

29
Q

name the neoplasms that cause neoplastic hypercalcemia via parathyroid hormone related protein

A

squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer

30
Q

name the neoplasms that cause neoplastic hypercalcemia via calcitrol

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas

31
Q

what neoplasms are paraneoplastic causes of SIADH

A

small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms

32
Q

use the mnemonic to name the cancers in which psammomas (concentric, calcific spherules) are seen

A

P-papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
S-serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
M-meningioma
M-malignant mesothelioma

33
Q

which tumors commonly metastasize to the brain

A

lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

34
Q

which tumors commonly metastasize to the liver

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

35
Q

which tumors commonly metastasize to the bone

A

prostate / breast > lung > thyroid and testes

36
Q

what are the two most common sites for metastasis after regional lymph nodes

A

liver and lung

37
Q

which cancers cause lytic bone lesions

A

lung and breast (breast causes lytic and blastic)

38
Q

which cancers cause blastic bone lesions

A

prostate and breast (breast causes lytic and blastic)

39
Q

explain the key difference between leukemia and lymphoma

A

leukemia involves the bone marrow and is a proliferation of less mature cells while lymphoma is a tumor of the lymph node involving more mature cells

40
Q

50% of cases of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are associated with _________

A

EBV

41
Q

what are Reed-Sternberg cells and what kind of cancer are they associated with

A

large, binucleate tumor giant cells that look like “owl eyes” on histology; associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma

42
Q

what surface markers are found on Reed-Sternberg cells

A

CD15+ and CD30+

43
Q

what’s the difference in terms of age of onset between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s

A

Hodgkin’s: young adults and >55

non-Hodgkin’s: ages 20-40

44
Q

what symptoms are associated with multiple myeloma

A

hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, bone lytic lesions/back pain,

45
Q

what percentage of people with MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) go on to develop multiple myeloma

A

1-2%

Pathology (3 decks)

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