First Aid Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Mitochondrial inheritance
A
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited
through females only
2
Q
Intellectual disability
A
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
3
Q
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
A
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only
3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
4
Q
Lysosomal storage disease
A
Gaucher disease
5
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
6
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes
newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens
7
Q
HLA-DR3
A
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto
thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison
disease
8
Q
HLA-DR4
A
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison
disease
9
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
A
H pylori
10
Q
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
A
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
11
Q
Helminth infection (US)
A
Enterobius vermicularis
12
Q
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
A
HSV-1
13
Q
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
A
Hepatitis C
14
Q
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
A
S aureus, B cereus
15
Q
Osteomyelitis
A
S aureus (most common overall)
16
Q
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
A
Salmonella
17
Q
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
18
Q
UTI
A
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
19
Q
Sexually transmitted disease
A
C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
20
Q
Nosocomial pneumonia
A
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram ⊝ rods
21
Q
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A
C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae
22
Q
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
A
S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)
23
Q
Metastases to bone
A
Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung
24
Q
Metastases to brain
A
Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney
25
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
26
S3 heart sound
ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
27
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive
cardiomyopathy)
28
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed
world)
29
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
30
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
31
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
32
Opening snap
Mitral Stenosis
33
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
34
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus
arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return,
tricuspid atresia
36
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes
| right to left)
```
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA;
results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
```
37
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
38
Hypertension, 2°
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg,
polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy),
hyperaldosteronism
39
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
40
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
41
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
42
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery
> carotid artery
43
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
44
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
45
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
46
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans
streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon
cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
47
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of
| ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
48
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium
| vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
49
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
50
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)
51
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
52
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
53
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
54
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
55
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
56
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
57
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
58
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
59
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
60
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
61
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
62
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or
pancreas), associated with MEN1
63
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma
| US
64
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer ( intracranial pressure stimulates vagal
gastric H+ secretion)
65
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in
sloughing of gastric mucosa)
66
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
67
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause
pernicious anemia)
68
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
69
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal
| colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
70
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
71
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
72
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C,
alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
73
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
74
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis,
hemochromatosis, α1
-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson
disease)
75
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to
secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
76
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia)
77
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation
(can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and risk
of hepatocellular carcinoma)
78
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
79
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
80
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
81
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
82
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to
von Willebrand factor)
83
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
84
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns,
| trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
85
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
86
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
```
Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic
predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
```
87
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic
oncogene)
88
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor
oncogene)
89
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
90
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
91
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML:
adult 45–85
92
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
93
Death in CML
Blast crisis
94
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene,
tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with
ALL
95
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II:
elderly man or woman)
96
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated
| arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
97
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
98
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses
spontaneously by childhood)
99
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
100
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
101
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing
ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
102
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform
shaped)
103
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
104
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
105
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
106
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including
| glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
107
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
108
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
109
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
110
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
```
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined
degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal,
spinocerebellar tracts affected)
```
111
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
112
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
113
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
114
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease
⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and
S saprophyticus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
Cystine = faintly radiopaque
115
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau
and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO,
renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
116
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
117
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
118
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
and anosmia)
119
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
120
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
121
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
122
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
123
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical
carcinoma (most common worldwide)
124
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal
women)
125
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
126
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
127
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), placental ALP
128
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung
disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg,
OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
129
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad ( risk of thrombosis)
130
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
