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first aid key associations Flashcards

1
Q

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females

A

mitochondrial inheritance

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2
Q

vitamin deficiency

A

folate (pregnant woman at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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3
Q

gaucher disease

A

lysosomal storage disease

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4
Q

food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S aureus, B cereus

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5
Q

osteomyelitis

A

S aureus (most common overall)

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6
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S pneumoniae

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7
Q

bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

group B strep/ E. coli, listeria monocytogenes(newborn), S pneumoniae, N meningitidis (kids/teens)

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8
Q

bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies

A

H pylori

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9
Q

opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

pneumoncystis jiroveci pneumoniae

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10
Q

helminth infection (US)

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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11
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

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12
Q

infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

hepatitis C

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13
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

salmonella

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14
Q

osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

pseudomonas, candida, s aureus

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15
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, staph saprophyticus (young women)

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16
Q

C trachomatis (usually with N gonorrhoae)

A

STD

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17
Q

nosocomial pneumoniae

A

S aureus, pseudomonas, other enteric gram neg rods

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18
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C trachomatis, N gonorrhae

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19
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

s aureus, e coli, aspergillus (catalase plus)

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20
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney

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21
Q

metastases to brain

A

lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

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22
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

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23
Q

S3 heart sound

A

increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

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24
Q

S4 heart sound

A

stiff/ hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

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25
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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26
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

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27
Q

ejection click

A

aortic stenosis

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28
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

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29
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

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30
Q

heart murmur, congenital

A

mitral valve prolapse

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31
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (assoc with high risk of emboli)

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32
Q

cyanosis (early; less common)

A

tetralogy of falot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return

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33
Q

late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA); results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia

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34
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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35
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (polycystic kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy), hyperaldosteronism

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36
Q

aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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37
Q

aortic dissection

A

hypertension

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38
Q

aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor

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39
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

tertiary syphillus, vasa vasorum destruction

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40
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

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41
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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42
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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43
Q

endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium

A

S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans stretococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative ( Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)

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44
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

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45
Q

recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

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46
Q

primary cardiac tumor in kids

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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47
Q

cardiac tumor in adults

A

metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”

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48
Q

21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

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49
Q

cushing syndrome

A

iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy); adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH- secreting pituitary adenoma (cushing disrase); paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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50
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla, kids

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

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51
Q

tumor of adrenal medulla, adults

A

pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

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52
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit/ congenital hypothyroidism

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53
Q

HLA-DR3

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, hashimoto thyroiditis (also assoc with HLA-DR5), addisons disease

54
Q

thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

55
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

56
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

57
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

58
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

59
Q

HLA-DR4

A

diabetes mellitus type 1, RA, addison disease

60
Q

refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

A

zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenom or pancreas) assoc with MEN1

61
Q

esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma(worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

62
Q

acute gastric ulcer assoc with CNS injury

A

cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

63
Q

acute gastric ulcer assoc with severe burns

A

curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

64
Q

bilateral ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma

A

krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

65
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

66
Q

gastric cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

67
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

skip lesions (crohn disease)

68
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

69
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

70
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver (associated with hep B&C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)

71
Q

liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

72
Q

primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antryptsin deficiency, wilson disease)

73
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocutes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

74
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

75
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusion or hereditary HFE mutation (Can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

76
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

gallstones, alcohol

77
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

78
Q

autospenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

79
Q

microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency

80
Q

bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

bernard-soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

81
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disorder

82
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstretic complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

83
Q

malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

hodgkin lymphoma

84
Q

types of hodgkin lymphoma

A

nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, hymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

85
Q

t(14;18)

A

follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

86
Q

t(8;14)

A

burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene

87
Q

type of non-hodgkin lymphoma

A

diffuse large b-cell lymphoma

88
Q

primary bone tumor, adults

A

multiple myeloma

89
Q

age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL- child, CLL-adult >60, AML- adult ~65, CML adult 45-85

90
Q

malignancy kids

A

leukemia, brain tumors

91
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

92
Q

t(9;22)

A

philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL

93
Q

ventricular compression failure

A

osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)

94
Q

HLA-B27

A

psoriatic arhtritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly reiter syndrome)

95
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

96
Q

tumor of infancy

A

strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regress spontaneously by childhood)

97
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

98
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

chiari I malformation

99
Q

atrophy of the mamillary bodies

A

wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

100
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

101
Q

hematoma- epidural

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

102
Q

hematoma- subdural

A

rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

103
Q

dementia

A

alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

104
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

105
Q

brain tumor, adults

A

supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

106
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

107
Q

brain tumor kids

A

infratenorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

108
Q

mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

109
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

110
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

membranous nephropathy

111
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

112
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

113
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium=radiopaque
struvite =radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as klebsiella, proteus species and S saprophyticus
uric acid= radiolucent
cystine= faintly radiopaque

114
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

115
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndroms (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

116
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)

117
Q

neuron migration failure

A

kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

118
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

119
Q

ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

serous cystadenoma

120
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

121
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (Estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

122
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A

endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

123
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

124
Q

breast tumor (benign, young women)

A

fibroadenoma

125
Q

breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

126
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive) increased placental ALP

127
Q

right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

128
Q

hyper-coagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

129
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (HF), lung disease (COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA), thromboemlbolic (PE)

130
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

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