first aid key associations Flashcards
1
Q
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females
A
mitochondrial inheritance
2
Q
vitamin deficiency
A
folate (pregnant woman at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
3
Q
gaucher disease
A
lysosomal storage disease
4
Q
food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
A
S aureus, B cereus
5
Q
osteomyelitis
A
S aureus (most common overall)
6
Q
bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
S pneumoniae
7
Q
bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
group B strep/ E. coli, listeria monocytogenes(newborn), S pneumoniae, N meningitidis (kids/teens)
8
Q
bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies
A
H pylori
9
Q
opportunistic infection in AIDS
A
pneumoncystis jiroveci pneumoniae
10
Q
helminth infection (US)
A
ascaris lumbricoides
11
Q
myocarditis
A
coxsackie B
12
Q
infection secondary to blood transfusion
A
hepatitis C
13
Q
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
A
salmonella
14
Q
osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
pseudomonas, candida, s aureus
15
Q
UTI
A
E. coli, staph saprophyticus (young women)
16
Q
C trachomatis (usually with N gonorrhoae)
A
STD
17
Q
nosocomial pneumoniae
A
S aureus, pseudomonas, other enteric gram neg rods
18
Q
pelvic inflammatory disease
A
C trachomatis, N gonorrhae
19
Q
infections in chronic granulomatous disease
A
s aureus, e coli, aspergillus (catalase plus)
20
Q
metastases to bone
A
prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney
21
Q
metastases to brain
A
lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
22
Q
metastases to liver
A
colon»_space; stomach > pancreas
23
Q
S3 heart sound
A
increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
24
Q
S4 heart sound
A
stiff/ hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
25
constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
26
holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
27
ejection click
aortic stenosis
28
mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic heart disease
29
opening snap
mitral stenosis
30
heart murmur, congenital
mitral valve prolapse
31
chronic arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation (assoc with high risk of emboli)
32
cyanosis (early; less common)
tetralogy of falot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return
33
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA); results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
34
congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
35
secondary hypertension
renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (polycystic kidney disease, diabetic neuropathy), hyperaldosteronism
36
aortic aneurysm, thoracic
marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
37
aortic dissection
hypertension
38
aortic aneurysm, abdominal
atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
39
aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
tertiary syphillus, vasa vasorum destruction
40
sites of atherosclerosis
abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
41
cardiac manifestation of lupus
marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
42
heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
43
endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans stretococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative ( Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
44
temporal arteritis
risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
45
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
46
primary cardiac tumor in kids
rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
47
cardiac tumor in adults
metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; "ball valve"
48
21-hydroxylase deficiency
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
49
cushing syndrome
iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy); adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH- secreting pituitary adenoma (cushing disrase); paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
50
tumor of adrenal medulla, kids
neuroblastoma (malignant)
51
tumor of adrenal medulla, adults
pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
52
cretinism
iodine deficit/ congenital hypothyroidism
53
HLA-DR3
diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, hashimoto thyroiditis (also assoc with HLA-DR5), addisons disease
54
thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
55
hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during thyroidectomy
56
primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
57
secondary hyperparathyroidism
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
58
hypopituitarism
pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
59
HLA-DR4
diabetes mellitus type 1, RA, addison disease
60
refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenom or pancreas) assoc with MEN1
61
esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma(worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
62
acute gastric ulcer assoc with CNS injury
cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
63
acute gastric ulcer assoc with severe burns
curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
64
bilateral ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma
krukenberg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)
65
chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
66
gastric cancer
adenocarcinoma
67
alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
skip lesions (crohn disease)
68
diverticulum in pharynx
zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
69
site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
70
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver (associated with hep B&C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
71
liver disease
alcoholic cirrhosis
72
primary liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antryptsin deficiency, wilson disease)
73
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
dubin-johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocutes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
74
hereditary harmless jaundice
gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
75
hemochromatosis
multiple blood transfusion or hereditary HFE mutation (Can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes", and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
76
acute pancreatitis
gallstones, alcohol
77
chronic pancreatitis
alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
78
autospenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
79
microcytic anemia
iron deficiency
80
bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
bernard-soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
81
hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disorder
82
DIC
severe sepsis, obstretic complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
83
malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
hodgkin lymphoma
84
types of hodgkin lymphoma
nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, hymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
85
t(14;18)
follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
86
t(8;14)
burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene
87
type of non-hodgkin lymphoma
diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
88
primary bone tumor, adults
multiple myeloma
89
age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL- child, CLL-adult >60, AML- adult ~65, CML adult 45-85
90
malignancy kids
leukemia, brain tumors
91
death in CML
blast crisis
92
t(9;22)
philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL
93
ventricular compression failure
osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)
94
HLA-B27
psoriatic arhtritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly reiter syndrome)
95
death in SLE
lupus nephropathy
96
tumor of infancy
strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regress spontaneously by childhood)
97
actinic (solar) keratosis
precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
98
cerebellar tonsillar herniation
chiari I malformation
99
atrophy of the mamillary bodies
wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
100
viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
101
hematoma- epidural
rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
102
hematoma- subdural
rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
103
dementia
alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
104
demyelinating disease in young women
multiple sclerosis
105
brain tumor, adults
supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
106
pituitary tumor
prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
107
brain tumor kids
infratenorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
108
mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
109
primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
110
nephrotic syndrome (adults)
membranous nephropathy
111
nephrotic syndrome (kids)
minimal change disease
112
glomerulonephritis (adults)
berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
113
kidney stones
calcium=radiopaque
struvite =radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as klebsiella, proteus species and S saprophyticus
uric acid= radiolucent
cystine= faintly radiopaque
114
obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
115
renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndroms (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
116
primary amenorrhea
turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
117
neuron migration failure
kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
118
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
DES exposure in utero
119
ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
serous cystadenoma
120
ovarian tumor (malignant)
serous cystadenocarcinoma
121
tumor in women
leiomyoma (Estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
122
gynecologic malignancy
endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
123
breast mass
fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
124
breast tumor (benign, young women)
fibroadenoma
125
breast cancer
invasive ductal carcinoma
126
testicular tumor
seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive) increased placental ALP
127
right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
cor pulmonale
128
hyper-coagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
129
pulmonary hypertension
idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (HF), lung disease (COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA), thromboemlbolic (PE)
130
SIADH
small cell carcinoma of the lung
