First Aid Exam 3 Flashcards
Non-Traumatic Brain Injuries
Due to inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussions, Hematoma
Concussions
Bruise to brain but no bleeding
Acceleration
Stationary head hit with a moving object
Signs and Symptoms of Concussion
Halmark sign-deteriorates over time nausea projectile vomiting negative PEARL vision problems severe headache amnesia confusion loss of balance
Mild Concussion Signs & Symptoms
no loss of consciousness slight confusion dizziness no amnesia usually clear up in 5-10 mins bell rung
Moderate Concussion Signs & Symptoms
brief period of lost consciousness mental confusion dizziness unsteady gait blurred vision tinnitus-ringing in ears headache nausea positive Rhomberg sign: feet together, arms out to side, close eyes antegrade amnesia (after injury)
Mild Concussion Treatment
TX:
remove form activity & examine
medical clearance required
Moderate Concussion Treatment
TX: spine board remove from activity if headache, no aspirin, tylenol, IBP monitor over night wake every 2 hrs check for deterioration of memory get to hospital cerebral spinal fluid return to activity 1 week after symptoms have resolved
Severe Concussion Signs & Symptoms
unconscious 2-5 mins mental confusion AVPU: Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive Vertigo (positive Rhomberg) nausea dizziness severe headache retrograde amnesia (before injury) negative PEARL photophobia Nystagmus (dancing eyes) Ataxia (loss of muscle coordination) Automatism (automatic behavior before fully aware
Severe Concussion Treatment
Spine board
refer to hospital
no participation for one month, 2 weeks a-symptomatic after month.
2 grade 2/grade 3 concussions-season ending
Concussion Testing
question athlete:simple questions/math test eyes balance: Rhomberg depth perception: close eyes, touch nose Babinski test: upside down J-stroke on bottom of foot-> should scrunch foot down
Post Concussion Syndrome
may last a number of weeks S/S: persistant headache blurred vision irritability inability to concentrate CTE: chronic traumatic encephalopathy TX: refer to MD
Hematoma
meninges
localized collection of blood
swelling increases & hematoma expands increasing intracranial pressure
disrupts blood supply (lack of 02)
Epidural Hematoma
tear in dural membrane artery: rapid bleeding
Subdural Hematoma
tear in veins: connect dura to cerebral cortex
Intracranial Hematoma
bleeding within the brain: rapid symptoms, refer to hospital
Hematoma Treatment
support vital functions until EMS arrives, shock, do not elevate feet -> head & shoulders instead
Skull Fracture
1/4” thick = extreme force required
depressed, linear, comminuted, basilar
TX:
establish/maintain open airway, check spinal injury, CPR, control bleeding, donut pad, do not remove penetrating object, recovery position, dress open woulds, EMS
Spine Injuries
various mechanisms may result in punching spinal nerves, partially or completely tearing severing spinal cord
hyperflexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion, rotation, compression, distraction, penetrating objects, bone fragments
Spine injury complications
inadequate breathing
phrenic nerve disruption or injury
Paralysis
weakness, loss of sensation, complete loss of function disruption occurs below level of injury cervical: arms and legs thoracic: trunk and legs lumbar: legs
Paralysis Signs and Symptoms
pain with arm or leg movement numbness tingling weakness burning sensations in arm or legs paralysis of limbs loss of bowel bladder control deformity impiared breathing
Paralysis Treatment
conscious victim: questioning
unconscious victim: activate EMS, check ABCD’s stabilize the head/neck, do not remove helmet-only face mask, possible spine boarding o maintain stabilization until EMS arrives
Neck Protection
good muscle strength
develop ROM/flexibility of neck
proper technique
adequate protection
Cervical Spine Injuries
MOI: axial loading, neck in slight flexion
most common sports: football, hockey, wrestling
Primary Survey
responsiveness airway breathing circulation serious external bleeding if unconscious after contact: assume spinal injury
Secondary Survey
neck pain
altered sensation: dysesthesias, paestesias
gross weakness in extremity
paralysis: if conscious and reporting any above symptoms, assume cervical spine injury
Asthma
chronic inflammatory disease
characterized by increased sensitivity of trachea, bronchii, and bronchioles to various stimuli
Acute Asthma Signs & Symptoms
victim leaning forward fighting to breathe spasmodic, unproductive cough whistling/wheezing during exhalation little air movement hyperinflation of chest rapid shallow respirations rapid pulse (>120) fatigue accessory muscle use in neck & shoulders to breathe *problem with breathing in, not out
Acute Asthma Management
establish an airway rescue breathing if necessary keep victim calm place in position of comfort (usually sitting upright) assist with inhaler use
Status Asthmaticus
severe, prolonged asthma attack not responding to S/S: aggressive treatment severe hyperinflation cyanosis extreme labored breathing inaudible breath sounds exhaustion anxiety dehydration TX: same as acute attack but more urgent in care and activation of EMS
Diabetes
disease due to lack of insulin or inadequate supply or use of insulin
insulin secreted from pancreas after eating to draw blood stream and across cell membranes to be used for fuel
Diabetes Complications
all organs are affected except brain because it doesn’t require insulin for glucose transport)
cells start using fat and protein as fuel affecting muscle and vital organ mass
glucose accumulates in bloodstream and kidneys dump it into urine
Diabetes left Untreated
circulatory problems:gang green blindness (2 to retinal blood vessel degeneration) loss of sensation in feet and hands delayed stomach emptying sexual dysfunction/impotence heart attack stroke
Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin Dependent)
little or no ability to produce insulin
requires daily injections of insulin and careful monitoring
Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent)
insufficient production of insulin or organs don’t respond to it
controlled through diet, exercise, and or medication
Gestational Diabetes
develops during pregnancy when placenta causes body to not respond to produced insulin
controlled through diet and/or medication
usually ends following the birth of large babies
may or may not occur in subsequent pregnancies
Hypoglycemia
too much insulin, not enough or no glucose in blood
Hyperglycemia
not enough or lack of insulin and too much sugar in blood
Hypoglycemia Signs & Symptoms
quick onset took too much insulin/doesn't adjust to new dose or didn't eat enough over excited/or over exerted themselves vomited after eating and taking insulin emotionally excited
Hyperglycemia Signs & Symptoms
gradual development
not diagnosed with diabetes and/or hasn’t received treatment
hasn’t taken insulin
Hypoglycemia Treatment
activate EMS
give sugar or glucose to a responsive victim
maintain airway/rescue breathing
monitor vitals
if altered mental status: EMS, no liquids, recovery position
Hyperglycemia Treatment
activate EMS maintain airway/rescue breathing/CPR recovery position (possible vomiting) treat for shock monitor vitals every 5 minutes
