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First Aid & Safety > First Aid Exam 3 > Flashcards

First Aid Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-Traumatic Brain Injuries

A

Due to inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery

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2
Q

Traumatic Brain Injuries

A

Concussions, Hematoma

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3
Q

Concussions

A

Bruise to brain but no bleeding

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4
Q

Acceleration

A

Stationary head hit with a moving object

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5
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Concussion

A 
Halmark sign-deteriorates over time
nausea
projectile vomiting
negative PEARL
vision problems
severe headache
amnesia
confusion
loss of balance
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6
Q

Mild Concussion Signs & Symptoms

A 
no loss of consciousness
slight confusion
dizziness
no amnesia
usually clear up in 5-10 mins
bell rung
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7
Q

Moderate Concussion Signs & Symptoms

A 
brief period of lost consciousness
mental confusion
dizziness
unsteady gait
blurred vision
tinnitus-ringing in ears
headache
nausea
positive Rhomberg sign: feet together, arms out to side, close eyes
antegrade amnesia (after injury)
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8
Q

Mild Concussion Treatment

A

TX:
remove form activity & examine
medical clearance required

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9
Q

Moderate Concussion Treatment

A 
TX:
spine board
remove from activity
if headache, no aspirin, tylenol, IBP
monitor over night
wake every 2 hrs
check for deterioration of memory
get to hospital
cerebral spinal fluid
return to activity 1 week after symptoms have resolved
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10
Q

Severe Concussion Signs & Symptoms

A 
unconscious 2-5 mins
mental confusion
AVPU: Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive
Vertigo (positive Rhomberg)
nausea
dizziness
severe headache
retrograde amnesia (before injury)
negative PEARL
photophobia
Nystagmus (dancing eyes)
Ataxia (loss of muscle coordination)
Automatism (automatic behavior before fully aware
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11
Q

Severe Concussion Treatment

A

Spine board
refer to hospital
no participation for one month, 2 weeks a-symptomatic after month.
2 grade 2/grade 3 concussions-season ending

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12
Q

Concussion Testing

A 
question athlete:simple questions/math
test eyes
balance: Rhomberg
depth perception: close eyes, touch nose
Babinski test: upside down J-stroke on bottom of foot-> should scrunch foot down
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13
Q

Post Concussion Syndrome

A 
may last a number of weeks
S/S: 
persistant headache
blurred vision
irritability
inability to concentrate
CTE: chronic traumatic encephalopathy
TX:
refer to MD
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14
Q

Hematoma

A

meninges
localized collection of blood
swelling increases & hematoma expands increasing intracranial pressure
disrupts blood supply (lack of 02)

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15
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

tear in dural membrane artery: rapid bleeding

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16
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

tear in veins: connect dura to cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Intracranial Hematoma

A

bleeding within the brain: rapid symptoms, refer to hospital

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18
Q

Hematoma Treatment

A

support vital functions until EMS arrives, shock, do not elevate feet -> head & shoulders instead

19
Q

Skull Fracture

A

1/4” thick = extreme force required
depressed, linear, comminuted, basilar
TX:
establish/maintain open airway, check spinal injury, CPR, control bleeding, donut pad, do not remove penetrating object, recovery position, dress open woulds, EMS

20
Q

Spine Injuries

A

various mechanisms may result in punching spinal nerves, partially or completely tearing severing spinal cord
hyperflexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion, rotation, compression, distraction, penetrating objects, bone fragments

21
Q

Spine injury complications

A

inadequate breathing

phrenic nerve disruption or injury

22
Q

Paralysis

A 
weakness, loss of sensation, complete loss of function
disruption occurs below level of injury
cervical: arms and legs
thoracic: trunk and legs
lumbar: legs
23
Q

Paralysis Signs and Symptoms

A 
pain with arm or leg movement
numbness
tingling
weakness
burning sensations in arm or legs
paralysis of limbs
loss of bowel
bladder control
deformity
impiared breathing
24
Q

Paralysis Treatment

A

conscious victim: questioning
unconscious victim: activate EMS, check ABCD’s stabilize the head/neck, do not remove helmet-only face mask, possible spine boarding o maintain stabilization until EMS arrives

25
Q

Neck Protection

A

good muscle strength
develop ROM/flexibility of neck
proper technique
adequate protection

26
Q

Cervical Spine Injuries

A

MOI: axial loading, neck in slight flexion

most common sports: football, hockey, wrestling

27
Q

Primary Survey

A 
responsiveness
airway
breathing 
circulation 
serious external bleeding 
if unconscious after contact: assume spinal injury
28
Q

Secondary Survey

A

neck pain
altered sensation: dysesthesias, paestesias
gross weakness in extremity
paralysis: if conscious and reporting any above symptoms, assume cervical spine injury

29
Q

Asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disease

characterized by increased sensitivity of trachea, bronchii, and bronchioles to various stimuli

30
Q

Acute Asthma Signs & Symptoms

A 
victim leaning forward fighting to breathe
spasmodic, unproductive cough
whistling/wheezing during exhalation
little air movement
hyperinflation of chest
rapid shallow respirations
rapid pulse (>120)
fatigue
accessory muscle use in neck & shoulders to breathe
*problem with breathing in, not out
31
Q

Acute Asthma Management

A 
establish an airway
rescue breathing if necessary
keep victim calm
place in position of comfort (usually sitting upright)
assist with inhaler use
32
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A 
severe, prolonged asthma attack not responding to S/S:
aggressive treatment
severe hyperinflation
cyanosis
extreme labored breathing
inaudible breath sounds
exhaustion
anxiety
dehydration
TX: same as acute attack but more urgent in care and activation of EMS
33
Q

Diabetes

A

disease due to lack of insulin or inadequate supply or use of insulin
insulin secreted from pancreas after eating to draw blood stream and across cell membranes to be used for fuel

34
Q

Diabetes Complications

A

all organs are affected except brain because it doesn’t require insulin for glucose transport)
cells start using fat and protein as fuel affecting muscle and vital organ mass
glucose accumulates in bloodstream and kidneys dump it into urine

35
Q

Diabetes left Untreated

A 
circulatory problems:gang green
blindness (2 to retinal blood vessel degeneration)
loss of sensation in feet and hands
delayed stomach emptying
sexual dysfunction/impotence
heart attack
stroke
36
Q

Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin Dependent)

A

little or no ability to produce insulin

requires daily injections of insulin and careful monitoring

37
Q

Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent)

A

insufficient production of insulin or organs don’t respond to it
controlled through diet, exercise, and or medication

38
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

develops during pregnancy when placenta causes body to not respond to produced insulin
controlled through diet and/or medication
usually ends following the birth of large babies
may or may not occur in subsequent pregnancies

39
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

too much insulin, not enough or no glucose in blood

40
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

not enough or lack of insulin and too much sugar in blood

41
Q

Hypoglycemia Signs & Symptoms

A 
quick onset
took too much insulin/doesn't adjust to new dose or didn't eat enough
over excited/or over exerted themselves
vomited after eating and taking insulin
emotionally excited
42
Q

Hyperglycemia Signs & Symptoms

A

gradual development
not diagnosed with diabetes and/or hasn’t received treatment
hasn’t taken insulin

43
Q

Hypoglycemia Treatment

A

activate EMS
give sugar or glucose to a responsive victim
maintain airway/rescue breathing
monitor vitals
if altered mental status: EMS, no liquids, recovery position

44
Q

Hyperglycemia Treatment

A 
activate EMS
maintain airway/rescue breathing/CPR
recovery position (possible vomiting)
treat for shock
monitor vitals every 5 minutes

First Aid & Safety (2 decks)

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