First Aid Chapter Flashcards
1
Q
rotator cuff muscles
A
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
SItS
2
Q
Innervation of supraspinatus
A
suprascapular nerve
3
Q
Innervation of infraspinatus
A
suprascapular nerve
4
Q
Innervation of teres minor
A
axillary nerve
5
Q
Innervation of subscapularis
A
upper and lower subscapular
6
Q
Rotator cuff muscle responsible for abduction
A
supraspinatus
7
Q
Rotator cuff muscle responsible for external rotation of arm
A
infraspinatus
8
Q
Rotator cuff muscle responsible for both adducting and externally rotating the arm
A
teres minor
9
Q
Rotator cuff muscles responsible for both internal rotation and adduction of the arm
A
subscapularis
10
Q
Arm abduction muscles, in order of activation / ROM
A
supraspinatus -> deltoid -> trapezius -> serratus anterior
11
Q
Exceptions to all motor innervation to the hand being ulnar nerve
A
Thenar muscles and lateral two lumbricals are median nerve
12
Q
Roots the Axillary Nerve derives from
A
C5-C6 (this is the only unintuitive one)
13
Q
Proximal to Distal Fractures of the Humerus: surgical neck, mid-shaft, and supracondylar. What are the affected nerves?
A
Surgical neck - axillary
Midshaft - radial
Supracondylar - median
14
Q
Causes of injury to Axillary Nerve
A
1) fractured surgical neck of humerus
2) anterior dislocation of humerus
15
Q
Causes of injury to Median Nerve
A
1) supracondylar fracture of humerus
2) carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist laceration
16
Q
Causes of injury to Ulnar Nerve
A
1) fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus
2) fractured hook of hamate from FOOSH
17
Q
Causes of injury to Recurrent branch of median nerve
A
1) superficial laceration of palm
18
Q
Traction/tear of upper trunk
A
Erb Palsy
19
Q
Traction/tear of lower trunk
A
Klumpke Palsy
20
Q
Compression of lower trunk and subclavian vessels
A
Thoracic outlet syndrome
21
Q
Lesion of long thoracic nerve
A
Winged scapula
22
Q
Muscle deficits of Erb Palsy
A
Deltoid (+supraspinatus), infraspinatus, and biceps brachii
“hERB gets DIBs on TIPs” (waiter’s tip)
23
Q
Muscle deficits of Klumpke palsy and thoracic outlet syndrome
A
Intrinsic hand muscles: lumbricals, interossei, thenar, and hypothenar
24
Q
Lesion causing ulnar claw
A
distal ulnar nerve
25
Lesion causing Pope's Blessing
proximal median nerve
26
Lesion causing median claw
distal median nerve
27
Lesion causing ok gesture
proximal ulnar nerve
28
Leads to atrophy of the thenar eminence
median nerve lesion
29
Leads to atrophy of the hypothenar eminence
ulnar nerve lesion
30
Test for MCL injury
Knee extended or at 30 degrees. Abduction force. Medial space widens
31
Test for LCL injury
Knee extended or at 30 degrees. Adduction force. Lateral space widens
32
McMurray Test
During flexion and extension of knee with rotation of tibia/foot....
Pain/popping on internal rotation indicates a lateral meniscal tear. Pain/popping on external rotation indicates a medial meniscal tear.
33
Most common high ankle sprain
anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
34
Most common (low) ankle sprain
anterior talofibular ligament (or also calcaneofibular ligament)
35
Clinical findings: L3-L4 herniation
weakness of knee extension; decr. patellar reflex
36
Clinical findings: L4-L5 herniation
weakness of dorsiflexion; difficulty in heel walking
37
Clinical findings: L5-S1 herniation
weakness of plantarflexion; difficulty in toe walking; decr. achilles reflex
38
Neurovascular pairing with long thoracic nerve in axilla/lateral thorax
lateral thoracic artery
39
Neurovascular pairing with axillary nerve in surgical neck of humerus
posterior circumflex artery
40
Neurovascular pairing with radial nerve in midshaft of humerus
deep brachial artery
41
Neurovascular pairing with median nerve in distal humerus/cubital fossa
brachial artery
42
Neurovascular pairing with popliteal artery in popliteal fossa
tibial nerve
43
Neurovascular pairing with tibial nerve in posterior to medial malleolus
posterior tibial artery
44
In the sarcomere, which band does not contract
A band
[A band is Always the same length]
45
Which bands shorten when the sarcomere contracts?
H and I bands between Z lines
[HIZ shrinkage]
46
Sensory axons associated with muscle spindles
Type Ia and II
47
Sensory axons associated with golgi tendon organs
Type Ib
48
Cartilagenous model of bone is first made by chondrocytes. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts later replace with woven bone and then remodel to lamellar bone. In adults, woven bone always pathologic.
Endochondral ossification (bones of axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and base of skull)
49
WOven bone formed directly without cartilage. Later remodeled to lamellar bone.
Membranous ossification (bones of calvarium, facial bones, and clavicle)
50
Effects of parathyroid hormone on bones
Low/Intermittent levels: anabolic effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Chronically high levels: cause catabolic effect (osteitis fibrosa cystica)
51
Defective in achondroplasia
endochondral ossification
52
Effects of estrogen on bones
inhibits apoptosis in bone-forming osteoblasts and induces apoptosis in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Causes closure of epiphyseal plate during puberty.
53
Metacarpal neck fracture or boxer's fracture
Common fracture caused by direct blow with a closed fist. Most commonly seen in 4th and 5th metacarpals
54
Contents of carpal tunnel
1) median nerve
2) flexor pollicis longus (tendon)
3) flexor digitorum superficialis (tendons)
4) flexor digitorum profundus (tendons)
55
Tests for carpal tunnel
1) positive Tinel Sign (percussion of wrist/nerve causes tingling)
2) Phalen Manuever (90 deg flexion of wrist causes tingling)
56
Guyon Canal Syndrome
Compression of ulnar nerve at wrist.
57
Baker Cyst (popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa) is related to what conditions?
chronic joint disease
58
Iliotibial band syndrome
overuse injury of lateral knee that occurs primarily in runners. Pain develops secondary to friction of iliotibial band against lateral femoral epicondyle
59
Increased pressure within a fascial compartment of a limb. Venous outflow obstruction and arteriolar collapse. Anoxia and necrosis. Causes include significant long bone fractures, reperfusion injury, animal venoms. Presents with severe pain and tense, swollen compartments with limb flexion. Motor deficits are late sign of irreversible muscle and nerve damage.
Limb compartment syndrome
60
Common cause of shin pain and diffuse tenderness in runners and military recruits. Caused by bone resorption that outpaces bone formation in tibial cortex.
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)
61
Plantar fasciitis
inflammation of plantar aponeurosis characterized by heel pain and tenderness
62
Overuse injury caused by repetitive strain and chronic avulsion of the secondary ossification center of proximal tibial tubercle. Occurs in adolescents after growth spurt. Common in running and jumping athletes. Presents with progressive anterior knee pain.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease (traction apophysitis)
63
Patellofemoral syndrome
Overuse injury that commonly presents in young, female athletes as anterior knee pain. Exacerbated by prolonged sitting or weight-bearing on a flexed knee. Treatment: NSAIDs, thigh muscle strengthening
64
Radial Head Subluxation (aka Nursemaid's elbow)
Common elbow injury in children <5 years. Caused by a sudden pull on the arm -> immature annular ligament slips over head of radius. Injured arm held in extended/slightly flexed and pronated position.
65
Achondroplasia
Failure of longitudinal bone growth (endochondral ossification) -> short limbs. Membranous ossification not affected (large head).
66
Osteoporosis
Spongy and compact bone lose mass and interconnections despite normal bone mineralization and lab values. Most commonly due to increase bone resorption due to decreased estrogen levels and old age. Can be secondary to drug usage or other conditions.
67
Potential complication of osteoporosis. Acute back pain, loss of height, kyphosis. Also can present with fractures of femoral neck, distal radius (Colles fracture)
vertebral compression fractures
68
Osteopetrosis
Failure of normal bone resorption due to defective osteoclasts. Thickened, dense bones prone to fracture. Mutations impair ability of osteoclast to generate acidic environment necessary for bone resorption. Overgrowth of cortical bone fills marrow space. Narrowed foramina can lead to cranial nerve impingement and palsies.
69
Osteomalacia/Rickets
Defective mineralization of osteoid or cartilaginous growth plates. Most commonly due to vitamin D deficiency.
70
Osteitis deformans (Paget disease of bone)
Common, localized disorder of bone remodeling caused by increased osteoclastic activity followed by increased osteoblastic activity that forms poor-quality bone.
71
[Humerus] Bicipital groove for the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii
intertubercular sulcus
72
[Humerus] passage for radial nerve and deep brachial artery
radial groove
73
[Humerus] attachment site for rotator cuff muscles
greater and lesser tubercles
74
[Humerus] common site for fractures that involve damage to axillary nerve
surgical neck
75
[Radius] common dislocation from annular ligament in children (housemaid's elbow)
head of radius
76
Commonly fractured wrist bone that presents with ischemia due to retrograde flow of blood
scaphoid
77
Fracture of this bone/bone feature is associated with ulnar nerve damage (guyon canal syndrome)
hook of hamate
78
Covered by suprascapular ligament; suprascapular artery travels above, suprascapular nerve travels below
Suprascapular notch (scapula)
79
Projection of scapula over glenohumeral joint and articulates with clavicle
Acromion (scapula)
80
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- biceps/brachioradialis
C5-C6
81
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- triceps
C7-C8
82
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- patellar
L3-L4
83
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- achilles
S1-S2
84
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- cremasteric
L1-L2
85
Nerve Roots of Reflex -- anal wink
S3-S4
86
Six P's of Compartment Syndrome
1) pain
2) pulselessness
3) paresthesia
4) paralysis
5) pallor
6) paikilothermia (can't regulate temp)
87
Fracture of the distal end of the radius and ulna styloid. Distal fragment of radius often displaced posteriorly from shaft of radius, resulting in a dinner-fork deformity
Colle's Facture
88
Fracture of the ulna and an anterior dislocation of the radial head at the elbow. Physical exam commonly reveals radial head displacement into the cubital fossa
Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation
89
Fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of distal radioulnar joint and intact ulna
Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation
90
Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
glycine
91
principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
glutamate
92
principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
93
Location of adult lumbar punctures
L3-L4 or L4-L5
94
Location of child lumbar punctures
L4-L5 only
95
Developmental region giving rise to the PNS
neural crest
96
Trochanteric bursitis
inflammation of the gluteal tendon and bursa lateral to greater trochanter of femur
97
defective bone development that is usually attributable to renal disease or disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
osteodystrophy
