First Aid and CPR Flashcards

Question 1

Q

History of the Red Cross

Answer

A

Henry Dunant organized local villagers to help wounded soldiers without discrimination and then created relief societies

Question 2

Q

What is the Red Cross’s Fundamental Principles

Answer

A

Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Voluntary service
Unity
Universality

Question 3

Q

What are the three symbols of the Red Cross

Answer

A

The Red Cross

The Red Crescent

The Red Crystal

Question 4

Q

How to prepare for emergencies

Answer

A

Most use 911, if not find out correct number and teach everyone

Make easier for EMS: make sure house/apartment number is large and well-lit. Keep relevant medical info (keep list of medication).

Put letters ICE (in case of emergency) in mobile phone so they can reach someone who knows important info

If you have a medical condition, wear a medical identification product. Or use an app for digital tags on phone

Question 5

Q

What are ways to recognize an emergency is happening

Answer

A

Unusual Sounds

Unusual Sights

Unusual Odours

Unusual Behaviours

Question 6

Q

Four common reasons why people don’t want to get involved in an emergency

Answer

A

Bystander effect: idea that someone else will look after them

Unpleasant injuries or illnesses

Catching a disease

Doing something wrong/causing more harm

Question 7

Q

Good Samaritan Laws

Answer

A

Protect first aiders who act in the same manner as a reasonable and prudent person would. This includes:

Moving a person only if their life was in gender
As a responsive person for permission
Check for life threatening conditions
Call 911
Continue to give care until more highly trained personnel takes over

Question 8

Q

How to ask permission

Answer

A

Tell the person who you are
Tell the person you are there to help
Ask the person if that is okay

If a baby or child is injured then ask the parent/caregiver for permission

Question 9

Q

Special situations for getting permission

Answer

A

Don’t speak the same language: ask someone to be a translator or call EMS and tell them you’re having difficulty

Unresponsive: implied consent

Refuses care: Honour wishes, if it is life threatening, you can call EMS

Question 10

Q

Chain of survival behaviours:

Answer

A

Prevent and prepare: properly stocked first aid kit

Early recognition: checking scene and person

First aid/access help: nature of emergency, if they need first aid or EMS

Self-recovery/early medical care: may recover without further care, but some may need it

Question 11

Q

When to call EMS

Answer

A

Danger to you or others or if a person:

Is not easily accessible
Is unresponsive or has an altered mental state
Is not breathing normally
Has persistent chest pain or pressure
Life-threatening bleeding
Has a seizure
Has a head, neck or back injury
Has an apparent mental health crisis

Question 12

Q

How to lower the risk of infection

Answer

A

Use personal precautions and equipment precautions

Hand washing: take jewelry and turn off water before soap, rub for 30 seconds, turn faucet off using towel if public and try with a towel
PPE

Glove removal: pinch glove at wrist and pull it off, forming a call, inset fingers in rum of other glove and pull it off then discard

Question 13

Q

What are the three steps you must follow when you encounter an ill or injured person

Answer

A

Check the scene and person

Call for help

Care for the person

Question 14

Q

Checking the scene and person

Answer

A

Check scene for hazards, what happened and how.

Then check the person, check if responsive

If unresponsive, check their ABC’S

Question 15

Q

Checking ABC’s

Answer

A

Check the airway: if the person is speaking, moaning, or crying, their airway is open. Perform a head-tilt/chin lift by tilting head back and chin is upward

Check breathing: check for normal breathing for 5-10 seconds. breathing normally if air is moving in and out of lungs and chest is falling normally

Check circulation: look for life threatening breathing and it must ben controlled asap

Question 16

Q

How to provide continual care

Answer

A

Have the person rest

Maintain normal body temperature

Monitor condition and ABCs

Move person into recovery position if necessary

Give comfort and reassurance

Question 17

Q

Recovery position

Answer

A

Unresponsive or has an altered level of responsiveness should

Support and protect the head

Try to roll person as one unit (head, back and legs at the same time)

Roll the person into a position where the body will stay safely on its side

Check ABCs after you complete the roll

Put one arm up, and the other cradling the head. Put the same knee that is supporting head upwards, and then roll. Then check ABCs

Question 18

Q

When to help taking medication

Answer

A

Help find the medication, preparing it guiding in taking it or giving it

Only help if it is safe to do and they are responsive and expressing a need for help finding, preparing or taking medication

Question 19

Q

Finding, preparing, and guiding

Answer

A

If they cannot speak, look in places where people keep medication. Or use physical signals, if you can’t, you can confirm the ID with bystanders

Preparing it, varies from medication and instructions. Preparing oral medication may include handing the correct tablets but remove the cover

Guiding the person: tell person to chew, or place under tongue. Or shaking, may involve instructing it to shake it or exhale or holding it

Question 20

Q

Giving lifesaving medication

Answer

A

Expressed a need in taking their salbutamol (Ventolin) inhaler or using the epinephrine auto-injector

With inhaler you would dispense the correct sprayers into the spacer or in the mouth. With auto injector you would inject into person’s outer thigh

Question 21

Q

Giving ingested medication

Answer

A

Limited to finding the medication, preparing, and guiding

If unable, first aid people may assist by placing correct pulls into mouth or holding a liquid dispenser to the person’s mouth

Never put anything in person’s mouth as it is a choking hazard

Question 22

Q

Secondary assessment

Answer

A

After you’ve identified and cared for any life-threatening conditions, you check for other injuries that may need care

May not get to a secondary assessment (if CPR is needed)

Interview bystanders at the scene for important things

Check vital signs: level of responsiveness (alert, sleepy, confused), breathing and skin

Question 23

Q

Secondary assessment: Focused examination

Answer

A

Explain that the purpose is to identify injuries
Ask if anything hurts or feels uncomfortable
If they indicate an area of pain/discomfort or concern look for signs of injury
Ask focused questions about how the person feels

Question 24

Q

Secondary assessment:

perform an injury check

Answer

A

Injuries that were not identified during primary assessment

May involved a focus examination or hands on check

Read medical identification product carefully

Question 25

Q

Secondary assessment:

focused examination

Answer

A

Explain that the purpose is to identify injuries
Ask if anything hurts or feels uncomfortable
If they indicate an area of pain/discomfort or concern look for signs of injury
Ask focused questions about how the person feels

Question 26

Q

Secondary assessment

Hands on check

Answer

A

If they are unresponsive but breathing or unable to communicate

Begin by checking the head for injuries, then work downward, focusing on the chest, abdomen and legs before checking the arms

Question 27

Q

Shock

Answer

A

Be on the lookout for shock. It is life threatening

What to do?
Call EMS and when waiting

Care for the suspected cause of the shock
Provide continual care

Question 28

Q

What to look for:

Shock

Answer

A

Anxiety or confusion
Cool, clammy skin that may appear paler than normal
Weakness
Excessive thirst
Rapid breathing
Drowsiness or loss of responsiveness
Nausea or vomiting

Question 29

Q

Choking

Answer

A

Airway becomes partially or completely blocked by a mechanical obstruction (outside body), anatomical obstruction (part of body like a tongue or swelling) or by fluids

Children younger than 5 are at a high risk because their airways are small

Question 30

Q

Partial choking

Answer

A

Partially blocked, still able to breathe meaning they can cough or speak. It can get worse and completely block the airway, changing it to complete choking

Question 31

Q

Complete choking

Answer

A

Airway is completely blocked

Can’t cough or speak but maybe high pitched squawking noises

Not able to breathe and immediate care is needed to remove whatever is blocking the airway

Question 32

Q

Causes of choking

Answer

A

Trying to swallow a large piece of food
Eating too quickly
Eating while talking, laughing, walking or running

Question 33

Q

Prevention for choking

Answer

A

Chew well before swallow

Eat slowly and calmly

Avoid talking, laughing and physical activity while food in mouth

Question 34

Q

Babies and children: Reduce risk for choking

Answer

A

When babies eat solid food, begin with purees instead of solid pieces

Supervise babies and children when eating/playing

Make sure they can’t reach objects small enough to swallow

Question 35

Q

What to look for in complete choking

Answer

A

Inability to speak, cough or breathe
High-pitched squeaking noises
Look of panic with wide eyes
Flushed (red) skin that becomes bluish or paler than normal
One or both hands clutching the throat

What to do
Call EMS and get an AED

Try to dislodge the object by alternating between 2/3 Back blows, abdominal thrusts and chest thrusts

Question 36

Q

What to look for and do in partial choking

Answer

A

A look of panic with wide eyes
Forceful or weak coughing
One or both hands clutching throat

Encourage them to cough forcefully. Encourage or assist to sit upright

Question 37

Q

Back blows, abdominal thrusts and chest thrusts

Answer

A

Many people find a combination between abdominal thrusts and back blows to be simple and effective but any combo is fine

You need to adapt

If person is pregnant or wheelchair you may not be able to give abdominal thrusts

Question 38

Q

How to give back blows

Answer

A

Stand or kneel beside or behind the person and place your arm across the person’s chest

Bend the person forward and use the heel of your hand to deliver up to 5 firm back blows between the person’s shoulder bladers

Question 39

Q

How to give abdominal thrusts

Answer

A

Stand or kneel behind the person

Wrap your arms around the person’s waist and place your fist just above the belly button

Cover your first with your other hand and give up to 5 quick, inward and upward thrusts

Question 40

Q

How to give chest thrusts

Answer

A

Stand or kneel behind the person and wrap both of your arms around the person’s chest

Place your first in the middle of their chest with your thumb facing inward, and place your other hand over your first

Give up to 5 chest thrusts by pulling straight back toward you

Question 41

Q

Back blow and chest compressions for a baby

Answer

A

Sit or kneel with the baby face down along your forearm, holding the jaw in your hand

Deliver 5 firm back blows between the shoulder blade

If the object does not come out flip the baby face up and support the head

Place 2 fingers in the middle of the chest and deliver 5 firm chest compressions

Repeat the 5 firm back blows and 5 chest compressions until the object comes out

Question 42

Q

If you are by yourself and choking

Answer

A

Call EMS

If there are people nearby, move to a place where you can be noticed

Attempt to dislodge the object by performing abdominal thrusts against a safe object with no sharp edges or corners, such as back of chair or edge of a table

Question 43

Q

Aftercare for choking

Answer

A

Can cause damage to sensitive tissues in the trachea and back of throat which can cause bleeding and swelling

After you help someone who is choking and it comes out, they might need more care

If you gave back blows, chest thrusts or abdominal thrusts (complete choking). the person should seek medical attention

If the obstruction was cleared by coughing (partial choking), the person should be monitored for several hours afterward

Question 44

Q

What is the circulatory system

Answer

A

Moves blood throughout the body, providing cells with oxygen and nourishment while carrying away waste products

Made up of heart and various blood vessels

The heart’s electrical system controls contractions and makes the heart beat

The heart muscle gets oxygen and nourishment from coronary arteries

Question 45

Q

Three major types of blood vessels

Answer

A

Arteries: large, high pressure vessels, that carry blood from the heart

Capillaries: small vessels that pass oxygen, nutrients and waste to and from cells

Veins: larger, lower-pressure vessels that carry blood to the heart

Question 46

Q

Circulation emergency

Answer

A

Sudden injury or illness that involves circulatory system

Body’s cells need oxygen to survive and the emergency can be life-threatening

Survival often depends on first aid people acting quickly and giving appropriate care until EMS personnel arrive

Question 47

Q

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

A

Develops slowly over long period of time

Causes arteries to narrow and harden, increasing risk of artery becoming blocked, causing heart attack or stroke

Reducing risk of cardiovascular disease is the simplest/effective ways of preventing circulation emergencies

Question 48

Q

Prevention of cardiovascular disease

Answer

A

Uncontrollable factors include age, sex, family history, ethnicity

Controllable factors
Smoking: makes sudden death 2-4x greater
Cholesterol: lipoproteins can build up and narrow blood vessels
Blood Pressure: narrow blood vessels
Weight: obesity increases cholesterol and high bp
Stress

Question 49

Q

Heart attack

Answer

A

Heart muscle can’t get enough oxygen because of a blockage in one of the coronary arteries that feed it

Can occur at any time

Question 50

Q

A person having a heart attack may have any or all of the signs and symptoms

Answer

A

Pain, pressure, tightness, or heaviness in the chest
Pain radiating from chest to the arms, shoulder, jaw and neck
Dizziness
Unresponsiveness
Sweating, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
Shortness of breath
Back or jaw pain

Question 51

Q

What to do if someone is experiencing a heart attack

Answer

A

Call EMS

Care:
Have the person rest quietly
Have the person chew either 1 adult-dose or 2 low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets (aspirin). Don’t repeat the dose

Question 52

Q

Angina

Answer

A

Occurs when two things are combined:
Arteries are narrowed by cardiovascular disease, reducing blood flow
The heart’s oxygen needs are elevated (e.g. during times of physical activity or emotional stress)

Causes a painful squeezing, suffocating, or burning feeling

Similar to heart attack signs but pain is triggered by physical activity or stress

Goes away if the person rests, and is relived by medication (nitroglycerin)

Treat as if it was a heart attack

Question 53

Q

Medications for heart attack and angina:

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

Answer

A

Helps stop clotting in arteries which can reduce damage

If chest pain is suspected to be cardiac they should chew ASA tablets

Commonly seen under name Aspirin

Some people have a contraindication to ASA, making it unsafe so always ask

Question 54

Q

Medications for heart attack and angina:

Nitroglycerin

Answer

A

Helps relieve chest pain that is associated with heart attacks and angina

Starts working in 1-3 minutes and lasts 5 min

Should follow DR’s recommendation

Spray is most common in emergency citations

Dermal paste or past is not emergency and can’t be substituted

Question 55

Q

Stroke

Answer

A

Happens when blood flow to person’s brain is interrupted, resulting in death of brain cells

Can cause permanent brain damage, but with quick action, it can be stopped or reverse

Most common in older adults, but a person of any age can have it

Reduce risk of stroke by same lifestyle changes that help prevent cardiovascular disease

Question 56

Q

Stroke: Ruptured aneurysm

Answer

A

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a brain aneurysm ruptures

A brain aneurysm is a swollen, fragile section in the wall of an artery that carries blood to the brain

If ruptured, it causes bleeding in the surrounding brain tissues, damaging the nearby brain cells

Question 57

Q

Stroke: blood clot

Answer

A

An ischemic stroke occurs when a clot becomes lodged in an artery of the brain, usually because the artery has been narrowed by cardiovascular disease

The blockage prevents blood from reaching the brain cells it usually supplies

Brain cells no longer receiving oxygen will shut down and eventually die

Question 58

Q

Stroke: brain tumour

Answer

A

Can occur when a tumor in the brain presses on an artery
Similar effects to a blood clot, decreasing blood flow to part of the brain or blocking it completely

Question 59

Q

What to look for in a stroke

Answer

A

Can vary and may suddenly develop one or more of signs and symptoms

Severe headache

Dizziness or confusion

Unresponsiveness or temporary loss of responsiveness

Loss of bladder or bowel control

Question 60

Q

Stroke: FAST signs

Answer

A

Face: facial numbness/weakness, especially on one side

Arm: arm numbness or weakness, especially on one side

Speech: abnormal speech, difficulty speaking or understanding others, or a loss of speech

Time: Call EMS immediately

Question 61

Q

Stroke: What to do

Answer

A

Call EMS

Care:
Have the person rest in a comfortable position
Note when the signs and symptoms first started (or the last time the person was known to be well)

When using the recovery position for a person who is having a stroke, place them on the side that is less affected by the stoke
Helps the person get into a comfortable position and can lessen anxiety

Question 62

Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Answer

A

Caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to a part of the brain

May be caused by a tumor or clot in an artery in the brain

Same signs and symptoms of the stroke but disappear in few minutes or hours

A person who has had a TIA is at a very high risk of having stroke in the near future

More than 10% of people who have had a TIA will have a stroke within 3 months, with half happening within 48 hours of the TIA

Question 63

Q

Life-threatening bleeding

Answer

A

Large amounts of blood loss occur either externally (outside body) or internally (within body

Can occur when one or more blood vessels are broke and must be contained immediately

Bleeding from arteries (also known as arterial bleeding) is rapid and heavy because arterial blood is under direct pressure from the heart

It can spurt from the wound making it difficult for clots to form

Venous blood is under less pressure and flows from the wound at a steady rate (without spurting)

Only damage to major veins deep in the body, such as torso or though produces profuse bleeding that is hard to control

Question 64

Q

Life-threatening external bleeding: what to look for

Answer

A

Blood spurting or flowing freely from a wound

Blood that fails to clot after you have taken all measures to control it

Large amounts of blood loss

Answer 65

A

Call EMS but don’t delay applying pressure

Ask a bystander or call from mobile phone while you start helping

If you are alone and don’t have access to a phone, put pressure immediately

Once you’ve started to control the bleeding you can look for a phone and call EMS

Answer 66

A

Have the person rest quietly. Apply firm, direct pressure to the wound
While maintaining direct pressure, apply a dressing and bandage in it’s place
If blood soaks through the bandage, apply another dressing on top
If direct pressure does not control the bleeding, consider using a tourniquet if the wound is on a limb

Answer 67

A

Tight band placed around an extremity (e.g. arm or leg)

Constricts the blood vessels to stop life threatening bleeding in circumstances where applying direct pressure to control the bleeding is impossible or not effective

Answer 68

A

If a person has life-threatening external bleeding and you are not able to control it with direct pressure or if medical care will be delayed

The bleeding is not controlled by direct pressure alone

You are unable to apply direct pressure (if you cannot access the wound)

You must move the person, and can’t apply direct pressure while you do so

Answer 69

A

Place the tourniquet on the limb. It should be one hand’s width above the injury and at least 2 fingers width above any joint
Tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops
Secure the tourniquet in place
Document the time the tourniquet was tightened

Should not be removed once in place

Can only be used if the wound is on the limb

Answer 70

A

Internal bleeding is the escape of blood from the arteries, veins or capillaries into spaces in the body

You should suspect internal bleeding after an injury that involves a forceful blow to the bod such as a fall from a height

May also occur when a sharp object, such as a knife, penetrates the skin and damages internal structures

Answer 71

A

Bruising and pain in the injured area

Soft tissues that are tender, swollen or hard

Blood in saliva or vomit

Severe thirst, nausea or vomiting

Anxiety

Answer 72

A

Cal EMS and get an AED

Have the person rest quietly until EMS personnel arrive

Answer 73

A

AKA cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Used when a person is unresponsive and not breathing

Involves giving sets of 30 chest compressions followed by sets of 2 rescue breaths

CPR keeps oxygenated blood moving to the brain and other vital organs until advanced medical help arrives

Answer 74

A

Clinical death occurs when breathing stops and heart stops beating

A person without a heartbeat is clinically dead

Because permanent brain damage does not begin for 4-6 minutes, clinical death is reversible with immediate care and intervention such as CPR

Biological death occurs when the brain is irreversibly damaged, which happens about 8-10 minutes without oxygen. This is also called brain death

Answer 75

A

Call: Have someone call EMS and get an AED
If you are alone, call EMS, get an AED and then return to care for the person

If you are alone with a child or baby, and not close to a phone, do 5 cycles (2 min) or CPR before calling EMS.

If you don’t suspect a head and/or spinal injury, take the child or baby with you to call EMS and get an AED and then continue to provide care

Answer 76

A

Do 30 chest compressions
Put 2 fingers in the center of the baby’s chest, just below the nipple line
Push deeply and steadily, allowing the chest to recoil between compressions
Give 2 breaths
Open the airway
Place your barrier device over the babies mouth and nose
Give just enough air to make the chest start to rise
If both breaths go in, repeat the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 breaths

Answer 77

A

Do 30 chest compressions
Put 2 hands in the center of the person’s chest
Push deeply and steadily, allowing the chest to recoil between compressions
Give 2 breaths
Open the airway
Place your barrier device over the person’s mouth and nose and pinch the person’s nostrils
Give just enough air to make the chest start to rise
If both breaths go in, repeat the cycle of 30 compressions and 2 breaths

Answer 78

A

Do compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute. 30 compressions in about 15-18 seconds

Don’t lean on person’s chest between compressions, the chest needs to fully recoil so the heart can refill with blood, which is then pumped through the body with the next compression

Answer 79

A

Could be issue with airway such as a blockage
If it doesn’t rise after first breath, try to open the airway by repositioning the head with a head-tilt/chin lift

If that doesn’t work, look in a person’s mouth for an object, if you see one, use your finger to sweep it out. Continue to look into the person’s mouth after each set of compressions until the airway is clear (your breaths go in)

Once rescue breaths go in, continue CPR normally

Answer 80

A

EMS personnel or another person takes over

You are too tired to continue

The scene becomes unsafe

You notice an obvious sign of life, such as movement

Answer 81

A

Only chest compressions without rescue breaths, to pump the heart

If you are unwilling or unable to give rescue breaths for any reason, compression only CPR is acceptable

If you are caring for a child, a baby or any person who is in cardiac arrest because of a respiratory problem (choking, drowning, anaphylaxis or asphyxiation), the person may not have much oxygen remaining in their blood, and circulating deoxygenated blood is not very useful
In these situations, traditional CPR is recommended

Answer 82

A

A baby’s lungs are small so rescue breaths should consist of small puffs of air (just enough to make the chest start to rise)

A baby’s head should only be tilted into a sniffing position. Tilting it back too far will close off and possibly damage the baby’s airway

Answer 83

A

If you have arthritis or one of your hands arn’t strong enough for regular compressions, use the one hand compression method

Place the heel of one hand in the middle of a person’s chest

Grasp the wrist of that hand with your other hand
Straighten your arms as much as possible without hurting yourself

Begin compressions

Answer 84

A

Raising her right hip 7.5 to 10 cm will help blood return to heart

If a bystander is present, ask to help find a soft object to place under hip but don’t interrupt or delay starting CPR

If something is available closeby, grab it

Answer 85

A

Important to keep head tilted back with just enough force to cause the chest to rise or fall

Failing to tilt head back, giving too much hair in one breath or blowing forcefully can push air into person’s stomach instead of lungs

Air in stomach can make someone vomit, and if unresponsive it can go into lungs. This is called aspiration

Aspiration makes giving rescue breaths more difficult, which reduces the effectiveness of CPR and the person’s chance of breathing on their own

To prevent this, give breaths only until chest starts to rise and fall

Answer 86

A

Turn onto side, facing you
Quickly wipe their mouth clean
Reposition on back and continue CPR

Answer 87

A

Open and turn on

Apply AED Pads
- Remove any clothing, jewelry and medical patches that could interfere with pad placement
- If chest is wet, dry the skin
- Place the pads at least 2.5 cm (1 inch) away from the pacemaker

Follow the AEDs automatic prompts

If the AED prompts you to do so, ensure that no one is touching the person and deliver a shock

Continue CPR, starting with compressions

Answer 88

A

Some AEDs come with pediatric AED pads that are smaller and specifically designed to analyze a child’s heart rhythm and deliver a low level of energy

Should be used on children up to 8 years old or less than 25 kgs(55 lbs)

Other AEDs have a key or switch that configures for child use

If not available use adult pads and adult energy levels

Answer 89

A

Many AED’s come with a first aid kit or prep kit that contains a towel, razor, barrier device, and a pair of gloves

Work best when used with these supplies so important that prep kits are regularly inspected and maintained (weekly, monthly, yearly) to ensure that the supplies are available and works properly

Answer 90

A

Refers to a group of drugs that bond with opioid receptors in the brain, slowing down the central nervous system

They include opiates, which are drugs made from the opium poppy, like morphine, semi synthetics like heroin, and synthetic drugs made in a lab like fentanyl

Medically, opioids are used primarily for pain relief, including anesthesia

Cough relief and in treatment of chronic pain

Answer 91

A

The number of opioid toxicity deaths in Canada is rising and many of these happen by accidents

Opioid poisoning is a growing public health crisis in Canada

Answer 92

A

Lifesaving medication that rapidly but, temporarily reverses the effects

Commonly available as an easy to use nasal spray or an intramuscular injection

Take hone kits are available across Canada for free

Distributed by pharmacies, social service organizations, or public health units depending on region

When you take an opioid, it bonds with certain receptors in the brain

Naloxone works by kicking opioids off those receptors and taking their place

This reverses or blocks the slowing down effects on the central nervous system, particularly the person’s breathing

Answer 93

A

Stigma that prevents users from getting help

Opioid use disorder is not a choice, it is a medical condition and can begin with the desire to alleviate physical pain/suffering/trauma. Or, from the accidental misuse of the prescribed medication

Reducing stigma means changing people’s ideas about opioids and people who use it

Many stereotypes about people who use opioids which are harmful and false

By reducing stigma, we can begin to remove barriers to help, which will lead to a faster response rates and better health outcomes

Answer 94

A

Slowed breathing, choking or snoring sounds

Extreme drowsiness or unresponsiveness

Pale or blue/gray skin or lips

Small pupils

Seizures

Clammy skin

Answer 95

A

Call EMS and get an AED and naloxone if available

Check the person and proceed based on what you see

If the person is responsive and breathing normally during your ABC check

Roll them into the recovery position

Frequently reassess their ABCSs, as they may change

Stay with the person until emergency medical services personnel arrive

Be prepared to administer naloxone if available

If the person in unresponsive but breathing normally, administer naloxone and monitor the person closely

If the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally, start CPR and administer naloxone (ASAP). Continue CPR until EMS personnel arrive or the person’s condition improvised

Answer 96

A

Getting a permission to help a person who has been poisoned by opioids is not possible since they’re unresponsive

In these cases, the law assumes the person would give permission if they were able to do so, called implied consent

It only applies to naloxone and not to other medication

If you believe that the unresponsive person is suffering from opioid poisoning, administer naloxone

Answer 97

A

Remove the nasal spray from the packaging

Place thumb on plunger and hold the nasal spray top between your middle and index fingers

Gently tilt the person’s head back slightly and support it in this position

Insert the tip of the device into one of the person’s nostrils until your fingers come into contact with the bottom of the person’s nose

Administer the entire dose of medication by pressing firmly on the plunger and then remove the device from the person’s nostril immediately

Use a new nasal spray for each repeated dose

Answer 98

A

When intramuscular naloxone is available to use, you will receive training on how to use it when it is given to you by a local pharmacist or health care professional

Answer 99

A

Fast acting

Two to five minutes, you should see some improvements

If there are no changes, additional calzone may be required or there is some underlying issue

Continue CPR until you see improvements (increased responsiveness, signs of normal breathing)

The person may be agitated when they wake up, so be prepared to move back if needed, they may vomit or be confused

Remember that naloxone may be re-administered for every 2-5 minutes if there is no improvement in condition

Answer 100

A

Allows you to breathe

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide

Works with the circulation system (which carries oxygen through the body) and the nervous system (which controls breathing rates)

Answer 101

A

Consists of the upper and lower airway and the lungs

When you breathe in and out

The diaphragm contracts and relaxes

The chest cavity expands and relaxes

Air moves in and out of the lungs

If breathing stops or is restricted long enough, they will become unresponsive, the heart will stop beating and the body’s system will quickly fail

Brain cells begin to die after 4-6 minutes without oxygen

Answer 102

A

A person who is having difficulty breathing is in respiratory distress

A person who is not breathing is in respiratory arrest (start CPR immediately)

Breathing emergencies are dangerous in children as they can quickly lead to cardiac arrest

Any child showing signs of respiratory distress is in a potentially life-threatening situation and must receive immediate care

A breathing problem can be identified by watching and listening to the person’s breathing and asking how they feel

If they’re having trouble breathing, don’t wait for it to improve without intervention, begin providing care immediately

Answer 103

A

Shortness of breath or gasping for breath

Trouble speaking in complete sentences

Wheezing, gurgling or high pitched noises

Breathing abnormally (quickly or slowly)

Unusually deep or shallow breathing

Cool, moist skin

Bluish or shen (gray) skin

Flushed or pale skin

Feelings of fear

Dizziness or light headedness

Answer 104

A

Care:
If the person cares medication for respiratory distress, offer to help the person take it

Encourage them to sit in a comfortable position.

Leaning forward may help make breathing easier

Provide recurrence, as this can reduce anxiety and help control breathing

Monitor the person’s condition and provide continual care until EMS arrive

Answer 105

A

Occurs when a person is breathing too quickly which upsets the body’s balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide

If you tend to hyperventilate due to anxiety, panic, or stress, relaxation techniques such as breathing exercise may help

If it is because of a diagnosed medical condition, speak to doctor to understand how to treat it or control it

Answer 106

A

Strong emotions such as excitement, fear or anxiety

Other respiratory condition

Injuries, especially injuries to the head or chest
Exercise

Life-threatening bleeding

Answer 107

A

Rapid, shallow breathing

A feeling of suffocation or not getting enough air

Fear, anxiety or confusion

Dizziness

Numbness or tingling of the fingers and toes

Muscle contractions, usually in the hands, feet, arms, and legs

Answer 108

A

Not always necessary to call EMS for someone hyperventilating

Get an AED and call if it does not stop after a few minutes, they become unresponsive, or suspect they are hyperventilating because of an underlying injury or illness

Care
Encourage them to take controlled breaths by breathing in slowly, holding their breath for a few seconds, then gradually exhaling

Answer 109

A

People who has asthma usually know what will trigger an attack and take measures to avoid these triggers

More common in children and usually controlled with medication

Answer 110

A

Air pollution or poor air quality (e.g. cigarette smoke)

Allergies (e.g. pollen or animals)

Temperature fluctuations, extreme humidity, or extreme dryness

Strong odours (e.g. perfume, cologne, scented cleaning products)

Illness (e.g. colds, flus, and respiratory infections)

Physical activity

Stress or anxiety

Answer 111

A

If you have asthma:
Avoid things that trigger attacks if possible
Ensure medication is always easily accessible in case of an attack

If a child has asthma:
Make sure anyone who supervises the child knows about the condition and how to help give medication if necessary

Answer 112

A

Sometimes called preventers

Taken regularly, whether or not signs or symptoms are present

Help prevent attacks by reducing inflammation and swelling and making bronchioles less sensitive to triggers

Answer 113

A

Taken during an asthma attack

Sometimes called bronchodilators since they work quickly to relax the muscles that tighten around the bronchioles, opening (dilating) them immediately so they can breathe more easily

Answer 114

A

Eliminate any asthma triggers if possible

If something in the environment is causing it, move them away

Help the person get into a comfortable position and provide reassurance

Help the person to take their prescribed quick-relief asthma medication

Answer 115

A

What to look for
Same as those for respiratory distress but more difficulty exhaling

What to do
Call EMS and get an AED if struggling to breathe or if a person’s breathing does not improved after taking their medication

Answer 116

A

Shake 3 or 4 times and remove the cap

Breathe out then bring inhaler to the mouth

Press the top of the inhaler while taking one slow, full breath

Hold the breath for as long as is comfortable and then breathe out

Answer 117

A

Shake inhaler and then remove the cap

Put the inhaler into the spacer

Bring the spacer to the mouth and then press the top of the inhaler

Take slow, deep breaths holding each breath for several seconds (if possible)

Answer 118

A

In a person with an allergy, the body’s immune system overreacts to normally harmless
substances and produces an allergic reaction

While certain substance are more common as allergens (e.g. peanuts and pollen) almost anything can produce an allergic reaction

The severity of an allergic reaction depends on the person

It can be minor as a slight irritation or as serious as a life-threatening emergency

Answer 119

A

Read ingredient labels carefully and ask questions about ingredients and food preparation when eating

Avoid triggers such as foods and medications that have caused any type of allergic reaction in the past

Tell others about any allergies you have. They can help identify exposure risks that may have otherwise gone unnoticed

Answer 120

A

Runny, itchy, or stuffy nose
Sneezing
Watery, itchy, red, or swollen eyes
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
A rash or hives (raised, itchy areas of skin)
Tingling of the mouth
Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or throat
Coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath
Weakness, dizziness, or confusion

Answer 121

A

Call EMS

Calm and reassure the person.

Try to identify the allergen and have the person avoid further contact with it.

If the person uses a medication to control allergic reactions (such as antihistamines), help him or her to take it.

Calm/reassure them as anxiety worsens symptoms

If possible, reduce exposure by moving from the room or removing allergin from person by cleaning

If an anaphylactic reaction, use the person’s epinephrine auto-injector first, and then try to reduce the exposure.

Answer 122

A

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction. While mild allergic reactions are localized, anaphylaxis is a body-wide reaction that can cause system-wide inflammation and swelling.

In some cases, the air passages swell, making it difficult to breathe. It is important to act quickly when a person is experiencing anaphylaxis, as it can lead to death if it is not cared for immediately

Answer 123

A

Anything that causes an allergic reaction can also cause anaphylaxis. Varies but some common triggers include:

Insect stings
Food
Medications

Answer 124

A

The only sure way to prevent anaphylactic reactions is to avoid triggers (the substances, foods, insects, etc. that cause reactions.)

If you know that you have anaphylactic reactions, you should carry an epinephrine auto-injector with you wherever you go.

You might also want to wear a medical identification product so that people will know how to help you if a reaction happens.

Answer 125

A

Two or more of the following, especially after contact with a allergen

Skin (e.g., swelling of the lips, face, neck, ears, and/or hands; a raised, itchy, blotchy rash, flushing, or hives)

Breathing (e.g., a feeling of tightness in the chest or throat, coughing, wheezing, or high-pitched noises)

Alertness (e.g., weakness, dizziness, or unresponsiveness)

Stomach (e.g., stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea)

Answer 126

A

Call EMS and get an AED

If they have an epinephrine auto-injector, help them use it

Remove the safety cap

Firmly push the tip against the outer thigh. You should hear a click

Hold in place as directed, usually for 5-10 seconds

Rub the injection site for 30 seconds

If the person’s condition does not improve within 5 minutes. The second dose should be given in the leg that you did not use for the first dose

Have the person rest quietly until EMS personnel arrive

Answer 127

A

Skin is a type of soft tissue, along with fat and muscle

The skin has two main layers: the superficial or top layer (the epidermis) and the deep layer (the dermis)

The superficial layer provides a barrier against bacteria and other organisms that can cause infections

The deep layer contains important structures: the nerves, the sweat, and oil glands and the blood vessels

Answer 128

A

Open wounds: Wounds that break the skin (e.g. cuts, impaled objects, and amputations)

Closed wounds: Wounds that damage soft tissue without breaking the skin (e.g. bruises, crash injuries, and blunt chest trauma)

Answer 129

A

Develop safe habits, such as not running with sharp objects.

Use proper safety equipment when playing sports or engaging in recreational activities

Wear proper safety equipment and follow all procedures in the workplace

Request training before using any potentially dangerous tools or equipment in the workplace

Stay alert and focused when engaging in any potentially risky activity.

Answer 130

A

Open wounds should be covered with a dressing and a bandage.

Dressings and bandages are used to control bleeding, to apply pressure, to provide support, and to protect a wound from dirt and infection.

Before applying a bandage, check the circulation and sensation in the limb below the site of the injury.

If a bandage is too tight the limb below the bandage may become cold or numb, or it might begin to turn blue or paler than normal.

If you see any of these signs, loosen the bandage a little.

Many items that can be used as improvised dressings or bandages (e.g., face cloths, tea towels, or articles of clothing).

Ensure that any item you decide to use as a dressing is clean and absorbent.

Answer 131

A

Use clean, sterile dressings.

If blood soaks through, leave the soaked dressing in place and apply another on top.

Answer 132

A

Cuts and scrapes are minor injuries to the top layer of skin.

A cut is a wound where the skin has been spit open.

The edges of the cut can be jagged or smooth. A scrape is a wound where the skin has been rubbed or scraped away

A puncture wound is a hole in the skin created by a pointed object - it is a more serious injury than a cut or scrape

If a cut is bleeding heavily, you should provide care for life-threatening external bleeding

Answer 133

A

Injuries from pointed objects such as nails or pieces of glass
Falls onto hard surfaces
Animal bites

Answer 134

A

Signs for a cut or scrape is pain and bleeding

Signs of a puncture wound may include bruising and a visible hole where the object went through the skin

Call EMS if you suspect more serious injuries
If the person has a puncture wound, call EMS and get an AED if the wound is deep or large

Answer 135

A

If the wound is bleeding significantly, apply direct pressure until it stops

Rinse the wound for 5 minutes with clean, running tap water

Apply an antibiotic ointment or cream and bandage the wound

Ensure that the person knows to watch for signs of infection over the next few days

Answer 136

A

A splinter (or “sliver”) is a sharp, thin piece of something that is stuck in the surface of the skin.

If the splinter is completely below the skin, encourage the person to seek medical attention rather than attempting to remove it yourself.

Gently grab the exposed end of the splinter with tweezers and carefully pull it out. Treat the wound as a cut.

Answer 137

A

An impaled object is anything that has penetrated through the skin and is stuck in the tissues below.
Common Causes
An object can become impaled when any type of force causes it to penetrate the skin and the tissues below.

Answer 138

A

Visibly sticking out of the person’s and may cause shock, pain, bleeding

Leave object in place

Stabilize the object using bulky dressings without putting direct pressure on it

Secure the dressings in place

Answer 139

A

An amputation occurs when part of the body is completely or partially severed. Although this causes a lot of damage to the surrounding tissues, bleeding may or may not be severe.

Answer 140

A

Keep everyone’s hands clear of doors when they are closing.

Use caution near train tracks: Only cross at designated crossings, and never walk along the tracks.

Be extremely careful when on or around any machinery, even when it is turned off or not operating.

Answer 141

A

Call EMS

Apply direct pressure to the wound

Protect it: wrap it in gauze or a clean cloth

Bag it: place it in a plastic bag

Cool it: keep the bag on ice. Wrap the bag before cooling it so the body part does not freeze

Tag it: label the container with the person’s name, the date and the time and keep it with the person

Answer 142

A

Burns are soft-tissue injuries caused by chemicals, electricity, heat, or radiation.

Deep or widespread burns can lead to many complications that cause the person’s condition to deteriorate quickly. If you encounter a serious burn your job is to quickly call EMS/9-1-1, cool the burn, and closely monitor the person’s ABCs.

Answer 143

A

Superficial: Affects only the top layer of skin (epidermis)

Partial-Thickness: Affects both layers of skin (epidermis and dermis)

Full-Thickness: Affects both layers of skin, as well as underlying structures (fat, muscle, bone, and nerves)

Answer 144

A

Keep electrical appliances away from water

If an electrical cord is frayed, fix it or dispose of it

If there are young children in the building, cover electrical outlets

Before approaching a person with a suspected electrical burn, make sure that trained personnel turn off the electrical current

Answer 145

A

Store chemicals in original containers

Wear protective gear when handling chemicals

Get trained in a hazardous materials training programs such as the Workplace hazardous materials information system (WHMIS)/ Globally harmonized system (GHS) of classification and labeling of chemicals

Read the label before using a product

Be aware of caustic plants in your area

Answer 146

A

As soon as a storm is seen or heard, stop swimming or boating and get away from the water

Stay indoors during thunderstorms. A picnic shelter or car (with the windows rolled up) will also provide protection

If caught outside, stay away from telephone poles and tall trees. Stay off hilltops and try to crouch down in a ravine or valley if shelter is not available

Stay away from things that conduct electricity, such as farm equipment, small metal vehicles (e.g.g motorcycles, bicycles and golf carts), wire fences, clotheslines, metal pipes, and railings

Answer 147

A

When cooking on the stove, turn the pot handles inward and use only the back burners when possible

Keep the hot water tank temperature at or below 49 C or 120F

Keep children away from heat sources and alliances, such as ovens, barbecues, space heaters, wood stoves, candles, and fireplaces

Keep hot drinks out of children’s reach

Answer 148

A

Limit exposure to the sun between 10am and 3pm, if possible

Wear light coloured clothing that covers as much as the body as possible

Use broad spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 and apply it 15-30 min before going outdoors. Reapply sunscreen at least every 2 hours, as well as being in the water after swimming

Answer 149

A

Don’t need to call EMS for a superficial burn, unless in a lot of pain

Call EMS and get an AED immediately if:
The burn makes it difficult for the person to breathe

The burn was caused by chemicals, explosions, or electricity

The burn is full thickness, or involves a large amount of blistered or broken skin

The burn covers the face, neck, hands, genitals or a larger surface area

Burns on the face indicate that the person’s airway or lungs are burnt

If you suspect this is the case, continually monitor the person’s breathing while you provide are and wait for EMS

Answer 150

A

Cool the affected area with water or a clean, cool (but not freezing) compress for at least 10 minutes

Remove jewelry and clothing from the burn site, but do not attempt to move anything that is stuck to the skin

Cover the burn loosely with a dry and sterile dressing

Answer 151

A

Put on protective equipment.
Remove any clothes that might have the chemical on them, and brush any dry chemical powder off the person’s skin.

Flush with large amounts of cool running water for at least 15 minutes.

Refer to the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), if it is available, for additional first aid measures.

Any potentially harmful chemical in the workplace should be accompanied by information about first aid care.

Consult the appropriate documentation if it is available, but don’t delay calling EMS/9-1-1 to do so.

Answer 152

A

If the person has serious electrical burns or was struck by lightning, treat the person as if he or she has a head and/or spinal injury. Electricity or lightning can impact the electrical system of the heart.

Someone with serious electrical burns may stop breathing. Carefully monitor the person’s ABCs, get an AED, and be prepared to start CPR.

Ensure that the electrical current has been turned off.
Keep the person still.
Look for two burns (the entry and exit points) and treat them as thermal burns.

Answer 153

A

Don’t use ointments on partial or full thickness burns

Blisters are a natural cooling system. Leave them in place

Touch a burn only with sterile or clean dressings
Don’t use absorbent cotton dressings or pull clothes over any burned areas

Monitor for hypothermia when cooling large burns. This is particularly important in children. Cover with a blanket if they complain of feeling cold

Answer 154

A

A discolored area of the skin that is created when blood or other fluids seep into nearby tissues

Signs and symptoms:
Discolored skin (red, purple, black or blue areas)
Swelling
Pain

Answer 155

A

Call EMS and get an AED immediately if the person is in severe pain or cannot move a body part without pain or if the injury would have caused serious internal damage or life-threatening bleeding

Apply a cold pack wrapped in a towel for up to 2 minutes, remove it for 20 to 30 minutes. Continue to do this until the pain is reduced

Answer 156

A

Nosebleeds may be caused by the following:
Forceful nose blowing
High blood pressure
Dry weather conditions
Trauma to the nose or head
Bleeding disorders

Answer 157

A

Use a humidifier if the air indoors is dry.

Wear protective athletic equipment when participating in sports that could cause injuries to the nose.

Blow your nose gently.

Answer 158

A

Call EMS/9-1-1 if the bleeding continues for more than 15 minutes.

Have the person sit with the head slightly forward.

Pinch the person’s nostrils for 10 to 15 minutes.

You should make sure the person gets medical attention if the bleeding continues after using the pinching technique, if the bleeding starts again, or if the bleeding was caused by a medical condition (such as high blood pressure) or head injury

Answer 159

A

Unusual noises when the person breathes through his or her nose

Bleeding

Nose deformity

Answer 160

A

If you can easily see and grasp the object, remove it.

If the object cannot be dislodged easily, leave it in place for a medical professional to remove.

Discourage the person from attempting to remove the object and from blowing his or her nose.

Answer 161

A

A tooth can be knocked out by any kind of blow to the mouth.

Wear appropriate equipment when playing sports, such as a mouth guard or face mask.
Always wear a seat belt while in the car and do not eat or drink in a moving car.

Bleeding (although this is often very minimal)
Pain in the mouth

Answer 162

A

Call EMS and get an AED if the knocked out tooth was caused by a forceful blow to the head, especially if unresponsive or suspect there are other more serious injuries

Have the person bite down on a clean dressing
Carefully pick up the tooth by the crown (the whiter part) and keep it protected
Get the person and the tooth to a dentist asap

Answer 163

A

Eye injuries can have long-term consequences for a person’s vision, so they must always be treated with extreme care.

Avoid touching the eye or putting pressure on or around it, as this can cause further damage. Wounds involving the eyelids or eye sockets should also be treated as eye injuries.

Answer 164

A

Foreign objects or particles in the eye
An impact to the eye
Radiation or burns
Chemicals or other caustic materials

Answer 165

A

Wearing appropriate equipment in the workplace (e.g., safety glasses)

Wearing appropriate equipment when playing sports (e.g., wearing a helmet with a visor or face protector when playing hockey)

Answer 166

A

Pain and irritation in the eye
Redness of the eye
Difficulty opening the eye
Problems with vision
Watering of the eye
Deformities of the eye

Answer 167

A

Call EMS if there is an impaled object in or near the eye, the eye is out of socket, or the eye has been exposed to a chemical or caustic substance

If there is something in the eye but not impaled

Have the person blink several times

Gently flush the eye with running water

If these steps don’t remove it, the person should seek medical attention

If there is a chemical in eye

Gently flush with running water (letting water run away from the unaffected eye) for at least 15 minutes or until EMS personnel arrive

If the eyes were flash burned

Cover eyes with a cool, wet cloth

Make sure the person gets medical attention

Answer 168

A

An impact to the head

Cuts or tears to the ear

Loud noises

Blast injuries

Foreign objects or substances in the ear

Answer 169

A

Wear proper protection when using loud equipment such as lawn mowers or chainsaws.

Wear a helmet and other recommended safety gear when participating in sports and physical activities.

Cover the ears when there is a risk of foreign objects or substances entering the ear (e.g., wear a swim cap when participating in water activities).

Answer 170

A

Call EMS if there is blood or other fluid draining from the ear canal or if the injury is a result of an explosion or pressure injury

If the injury is an external wound, treat it the same way you would treat a wound on any other part of the body

If there is a foreign object in the ear, but you don;t suspect a head, neck or spinal injury, and it looks as if the object can be easily removed
Steps
Tilt the head to the affected side and then gently tap the lear to loosen the object
Grab the object and pull it out

Answer 171

A

Occurs when dirt, foreign bodies or other materials carrying germs get into a wound. Infections can be localized (e.g. in a cut) or systemic (throughout the body)

Infections accompanied by nausea, fever or general malaise are typically systemic and can be life-threatening

Answer 172

A

Always wash hands before and after given first aid
Wear gloves whenever you come into contact with someone’s bodily fluids

Keep your immunizations up to date. If you have been wounded and don’t know when your last tetanus shot was, seek medical attention

Keep any wound area clean and wash it regularly. Change the dressing and bandages if they become dirty or wet

Use sterile dressings. If sterile dressings are unavailable, use the cleanest option possible

Answer 173

A

Redness
Red streaks moving away from the wound
Pus
Heat or warmth
Swelling
Tenderness
Excessive itchiness

Answer 174

A

Wounds on a person’s scalp can affect the brain. When performing a secondary assessment on a person with a suspected scalp injury, check the scalp thoroughly to ensure that you have uncovered the full extent of the injury.

Answer 175

A

Call EMS/9-1-1 and get an AED if you are not sure how serious the scalp injury is or if you feel a dip, a soft area, or pieces of bone.

If you feel a dip, a soft area, or pieces of bone:

Treat the injury as a head injury.

Apply direct pressure only if there is life-threatening bleeding; otherwise, try to control the bleeding by putting pressure on the area around the

Answer 176

A

Chest injuries can impact the ribs and the organs they protect. They can involve open wounds or internal injuries. If ribs are broken, they can penetrate the skin or the lungs, causing additional harm.

Injuries to the chest can result in conditions known as pneumothorax (air in the chest) or hemothorax (blood in the chest).

Answer 177

A

Gasping or difficulty breathing

Bleeding from an open chest wound that may bubble

A sucking sound coming from the wound with each breath

Coughing up blood

Answer 178

A

Call EMS and get an AED

Have the person rest in a comfortable position

If there is an open wound and it is bleeding profusely apply direct pressure. If the bleeding is light, do not apply pressure or a dressing

Answer 179

A

Deformity or swelling
Guarded, shallow breathing
Bruising

Call EMS
Keep the person as still as possible

Give the person something bulky (such as a towel) to hold against the chest

Answer 180

A

Injuries to the head, neck, and spine can damage bones, such as the skull or vertebrae, and tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord.

Head injuries are often accompanied by spinal injuries.’

A person with a superficial head wound may also have a more serious underlying head injury.

Depending on the nature and severity of the head, neck, or spinal injury, the person may be left with permanent damage (e.g., paralysis, speech impairment, memory problems, or behavioral conditions).

Although injuries to the head and spine account for a small percentage of all injuries, they cause more than half of the fatalities.

Answer 181

A

The brain lies in a sac of fluid inside the skull, which cushions the brain from daily movement and most jarring forces.

Because the skull is hard, there isn’t much room for the brain to move or swell.

Injuries to the head can cause bleeding that increases the pressure inside the skull and damages brain tissue.

Answer 182

A

The spine is a strong, flexible column of small bones called vertebrae.

It surrounds and protects the spinal cord (a bundle of nerves that runs between the brain and the lower back).

Severe injuries can move or break the vertebrae so that they squeeze or cut the spinal cord, causing temporary or permanent paralysis or even death.

Swelling of the soft tissues in the spine can also cause damage.

Answer 183

A

Motor vehicle collisions
Recreation and sports injuries
Falls
A blow to the head or back
Violent acts, such as assault

Answer 184

A

Wear safety belts with shoulder restraints when in a vehicle

Wear all recommended protective equipment for the activity you are engaged in (e.g., approved bicycle helmets)

Prevent falls around the home and workplace with non-slip floors, non-slip treads on stairs, handrails on staircases, rugs secured with double-sided adhesive tape, and handrails by the bathtub and toilet if necessary

Make sure that there is good lighting in stairways and hallways

Make sure that your workplace is clean and tidy. Keep floors and aisles uncluttered and make sure that there is nothing blocking stairways, work sites, or exits

Check equipment (e.g., warehouse forklifts, ladders, and scaffolding) regularly for worn or loose parts

Use ladders carefully and correctly

Always be very careful around water

Answer 185

A

A fall from any height greater than the height of the person

A diving injury (e.g., diving head-first into shallow water)

A person found unresponsive for unknown reasons

An injury that involves a strong blow to the lower jaw, head, or torso (e.g., colliding with another person while playing a sport)

An injury that causes a wound in the head or torso

A motor vehicle collision or rollover

An injury in which a person’s helmet is damaged

A person has been struck by lightning

A person has been electrocuted

Answer 186

A

Severe pain or pressure in the head, neck, or back
Blood or other fluids in the ears or cose
Unusual bumps, bruises or depressions
Seizures
Impaired breathing or vision
Nausea or vomiting
Unequal pupil size
Partial or complete loss of movement of any body part
Loss of bladder or bowel control

Answer 187

A

Changes in level of responsiveness, awareness and behavior

Weakness, tingling, or loss of sensation

Dizziness and/or loss of balance

Answer 188

A

Approach the person from the front so that he or she can see you without turning his or her head. Tell the person to respond verbally to your questions, rather than nodding or shaking his or her head.

Call EMS and get an AED

Have the person keep as still as possible until EMS personnel arrive:
If the person is unresponsive or unable to support his or her own head, support it with your hands in the position found.

In the case of a non-breathing person, the two main goals of first aid—to maintain life and to prevent further injury—may conflict.

People may not die from a head, neck, or spinal injury, but they will certainly die if they can’t breathe.

Answer 189

A

The person’s airway is at risk (e.g., the person vomits while on his or her back)

The scene becomes unsafe

There is no organized EMS response in the region (i.e., the response time will be more than 45 minutes)

The person needs to be rolled into the recovery position (e.g., the person is unresponsive)

When moving the person, try to keep the head, neck, and spine in the position you found him or her in.

Avoid unnecessary jostling and move the person only as much as is necessary

Answer 190

A

Concussions are a common subset of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) that involve a temporary alteration of brain function.

Evolving injuries, and the effects may appear instantly or have a gradual onset.

Signs and symptoms can last for days, weeks, or even months.

The majority of concussions, however, resolve in a short period of time.

Concussions are often left untreated because the symptoms are not always recognized by the person who has been injured, and the signs are not always obvious to others.

Answer 191

A

A blunt force to the head or jaw
An explosion
Whiplash
A forceful blow to the body
Shaking (in the case of a baby)

Answer 192

A

Drowsiness
Clouded or foggy mindset
Seeming stunned or dazed
Temporary memory loss
Slowed reaction times

Answer 193

A

Neck pain, headache, or pressure
Loss of responsiveness
Dizziness or loss of balance
Changes to vision
Sleeping more or less than usual
Nausea or vomiting
Sensitivity to light and/or noise
Seizure

Answer 194

A

Irritability
Heightened emotions
Personality changes

Answer 195

A

Changes in playing, sleeping or eating habits
Excessive crying
Lack of interest in activities or favorite toys

Answer 196

A

Call EMS/9-1-1 if the person has any of the following symptoms:
Repeated or projectile vomiting
Loss of responsiveness of any duration
Lack of physical coordination (e.g., stumbling and unusual clumsiness)
Confusion, disorientation, or memory loss
Changes to normal speech
Seizures
Vision and ocular changes (e.g., double vision or unequal pupil size)
Persistent dizziness or loss of balance
Weakness or tingling in the arms or legs
Sever or increasing headache

Answer 197

A

Bones are strong, hard, dense tissues that come in many different sizes and shapes.

More than 200 bones make up the skeleton, creating the framework for the body.

Muscles are soft tissues that can contract and relax.

Most muscles are skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons and move the body when they receive signals from the brain.

Joints are formed wherever two or more bones are held together by ligaments that allow movement.

Answer 198

A

Supporting the body
Protecting internal organs
Allowing movement
Storing minerals
Producing blood cells
Producing heat through movement

Answer 199

A

Happens when a ligament is stretched, torn or damaged
Ligaments are tissues that connect bones together at the joints
Sprains most commonly affect the ankle, knee, wrist and finger joints

Answer 200

A

Happens when a tendon or muscle is stretched, torn or damaged

Connects muscles or bones

Often caused by overworking a muscle (e.g. by lifting an overly heavy object or by repeatedly performing the same action)

Usually involve the muscles in the neck, thigh, or the back of the lower leg

Repetitive strain injuries are caused by doing the same action over and over

Common in a workplace setting and cause persistent or recurring pain, usually in neck, shoulders or limbs

Prevention and early recognition are key: a person with a suspected repetitive strain injury should follow up with a healthcare provider

Answer 201

A

Happens when the bones that meet a joint move out of their normal position

This type is caused by a violent force that tears the ligaments, allowing the bones to move out of place

Answer 202

A

Happens when an injury causes a complete break, chip or crack in a bone

Fractures can be open (the end of the broken bone breaks through the skin)

Open fractures are also called ‘compound fractures’

Answer 203

A

Falls
Awkward or sudden movements
Direct blows to the body
Repetitive actions or forces, such as jogging or working in an assembly line

Answer 204

A

Different type of bone, muscle and joint injuries have different signs or symptoms

Deformity, swelling or bruising

Limited or no use of the injured body part

A broken bone or bone fragments sticking out of the skin

A sensation or sound of bones grating

Answer 205

A

Always wear seat belts and shoulder restraints when in a vehicle.

Wear all safety equipment that is required or recommended (e.g., helmets, goggles, and pads).

Put non-slip adhesive strips or a mat in the bathtub and shower stall.

Stretch before exercising.

Avoid overexertion and take breaks often.

Children should learn their limits and rest when they are too tired or frustrated to continue safely.

Falls:
Good lighting
Sturdy railings on staircases
Non-slip floors and rugs

Answer 206

A

Rest: have the person rest comfortably
Immobilize: keep the injured area as still as possible
Cool: cool the injured area for 20 minutes of every hour
Elevate: raise the injury as long as this does not increase the pain

Answer 207

A

Call EMS if
There are injuries to the thigh bone or pelvis
The area below the injury is numb, pale, blue or cold
A broken bone is protruding through the skin
You cannot safely move the person

Answer 208

A

If there is an open fracture, stop the bleeding first.

Ice and cold packs help reduce swelling, as well as ease pain and discomfort. When applying ice or a cold pack to the injured area, ensure the ice or cold pack is wrapped in a thin, dry towel. Do not rub the ice or cold pack on the injured area.

To avoid damaging nerves, blood vessels, and tissues, do not perform traction or any other manipulation.

Answer 209

A

In general, immobilizing the injured area just means having the person keep it still. You should only apply a sling or splint if you need to move the person to another location. This may be necessary if:
The scene becomes unsafe (e.g., you smell a gas leak).

EMS personnel will be delayed (e.g., you are in a remote area).

Answer 210

A

Check for normal temperature and skin colour below the injured area before and after immobilizing the limb:

If the area is cold before immobilizing, call EMS/9-1-1.

If the area is cold after immobilizing, loosen the splint gently.

Immobilize the injured part in the position in which it was found.

Make sure the splint is long enough to include the joint above and below the injury.

Remove jewellery below the site of the injury.

Pad slings and splints for comfort.
Slings and splints can be improvised from everyday materials such as scarves and rolled newspapers if commercial versions are not available.

Answer 211

A

Have the person hold the injured arm across the body

Slide a triangular bandage under the injured arm

Bring the bottom end of the bandage over the shoulder of the injured side and tie the ends together

Secure the elbow by twisting, tying or pinning the corner of the bandage
Secure the arm to the body with a broad bandage

Answer 212

A

Have the person support the injured arm

Place a triangular bandage over the forearm and hand

Tuck the lower edge under the arm and twist the end to secure the elbow

Tie the bandage ends together

Secure the arm to the body with a broad bandage

Answer 213

A

An acute illness strikes suddenly and usually only lasts for a short period of time (such as the flu).

A chronic illness is something that a person lives with on an ongoing basis and that often requires continuous treatment to manage (such as diabetes).

When a person has a sudden medical emergency, it may be the result of an acute illness, or it may be a flare-up of a chronic condition

If your initial check of the person reveals any life-threatening conditions, make sure that someone calls EMS/9-1-1 right away, and then provide care according to the signs and symptoms that you find and your level of training. Follow the same general guidelines you would for any emergency.

.

Answer 214

A

Fainting is a brief period of unresponsiveness that happens when there is not enough blood flowing to the brain. If a person suddenly becomes unresponsive and then “comes to” after about a minute, he or she may have simply fainted.

Answer 215

A

A person who has fainted will most likely be alert soon after waking up. A person who has had a seizure is more likely to be confused and drowsy.

Answer 216

A

Pregnancy
Pain
Heat
Dehydration
Decreased blood sugar
Standing in one position for too long without moving
Traumatic information

Answer 217

A

The following tips help prevent fainting:
Stay hydrated, especially on hot days.
Eat at regular intervals to maintain a consistent blood sugar level.
Get up slowly from sitting or lying down.

Answer 218

A

Call EMS and get an AED if
The person is unresponsive for more than a few minutes.
The person is pregnant.
The person’s medical history is unknown.
You suspect that the person fainted as a result of a serious injury or illness.

Place the person in the recovery position.
Encourage the person to follow up with his or her healthcare provider.

Answer 219

A

Diabetes is a chronic condition that results from the body’s inability to process glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream.

An organ called the pancreas secretes insulin. In a person who has diabetes, either the pancreas fails to make enough insulin or the body’s cells are unable to respond to insulin.

Either situation causes sugar levels in the bloodstream to increase.

A diabetic emergency happens when blood sugar levels fluctuate outside the normal range. The person can have either too much or not enough sugar in the bloodstream.

Answer 220

A

Changes in the level of responsiveness
Changes in behavior
Rapid breathing
Cool, pale, sweaty skin
Appearance of intoxication
Seizures

Answer 221

A

Call EMS if

You are unable to give the person sugar

They are not fully awake

Had a seizure

The person’s condition does not improve within 10 minutes of having sugar

Care
If the person is able to follow simple commands, answer questions, and swallow safely, have the person eat or drink something that contains sugar
If the person’s condition does not improve within 10 minutes, call EMS
If the person’s condition improves, recommend that they eat a complete mea

Answer 222

A

Fevers
Infections
Head injuries
Heat stroke
Poisons (including drugs)
Drug or alcohol withdrawal
Diabetic emergencies
Audio-visual stimulation (e.g., flashing lights)

Answer 223

A

Involuntary muscle movements
Drool or foaming at the mouth
Uncontrolled repetitive motions
An altered level of responsiveness

Answer 224

A

Call EMS
You don’t know the person’s medical history
The seizure lasts more than a few minutes
The person has several seizures in a row
The person is unresponsive for an extended period

Seizure disorders and when to call EMS: some people have multiple seizures during a day and will likely have a treatment plan
It will outline when a seizure isn’t normal and when EMS should be called. Follow plan if you are familiar and comfortable, if not call EMS

Answer 225

A

Protect person from injury by:
Moving objects that could cause injury
Protecting the persons head with a soft object

Do not try to hold the person down
Once the seizure is over, roll the person into the recovery position. The person may be drowsy and disoriented for up to 20 minutes

Answer 226

A

Mental Health First Aid is the initial help provided to a person in a mental health crisis.

It includes recognizing the crisis and giving care until appropriate professional follow-up is received or the crisis is resolved

Answer 227

A

A person with a mental health condition may experience one, many, or none of the following:

Inability to think clearly, concentrate, or focus on a task

Hallucinations or delusions (e.g., hearing voices)

Depression or sudden mood swings
Obvious lack of motivation

Answer 228

A

Call EMS immediately if you suspect that the person poses a risk to you, others, or themself, or if you suspect that the person has attempted suicide. Contact support systems for the person, if possible

Provide reassurance, comfort, and support
Reduce distractions and encourage to sit down

Keep the person as calm as possible

Listen empathetically

Acknowledge the person’s feelings and emotions without judgment

If the person is delusional, do not dismiss their beliefs

Speak quietly and firmly

Offer self-help strategies such as breathing exercises

Answer 229

A

In a mental health crisis, the most immediate threat to the person is suicide.

Listen to what the person is saying. You should suspect the risk of suicide if the person is expressing:
Negative (especially suicidal) thoughts and comments about him- or herself.
The intent to die, especially if he or she has a plan.
Final wishes to someone close by

Responding to suicide or a suicide attempt can be traumatic. Talk to a professional if you experience lingering feelings of guilt or distress.

Answer 230

A

Childbirth is a natural process, and the woman’s body knows what to do. Your role will be to help the process while you wait for EMS personnel to arrive.

When providing care for a woman who is in labor, it is important to consider comfort, safety, and privacy.

The more comfortable the mother is, both physically and emotionally, the easier childbirth will be for her.

Create a clean, private space, and keep bystanders away. Do whatever you can to comfort and reassure the mother.

Answer 231

A

Contractions that are 2 minutes apart or less.

The mother says that the baby is coming.

The mother feels the urge to push.

The mother feels as though she needs to have a bowel movement.

The baby is crowning

Answer 232

A

Call EMS

Create a birthing area by placing clean blankets and/or towels under the mother

As the baby is being birthed, support the head

Wipe any fluid or mucus away from the baby’s mouth and nose

Check the baby’s ABCs. actively dry the baby with a clean cloth to crying and breathing

Place the baby directly onto the mothers chest and cover the baby with a blanket or towel

Let the placenta and cord onto a clean towel

Do not clamp, tie or cut the cord

Record the time of birth

If the bother has any bleeding tears, apply gentle pressure to them

Answer 233

A

The human body’s core temperature (the temperature of the heart, lungs and brain) is normally around 37 C. To avoid heat and cold related illnesses, this ideal core temperature is maintained by the hypothalamus through a process called thermoregulation

Answer 234

A

The hypothalamus will trigger thermoregulation to cause ‘heat loss’ responses such as
Increasing the skin’s blood flow
Sweating (to cool the body through evaporation)

Answer 235

A

The hypothalamus will trigger thermoregulation to cause ‘heat gain’ responses such as

Decreasing the skin’s blood flow

Converting food into energy

Shivering (which produces heat by contracting and relaxing muscles)

Answer 236

A

The direct transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves
Can warm and cool the body

Answer 237

A

The cooling that occurs when heat is used to change a liquid to vapour
Can only cool the body

Answer 238

A

The transfer of heat that occurs when air or liquid moves across the skin
Can warm and cool the body

Answer 239

A

The transfer of heat through direct contact with a solid or liquid
Can warm and cool the body

Answer 240

A

The cooling that occurs when heat is used to change a liquid into a vapour
Can only cool the body

Answer 241

A

Heat waves, especially if there hasn’t been one in recent years
High humidity (above 75%) which stops sweat from evaporating as effectively

Answer 242

A

Heat-related illnesses—such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke—occur when the body’s core temperature rises above the normal range.

Answer 243

A

Age: babies, children and the elderly don’t easily adjust to changes in temperature

Body size and mass: larger bodies with more fat tissue retain heat and warm up more quickly

Sports equipment or protective clothing that prevent loss of heat and moisture (e.g. football padding, firefighter turnout gear, or chemical/biological protective suits)

Heart disease or certain skin, hormone, or nervous system diseases

Burns

Poor physical fitness

Answer 244

A

Working or exercising without taking enough breaks to allow the body to cool down

Not drinking enough fluids to replace the water lost by sweating (dehydration)

Consuming dehydrating beverages or other substances (e.g. drinking too much coffee, or taking certain medications) in hot weather

Taking stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamines

Salt depletion

Fatigue

Answer 245

A

One of the most important actions a person can take to prevent heat-related illnesses is to drink plenty of fluids.

On average, you should drink eight 250 mL (8 oz.) glasses of fluid a day. The more you exert yourself, the more hydration your body will need, and so the more fluids you should drink.

If you feel thirsty, you are already dehydrated.

Develop the habit of drinking fluids regularly rather than waiting for the warning signs of dehydration to appear.

Answer 246

A

Skin: moist and warm
Physical: muscle contractions

Answer 247

A

Skin: moist and warm
Physical: weakness, exhaussion
Fainting and vomiting(Call EMS)
Mental: anxiety
Symptoms: headache
Nausea, dizziness (Call EMS)

Answer 248

A

Call EMS

Dry hot skin
seizures and coma
altered behavioural, irritable, agressive, bizzare
severe headache
rapid and weak pulse
shallow and rapid breathing

Answer 249

A

Remove from heat
loosen tight clothes, and padding
Gentle streching
provide cool drink

Answer 250

A

remove from heat

loosen tight clothing and padding

do not dry skin

pour cool water from torso
fan skin
provide drink

Answer 251

A

remove from heat
loosen tight clothes
don’t dry skin
immerse in cool water
immerse forearms in cool water
pour water on torse
fan skin
cool drink

Answer 252

A

Cold-related illnesses are any conditions that are caused by exposure to colder temperatures. They range in severity from frostbite (superficial frostbite or deep frostbite) to life-threatening hypothermia.

Answer 253

A

Both:
Insufficent insulation
Moisture on skin
exposure to cold and windy conditions

Frost bite: clothing

Hypothermia
Cold water immersion
Dehydration
taking medication to eliminate water from the body

Answer 254

A

Skin may appear shiny and rosy (sometimes called frost nip). This is a warning that frost bite is imminent

If you see these signs, encourage them to move to a warmer environment to protect with layers of clothing

Answer 255

A

Hardened skin
Skin that looks parker than the area around it
Pain or stinging in the area, followed by numbness

Answer 256

A

Waxy skin that is colder than the area around it
Skin and underlying tissue that is hard and solid to the touch
Skin that is white, blue, black or mottled
Complete loss of feeling

Answer 257

A

Remove jewelry or other items that may restrict blood flow to the affected area

Thaw the area only if you are sure it will not freeze again

Warn the affected area using warm (not hot) water or body heat for 20 to 30 minutes

Protect warmed skin with loose, dry dressings. Place gauze between the fingers or toes if they are affected. Leave any blisters in tact

If possible elevate any thawed extremities above the level of the heart

Rehydrate the person by providing plenty of fluids

Encourage the person to seek medical attention

Answer 258

A

Hypothermia has different levels of severity.

You may use warm water bottles, heating pads, or an electric blanket to warm the person’s trunk (i.e., the armpits, chest, and upper back).

Body heat from yourself or a bystander can also work in an emergency. Never put the person in a warm bath or shower or try to warm the person with a fire, a stove, or hot rocks.

Cold-water immersion can cause hypothermia in a person. If a person has been rescued from cold water, he or she should be treated immediately for hypothermia.

Answer 259

A

A person’s skin (especially the tongue and lips) can freeze to cold metal objects. This is especially a risk when skin is wet or moist. While this is a concern mainly in cold weather, skin can also freeze to metal objects in other situations (e.g., to the inside of a freezer).

Answer 260

A

Call EMS/911 if you cannot safely remove the body part from the cold object

Do not pull or tug the frozen body part.

Pour warm (not hot) water on the surface of the object or the skin that is stuck to the object.

As the skin begins to come free, gently help release the person from the metal object.
Treat any torn skin as an open wound.

Answer 261

A

A poison is a substance that is harmful if it is inhaled, swallowed (ingested), absorbed, or injected.

Practically anything can be a poison if it is not meant to be taken into the body.

Even some substances that are meant to be taken into the body, such as medications, can be poisonous if they are taken by the wrong person, or if the person takes too much.

Combining certain substances can also result in poisoning.
Poisons can be immediately life-threatening if they affect breathing,

Answer 262

A

Very young children explore their world by touching and tasting things around them, so even substances that don’t look or smell attractive are poisoning hazards among this age group.

Older adults who have medical condition that cause (such as dementia) or who have impaired vision are also at a higher risk of intention poisoning

Answer 263

A

Keep all medication, household cleaning products, poisonous plants, and other toxic substance well out of the reach of children

Never call medicine candy to persuade a child

Teach children to check with an adult before eating an unknown substance

Keep potentially poisonous products in their original containers with their original labels

Carefully dispose of expired medication through your local hazardous waste process

Be aware that many cleaning products and aerosol sprays have toxic fumes.

Use these products in a well-ventilated area
Wear proper
protective clothing (such as gloves and goggles) any time you are working with or around a poisonous substance

Run gas and other combustion engines only in open- well ventilated areas

Learn about poisonous plants in your area before going into a new environment

Answer 264

A

Clearly label all toxic substances and never use a product that is not clearly identified

Have a detailed material safety data sheet available for every hazardous substance in the workplace

Ensure that workers who might be exposed to hazardous materials receive the proper training in safety measures and emergency procedures

Check all warning labels, tags, and posters in the workplace and follow their instructions carefully

Read labels and the MSDS to find out the risk of each hazardous material, the safety measures that must be taken to prevent poisoning, and first aid required if poisoning occurs

Answer 265

A

The signs and symptoms of poisoning vary, depending on the person, the type of poison, and the way that the poison entered the body: It may not be obvious that the person has been poisoned.

Checking the scene and the person might give clues that point to poisoning.

For example, you may note an open container, an unusual smell, burns around the person’s mouth, a strange odour on the person’s breath, or other people in the area who are also affected.

Answer 266

A

The type of poison
The quantity taken
When it was taken

Always use caution when you encounter a case of poisoning to be sure that you do not contaminate yourself.

Answer 267

A

If a person has been poisoned, the most important thing you can do is to call for help. This may be either EMS/9-1-1 or the local Poison Control Centre.

If the person has an altered level of responsiveness or has difficulty breathing, call EMS/9-1-1 and get an AED immediately. If the person’s ABCs are normal and he or she is responsive and alert, call your local Poison Control Centre.

If the poison is found nearby, give the information from the label to the Poison Control Centre or EMS/9-1-1 dispatcher.

Answer 268

A

An open container of poison nearby
Burns around the mouth
Increased production saliva and/or saliva that is an abnormal color
Abdominal cramps, vomiting, and/or diarrhea
A burning sensation in the mouth, throat or stomach

Answer 269

A

Check the packaging of the poison
Induce vomiting only if told to do so by the EMS dispatcher or poison control
If the person needs to go to the hospital bring a sample of the poison (or its original container)

Answer 270

A

Breathing difficulties
Irritated eyes, nose or throat
Bluish around the mouth
An unusual smell in the air

Answer 271

A

Move the person into fresh air, but do not enter a hazardous atmosphere yourself in order to do so

Answer 272

A

Rash or hives
Burning or itching skin
Blisters
Burns

Answer 273

A

If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off the persons skin
Remove any clothing covered in the poison
Flush the skin with running water for at least 15 minutes. Make sure the water flushes away from unaffected areas of the body

Answer 274

A

One or more puncture wounds
Problem breathing
Redness and swelling at the entry point
A needle found nearby

Answer 275

A

Wash the puncture site with clean running water
Keep the person still

Answer 276

A

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless gas that is produced when fuel is burned (e.g., in an engine, fireplace, or furnace).

With proper ventilation, the gas is carried harmlessly away, but burning fuel in an enclosed space can create lethal levels of carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide binds to the red blood cells 200 times better than oxygen.

As carbon monoxide attaches to red blood cells, it keeps oxygen from properly binding. The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can be very similar to those of the flu.

Answer 277

A

Headache
Dizziness or light-headedness
Confusion or altered levels of responsiveness
Weakness or fatigue
Muscle cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Chest pain

Treat for inhaled poisioning

Answer 278

A

Poison ivy, poison sumac, and poison oak, sometimes called “rash-causing plants” produce oil that causes skin irritation in most people. The signs, symptoms, and care are the same for all three.

Answer 279

A

Itchy skin
Reddening of the skin
Bumps or blisters

What to do: care
Encourage the person to apply a cream or ointment designed to reduce itching and blistering (e.g., calamine).

Suggest that the person take an oral antihistamine to help relieve itching.
If the rash is severe or on a sensitive part of the body (such as the face or groin), the person should see a healthcare provider.

Answer 280

A

The sap of giant hogweed and wild parsnip plants is harmless on the skin at first, but causes it to react violently when it is exposed to the sun’s UV radiation.

Answer 281

A

What to Look For:
The sap of these plants causes the following signs and symptoms when the skin is exposed to sunlight:
Swelling and reddening of the skin
Painful blistering
Purplish scarring

Answer 282

A

Call EMS/9-1-1 if the person is having trouble breathing or if the sap is on the person’s eyes, face, or groin.

Protect the area from sunlight.

If sap gets into the eyes, rinse them thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes or until EMS personnel arrive.

Encourage the person to seek medical attention

Answer 283

A

Many types of drugs can have harmful effects on the body, but you don’t need to know which specific one the person has taken before you can give first aid.

Provide the same care you would give for any other type of poison, based on the method the person used to take the drug (e.g., swallowed or injected).

Look for clues about what drug was taken and give this information to EMS personnel when they arrive.

Certain drugs may make a person feel threatened if bystanders, First Aiders, or EMS personnel try to help. If a person becomes aggressive, call EMS/9-1-1 (if you haven’t already) and do not put yourself at risk.

Answer 284

A

Animal bites can cause injuries (especially puncture wounds), but they can also introduce foreign substances into the body through the animal’s saliva.

Call your local animal control department if the animal is wild or a stray.

Try to get the person safely away from the animal.

Do not try to capture the animal.

Treat any puncture wounds.

Seek medical attention if the animal is stray or unknown to you, or if you suspect it might have rabies.

Watch for signs and symptoms of infection.

Answer 285

A

Insect stings are usually just painful, but some have severe allergies.

Monitor anyone who has been stung by an insect, especially if it is the first time he or she has been stung

Some insects, such as bees, leave their stinger embedded in the person’s. Others such as wasps can sting multiple times, but leave no stinger behind

Answer 286

A

To reduce the risk of insect sting
Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and closed toe shoes
Don’t wear perfume, cologne or other products with strong scents
Remove or cover items that will attract insects, such as garbage or food

Answer 287

A

Call EMS/911 and get an AED if there are any signs of severe allergic region

If the stinger is still embedded. Scrape it away from the skin
Wrap a cold pack with thin towel and place it on the affected area
Continue to watch for signs of anaphylaxis

Answer 288

A

Ticks are found in wooden, bushy areas, in tall grass, and in leaf litter. They attach themselves to warm blooded animals, including people

Ticks can spread pathogens from their mouths into a person’s body that can cause serious illnesses, such as Lyme disease.

Promptly remove any ticks that you find before they bite and become swollen with blood. Ticks are most active from April to September

Answer 289

A

Avoid wooden areas and areas with high grass and leaf litter
Walk in the center of hiking trails

Limit the amount of exposed skin. Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Tuck your shirt into your pants and your pant legs into your socks or boots

Use insect repellants with 10 to 30% DEET on skin and clothing

Check gear and pets for ticks when coming in from outside
Put outdoor clothing in a dryer on high heat for 1 hour to kill any ticks that might be attached

Answer 290

A

If the tick hasn’t started to bite, brush it off the skin

If they have begun to bite:
Use tweezers to grasp the tick by the head as close to the person’s skin as possible

Pull upward without twisting until the tick releases its hold. If you cannot remove the tick or its mouthparts stay in the skin, the person should seek medical attention

Once the tick is removed, wash with area with clean water
If the area becomes infected, or the person develops a fever or flash, they should seek medical attention

Answer 291

A

Save any ticks you remove from skin

Submit the tick to the public health lab for testing or bring it with you to an appointment?

Submitting ticks for testing will help public health officials track how ticks spread in Canada and what the risks are of human exposure

To save a tick, place it in a sealable plastic bag or a pill bottle
Record the location and date of the bite

Live ticks can be stored for up to 10 days in the refrigerator
If the tick is dead, place it in the freezer instead

Answer 292

A

In the wild, snakes like to occupy rock outcrops, swamps, undergrowth, and abandoned human structures.
When disturbed, some snakes can inject venom as they bite
Prairie rattlesnake
Copperhead snake, massasauga snake

Answer 293

A

Don’t aggravate a snake
Wear proper footwear and watch where you put your feet when hiking
If you hear a rattlesnake, remain still until the snake is located, then back away slowly: avoid stomping or jumping as this may startle the snake

A snake’s striking range is about ⅔ of its length forward and one third upward (in water, snakes have a shorter striking range).

If you are within striking distance, do not yell, as snakes can detect vibrations, instead back slowly out of range

Answer 294

A

If you know or suspect that the bite was caused by venomous snake, call EMS/911

Emsure that the snake is no longer present. If you see the snake, describe it to the EMS personnel when they arrive

Keep the person still and ensure the bitten area is level within the heart

If the bite is on a limb, remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the limn

Wash the wound with water and cover it with a clean, dry dressing

Answer 295

A

Raised, round, red mark
Cramping pain in the thighs, shoulders, back and abdominal muscles
Excessive sweating
Weakness

Answer 296

A

A slight stinging sensation
A blood filled blister that appears
A bulls eye pattern around the bite
Symptoms of a severe reaction occur within 72 hours of the bite and include nausea, vomiting, and joint pain

Answer 297

A

To care for a spider bite from a black widow or brown recluse spider:

Have the person rest quietly and keep the bite elevated.

Apply a cold pack wrapped in a thin, dry towel.

To care for a bite from a non-venomous spider:
Wash the area with water.

Suggest that the person apply an antibiotic ointment.

Cover the wound with an adhesive bandage.

Apply a cold pack wrapped in a thin, dry towel to help reduce pain and swelling

Answer 298

A

Many forms of marine life (e.g. jellyfish, stingrays, sea urchins, stinging coral, and spiny fish) cause stinging wounds.

In Canada, strings from marine life are usually from jellyfish, through stingrays can also cause injury.

Stings from marine life can have effects that range from merely painful to potentially life-threatening
Sting ray
Sea urchin
Jellyfish

Answer 299

A

Pain
Rash or redness
Swelling
Puncture wounds or lacerations

Answer 300

A

Call EMS and get an AED if the person is having airway or breathing problem, the person was stung on the face or neck, or you do not know what caused the sting

Flush the injured area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds. If vinegar is not available, mix baking soda and water into a paste and leave it on the area for 20

While wearing gloves or using a towel, carefully remove any pieces of the animal
Immerse the affected area in water as hot as the person can tolerate for at least 20 minutes or until the pain is relieved. Hot or cold packs can also be used
Encourage the person to seek medical attention and watch for signs of infec

Answer 301

A

The person’s airway is at risk (e.g., the person vomits while on his or her back)
The scene becomes unsafe
There is no organized EMS response in the region (i.e., the response time will be more than 45 minutes)

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