Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic rules of first aid

A

Don’t panic

Maintain the airway

check circulation and contol the haemorrhage

Contact ASAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Life threatening emergencies

A

Garstric torsion

Poisoning by bleach/antifreeze

Haemorrage

Electric shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non Life threatening emergency

A

Prolapsed eye

fracture

RTA

Bleeding ear tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Minor emergencies

A

Poisoning by contraceptive pill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the recovery position

A

Put animal in right lateral recumbency

Ensure head and neck are extended

Draw tongue forward so hangs out side of animals mouth

Remove any collar or harness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the information you need to give the veterinary surgeon regarding a treated first patient?

A

Exact nature of injury

Extent and degree of injury

When did accident occure

Age/sex/breed

Owner details i.e. contact number

Location of patient including ETA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe how you would handle and transport a large dog with a suspected spinal injury

A

Any restraint should be careful not to cause any movement of the spine or hind limbs,

the patient should be encouraged to remain immobile

Transportation should be on a stretcher or spinal board ( nb. Patient not to be rolled onto the stretcher)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

One piece of restraining/handling equipment for an aggressive cat

A

towel
cat muzzle
crush cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

One piece of restraining/handling equipment for an aggressive

A

muzzle

dog catcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

One piece of restraining/handling equipment for a budgie

A

towel

pencil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One piece of restraining/handling equipment for a Kestrel hawk

A

gauntlets

hood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Venous haemorrhage

A

Dark red blood, little spurting, definite bleeding point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 3 measures to arrest haemorrhage

A

direct digital pressure,

pressure bandage,

pressure points,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atipamazole

A

Reversal of alpha2 sedative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atropine

A

Treatment of bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcium gluconate

A

Hypocalcaemia - eclampsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diazepam

A

Treatment of seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dopamine

A

Increases force of myocardial contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Doxapram

A

Respiratory and CNS stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Frusemide

A

Acute pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glucose (Dextrose)

A

Glucose (Dextrose) Hypoglycaemic coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lidocaine without epinephrine

A

Treatment of arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Naloxone

A

Naloxone Opioid antidote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the abbreviation VPIS stand for

A

Veterinary poisons information service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the name of the substance found in chocolate that is poisonous to animals?

A

theobromine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the correct procedure for removing non-oily compounds from an animal’s coat?

A

Wash with copious amounts of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is used to sooth wasp stings?

A

Acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone is involved is broken into several pieces (at least 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the appropriate first aid treatment for a dog with a fractured radius and ulna

A

observe ABCs, and monitor for signs of shock, keep animal immobilised and support fracture using a folded towel. , monitor for signs of other injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define hypothermia

A

body temperature below the normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

appropriate first aid measure for hyperthermia

A

Soak the coat by pouring over cool water

Use fans to cool the animal

Place cool wet towels over the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the definition of a reducible hernia ?

A

one which can be replaced easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A frantic owner is on the telephone informing you that her dog is having an epileptic fit – what advice do you give?

A

Put the pet in a dark quiet room
Remove any items that the animal could injure itself on

Do not touch the dog but remain nearby

Stay calm – keep family members away from dog
Time the length of the fit

If fit continues for more than 5-10 minutes must be seen!

Reassure the animal following the seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In which circumstance would you use Doxapram drops in the practice?

A

Doxapram is used to stimulate breathing it may be used to aid in the resuscitation of neonates or apnoeic animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Stertor

A

noise associated with inspiration, a low pitched heavy snoring or gasping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Stridor

A

higher pitched wheezing associated with inspiration and expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Give one example of a condition that might cause stertorous breathing

A

upper airway obstruction such as laryngeal paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe some signs that might be seen in a patient with an acute airway obstruction

A

Distress
cyanosis
mouth breathing
collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to acute upper airway obstruction syndrome due to their confirmation?

A

Brachycephalic breeds, eg. bulldog, pug, French bulldog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the actions that should be taken if an animal has a foreign body obstructing its airway

A

Attempt to clear the airway manually by opening the animals mouth and clearing the back of the throat, the Heimlich manoeuvre may be attempted.

Pulse should be monitored and any haemorrhage controlled if present.

Patients may require endotracheal intubation if possible or a tracheostomy may be performed by the VS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Checking Vital signs

A

Heartbeat

Respiration

Pupil Dilation

Loss of Corneal Reflex

Corneal Glazing

Body cooling/ rigor mortis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Dealing with cardiac arrest in practice

A

intubate patient, place on 100% O2 commence IPPV

Perform cardiac compressions - 1-2 compressions per second

cardio respiratory stimulant drugs i.e. adrenaline, doxopram

Defibrillator may be utilised if available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

IPPV

A

Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Shock

A

Causes: severe haemorrhage, infection, dehydration, poisons etc

Signs of shock: Pale MMs, slow CRT, increased resp rate, rapid feeble pulse, cold moth, limbs, tail. Convulsions and collapse

First aid:
Keep patient warm & comfortable, control any haemorrhage, reduce stress, reassure patient, fluid therapy under direction of VS, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Signs if life threatening: pale MM’s, rapid weak pulse,slow CRT, subnormal temperature

Evaluation- type of vessel damaged, is bleeding visible or internal, TPR

First aid - digital pressure, pressure bandage, pressure points,tourniquet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Primary haemorrhage

A

Haemorrhage as a direct result of a blood vessel being damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secondary haemorrhage

A

Haemorrhage that restarts after injury due to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Reactionary haemmorhage

A

Haemorrhage that restarts after 24hrs due to an increase in BP that displaces clot formation

50
Q

Digital pressure

A

using fingers to control bleeding,

take care to ensure there is no foreign body in the wound as would push it in further

51
Q

Pressure bandage

A

These are applied to extremeties such as limbs.

Used to constrict the surface circulation temporarily, helping limit blood loss

Where there is a foreign body - a ring bandage can be used to apply pressure without pushing object deeper into wound

52
Q

Pressure points

A

Pressure is applied to an artery where it passes over a bone to the body extremeties

Brachial artery
Femoral artery
Coccygeal artery

53
Q

Tourniquet

A

Cuts off circulation to tissues below its application site

Should not be done

54
Q

Open Wound

A

where injury causing break in the covering of the body

55
Q

Closed Wound

A

no break in the body covering (this covers everything from minor bruising to damage to internal organs

56
Q

Avulsed Wound

A

any wound in which a flap of skin has been forcibly pulled away

57
Q

Incised Wound Characteristics

A

Edges clean cut and clearly defined

Usually bleed freely

often penetrate deeply

Heal quickly

Caused by a sharp instrument

58
Q

Lacerated wound characteristics

A

Irregular shape, jagged edges

Edges gape as skin has been torn away

Little haemorrhage due to ragged tearing of the blood vessels

Severity depends on depth

slow healing & extensive scarring
Caused by blunt intrument

59
Q

Puncture wound characteristics

A

wound is small but often leads to a deep narrow track

often become infected

skin wound can heal trapping infection and causing skin abscesses

very little haemorrhage

caused by thin, long needle

60
Q

Abrasion

A

any graze or wound which does not cover the entire skin thickness

Very painful as cover a large area of nerve endings

rarely serious

haemorrhaging is limited to capillary ooze

61
Q

Gastric Dilation Volvulous

A

life threatening condition often associated with large, deep chested dogs

Causes- over eating, over drinking, exercise close before and after a meal, rolling after a meal

Signs: Restlessness, swelling, breathing becomes laboured, collapse, shock and death

in practice- pass a stomach tube
pierce the abdominal wall (VS)

62
Q

Genito-urinary system - Kidney

A

Symptoms may vary depending on location of disease or injury within the urinary tract

Causes - traumas, Back pressure, infection, poisoning

Signs - abdominal pain, elivated temp, oliguria and haematuria

first aid - no specific, keeps amples, IVFT

63
Q

Dystocia

A

Signs

Bitch has exceeded 70 days from last mating - not showing signs of parturition (cat 65 days)

dam unsettles but strains frequently

black/green discharge with no signs of parturition

there has been a decline of rectal temperature and parturition has not commenced within 48 hours

several foetuses have been produced, last more than 2 hours ago and more are expected

First aid

Seek VS

May need to prep for a caesarean

64
Q

Hypocalcaemia (eclampsia)

A

low plasma concentration of calcium related to calcium loss in milk and poor dietary calcium availability

Most commonly seen in bitches just before or after whelping a litter

Symptoms
Occurs late pregnancy/early lactation

Restlessness/ panting

increases salivation/stiff gait

muscle tremors, pyrexia, tachycardia

tetany & death if untreated

First aid- VS, IV access required, VS will give calcium gluconate IM, follow up dietary changes/ supplements may be required

65
Q

Caring for the neonate

A

newborns poikilothermic

must be kept at 25-30 degrees for first few days

if animal does not show interest in her young -

place newborn on a warm clean towel

peel membranes from around the pups head then body. Cut the cord.

after wiping fluid from face, rub vigorously to stimulate breathing

if not breathing, support head, cradle in towel ad swing in an arc to expel fluid

rub vigorously until cries/breathes

always check for abnormalities

66
Q

poikilothermia

A

the inability to regulate core body temperature

67
Q

General signs of injury to the eye

A

blepharospasm - eyelids screwed up against the light

Photophobia - hatred of lights

Epiphora - tear production is increased/may overflow the eyelids

sclera and conjunctiva are often inflamed

self trauma

68
Q

Prolapsed eyeball

A

never attempt to push back in

keep lubricated with either contact lens saline, sterile saline, false tears

keep quiet and comfortable

prevent self trauma - use buster collar

VS asap

Treat for shock

69
Q

Foreign body in eye

A

if non penetrating, try to flush out with tepid water or saline

if cannot be removed by flushing, do not pull out - seek VS

70
Q

Chemical splashes

A

eye should be thoroughly flushed with sterile saline or water

liquid parrafin should be used if hot fat is in the eye to stop it from congealing

get VS

cover eye with sterile gauze swab to prevent further interference

71
Q

Trauma to ear resulting in bleeding

A

apply pressure with absorbent pads on both sides of ear flap for several minutes

dont remove pads: place ear against head and bandage to head

see VS if extensive

72
Q

Foreign body in ear

A

if obviously visible, remove using tweezers

if unsuccessful, warmed olive oil or liquid paraffin can be poured into ear to alleviate discomfort

don’t give food as may require an anaesthetic

73
Q

Nasal trauma resulting in epistaxis

A

Dont apply muzzle as may have difficulty breathing

treat any dyspnoea

apply external cold compress

keep under observation for delayed concussion

74
Q

Nasal trauma foreign body

A

if visible through nostril can be carefully removed

if not visible but purulent discharge see a vet

75
Q

Seizures, fits and convulsions

A

epilepsy - initial restlessness, ictal phase of seizure, following attack will rise and wander around aimlessly

76
Q

Causes of fits

A

Poisoning, underlying disease, rabies (unlikely in household pet)

77
Q

Grand mal seizure

A

A grand mal seizure causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. It’s the type of seizure most people picture when they think about seizures

78
Q

petit mal seizures

A

petit mal seizures, are brief, usually less than 15 seconds, and they have symptoms that may be barely noticeable

79
Q

status epilepticus

A

a dangerous condition in which epileptic fits follow one another without recovery of consciousness between them.

80
Q

First aid for seizure

A

stay calm

time the seizure

make room dark and quiet

move anything may hurt itself on

stay in room but do not touch

if patient shows cyanosis tongue may be obstructing the pharynx - never put hand in mouth as may be bitten

81
Q

hypoglycaemic coma

A

occurs when a diabetic animal suffers a sudden decrease in amount of circulating glucose available
can occur if too much insulin is given

First aid
give glucose solution 1-2 tablespoons orally
(can use honey)

if animal loses consciousness, rub glucose into gums

get VS

Treatment at surgery

IV glucose injection

Oral glucose solution administered

82
Q

Fly Strike

A

usually affects rabbits/old dogs/cats

occurs when blowfly lays eggs within heavily soiled fur - these then hatch into maggots

First aid - remove large maggots, apply barrier cream to wounds, clip away hair, clean wounds, spray insecticide around wound

83
Q

Burns & scalds

A

Burn- dry heat
Scald- i.e. boiling water

Clinical signs
Redness and heat

Swelling (dont often see blisters

Pain (superficial more painful)

loss of fur

First aid action
cool and flush

keep patient warm

dress wound

restrict animals movement

comfort

IV Fluids

84
Q

Electrocution

A

signs collapse at site

if alive whole body is still and twitching

muscles of face may be spastically contracted

breathing sharp and short - may scream with every exhilation

First aid-

Always switch off the mains
Check airways and heartbeat

start cardiac massage if no heartbeat

check for signs of electric burns

if recovers, monitor resp & pulse get to vet ASAP even if seems fine

85
Q

Fractures

A 
signs 
shortening of limbs
deformity
abnormal position of bone or joint
crepitus

First aid
Minimise movement of fracture fragments

86
Q

Spinal fractures

A

muzzle if necessary

put onto flat board and strap down - dont put pressure on neck

do not turn over

get to vet ASAP

87
Q

Limb fractures

A

muzzle if necessary

slide a folded towel under the limb to provide support during movement

if open - dont apply anything. cover exposed area with clean gauze or clean tea towel

Support fracture site but allow animal to find comfortable position

if haemorrhage try to control - digital pressure take care,

88
Q

Dislocation

A

can be through inhereted defects or aquired through accidents

Signs - 
loss of function
deformity
pain
limited movement
swelling at joint
crepitus
first aid
rest
do not feed (may need anaesthetic)
do not attempt to replace joint
VS pain relief
89
Q

Heatstroke/ hyperthermia

A

signs

distress, excessive panting
Cyanosis
Body temp keeps increasing
Collapse and comatose

First aid

remove from hot environment
put in cool bath
(make sure soaks through to skin)
apply cold towels
take rectal temp every 5 mins

continue cooling until temp has fallent to below 39.4 degC

VS direct- clip fur, cooled IV fluids, sedation or cold enemas

90
Q

Hypothermia

A 
Signs
lethargy and sleepiness
Weak movements
feels cold to touch
coma 
death

First aid

Direct warmth in kennel
lots of blankets
if wet, dry with towels
warm IV fluids
direct heat not always suitable
91
Q

Poisons

A 
VN
take extensive history
give appropriate advice over phone
thoroughly examine patient
reserve ant faeces, vomit, urine

VPIS

Common clinical signs - vom, diarrhoea, disorientation, collapse, convulsions, ataxia, profuse salivation

92
Q

Insect stings

A

Stings in the mouth can cause swelling, salivation and discomfort

stings in the pharynx could swell enough to obstruct the airway

animal may paw at its mouth

severe allergic reaction may result in difficulty breathing/ collapse

first aid-
try to scrape away before it embeds into the skin
if been there for a few minutes - remove with tweezers

Bee sting- bicarb solution

Wasp stings- vinegar solution

93
Q

Snake Bites

A

signs

trembling, excitement, vomiting, collapse, drooling

First aid

minimise movement
if bite wound visible wash thoroughly
if limb bitten try to keep below heart
get to VS

in practice

IV fluids
antiB's
analgesics
anti-venom
O2 & treat if in shock
94
Q

List 3 symptoms that may occur if the animal has injury to the mouth, tongue or oesophagus

A

dysphagia, salivation, pawing at mouth, rubbing face, malodour

95
Q

Describe how the Heimlich manoeuvre may be performed on a medium sized dog

A

Suspend the animal from its hind limbs, give a sharp blow to the area just above the xiphisternum (can be repeated up to 4 times),

alternatively sharp compressions to the thorax can be attempted.

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothermia?

A

lethargy, weakness, pale and cold extremities, bradycardia, may lead to coma and death

97
Q

Describe three ways in which a patients body temperature can be supported/increased

A

Place patient in a warm room, insulated kennel, may use incubator or bair hugger, warmed iv fluids under direction of VS

98
Q

How often should the patients body temperature be checked during recovery?

A

at least every 10 mins intially

99
Q

List 5 household items/chemicals that have the potential to be poisonous to pets

A

onions, chocolate, grapes, antifreeze, slug bait, lillies, xylitol-sweetener, macademia nuts, paracetamol, ibuprofen etc.

100
Q

List the first aid measures required to treat an animal that has rolled in oily paint

A

Ensure further ingestion is prevented by applying a buster collar/preventing grooming,

remove paint using an oily substance such as cooking oil or swarfega,

use detergent to wash and then rinse the animal, finally rinse thoroughly with water

101
Q

Where can information regarding veterinary poisons be obtained by veterinary practices?

A

VPIS vets now Tox Box database.

102
Q

Describe the signs that might be seen in an animal following an adder bite

A

The wound may be difficult to see initially, panting, trembling, excitement, drooling, tachycardia, dilated pupils, may lead to collapse, later signs of tissue necrosis(black) and bruising at wound site

103
Q

Describe the first aid measures appropriate for a cat with a wasp sting

A

Keep the animal calm and monitor abcs,

if possible remove the sting by levering it out,

apply an ice pack, monitor for signs of anaphylaxis,

the patient may need a buster collar,

104
Q

Describe the signs that might be shown by a cat with a urethral obstruction

A

Abdominal discomfort,
dysuria, haematuria, tachyuria,
anuria, anorexia, ( may progress to shock, vomiting, collapse)

105
Q

What signs might be associated with acute renal failure due to poisoning?

A

Abdominal pain
Elevated temperature
Oliguria (too little) and haematuria
Depression/anorexia

106
Q

What signs might a patient with bladder rupture display?

A

Shock and pale mms, Collapse, No urine is passed

107
Q

List 3 causes of dysuria

A

Cystitis
Bladder tumour
Urethral obstruction

108
Q

Define dystocia

A

Difficulty giving birth

109
Q

What is considered as an acceptable ‘normal’ time gap between the delivery of successive puppies during labour?

A

No more than 2 hrs

110
Q

Name one drug that may be administered to puppies to stimulate respiration

A

doxapram

111
Q

Why is it important to keep neonates warm?

A

They are poikilothermic when born (unable to regulate own body temperature)

112
Q

List the equipment required to prepare for a caesarean section

A 
Surgical op kit, drapes, 
gloves 
gowns, 
anaesthetic machine,
theatre prep, consent form, towels, incubator, crash kit

May include iv fluids, catheters, drugs at direction of VS

113
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce, can occur in dogs and cats

114
Q

In which category of emergency does eclampsia fall?

A

Life threatening emergency

115
Q

Eclampsia in dogs is caused by

A

inadequate calcium

116
Q

Describe the correct method of transporting an animal with a spinal injury

A

Use a spinal board or similar, do not allow the animal to walk, (extreme care should be taken when moving any animal with a suspected spinal injury)

117
Q

List the signs that an epileptic animal may display in the pre-ictal phase

A

Restlessness, seeking affection and reassurance

118
Q

List 2 drugs that are available for the treatment of seizures in dogs and cats

A

Diazepam, midazolam,

propofol

119
Q

A dog has presented with a large thorn protruding from its cornea. Describe the correct first aid measures

A

Prevent dog from further traumatising the eye eg use of buster collar,

keep calm, do not remove the thorn!, contact VS (may require topical/general anaesthesia for assessment and removal)

120
Q

Explain why glaucoma should be treated urgently

A

Increased intra-ocular pressure can lead to irreversible damage to the retina leaving the animal blind (this is also a painful condition for the patient)

121
Q

How can you protect a prolapsed eyeball from further injury whilst waiting for treatment?

A

Apply buster collar and keep patient calm

Keep eye moist by flushing with sterile saline and applying damp sterile gauze

122
Q

Explain how you would deal with a spurting haemorrhage from a cats pinna.

A

A spurting haemorrhage is likely to be the result of injury to an artery.

Use pressure to attempt to slow the bleeding and apply a pressure bandage to the pinna using dressing pads on either side of the ear.

Must be seen by the VS for further treatment.

Pharmacology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions