First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

3 substances that decrease aqueous humor

A

Beta-blockers
Alpha2-agonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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2
Q

2 substances that increase aqueous humor drainage

A

Trabecular outflow: M3 agonist

Uveoscleral outflow: prostaglandin agonists

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3
Q

4 refractive errors

A

Hyperopia: eye too short for refraction, light behind retina
Myopia: eye too long for refraction, light in front of retina
Astigmatism: abNl curvature of cornea, diff refractive power at diff axes
Presbyopia: age, impaired accomodation (near objects), low lens elasticity

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4
Q

8 acquired + 8 congenital risk factors of Cataract

A

Age, smoking, excessive alcohol, excessive sunlight, prolonged corticosteroid, diabetes, trauma, infection

Classic galactosemia, galactokinase deficiency, trisomies (13,18,21), ToRCHeS infections, Marfan sd, Alport sd, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis 2

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5
Q

4 findings in Glaucoma

A

Optic disc atrophy w/ cupping
High IOP
Progressive peripheral visual field loss
Ttt: lower IOP (pharmacological or surgical)

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6
Q

3 findings in Open-angle glaucoma

A

Painless
Primary (bilateral vision loss, progressive, cupping)
Secondary (blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs, RBCs, retinal elements)

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7
Q

Closed-angle glaucoma

A

Primary (enlargement/forward lens against central iris then against cornea)
Secondary (hypoxia from retinal ds then vasoproliferation in iris)
Chronic (asymptomatic)
Acute (emergency, red eye, very painful, vision loss)

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8
Q

5 findings in Uveitis

A
Anterior: iritis
Intermediate: pars planitis
Posterior: choroiditis and/or retinitis
Hypopyon or conjunctival redness
Ass w/ systemic inflammatory disorders
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9
Q

2 symptoms + 2 types of Age-related macular degeneration

A

Metamorphopsia + central scotoma
Dry (>80%, yellowish deposits, drusen, gradual vision loss, prevent progression w/ multivitamins+antioxidants+stop smoking)
Wet (choroidal neovasc then bleeding then rapid vision loss, gray-green subretinal disc, ttt w/ anti-VEGF injection)

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10
Q

2 types of Diabetic retinopathy

A

Nonproliferative: damage capillaries, hge+macular edema, ttt w/ glycemic control

Proliferative: chronic hypoxia, neovasc tracting retina, ttt w/ photocoag, surgery, anti-VEGF

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11
Q

4 findings in Retinal vein occlusion

A

Compression from arterial atherosclerosis
Venous engorgement
Edema in affected area
Retinal hge

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12
Q

5 findings in Retinal detachment

A

Separation of neurosensory from pigmented epithelium
Degeneration of photoreceptors
Preceded by posterior vitreous detachment
Monocular vision loss
Surgical emergency

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13
Q

4 findings in Retinoblastoma

A

1 ocular tumor of childhood

White pupillary reflex in <5yo
40% familial (bilateral, w/ other tumors)
60% sporadic (unilateral)

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14
Q

5 findings in Central retinal artery occlusion

A
Acute monocular vision loss
Painless
Retinal whitening + attenuated vessels
Cherry-red spot at fovea
Search for embolic source
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15
Q

5 findings in Retinitis pigmentosa

A
Inherited retinal degeneration
Painless
Night blindness first
Progressive vision loss
Spicule-shaped deposits around macula
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16
Q

3 causes of Conjunctivitis

A

Viral +++ (esp. adenovirus, mucous discharge, preauricular node)
Allergic (itchy, bilateral)
Bacterial (pus)

17
Q

3 causes of Retinitis

A

Retinal edema + necrosis
Viral +++ (CMV, HSV, VZV)
Bacterial
Parasitic

18
Q

4 findings in Papilledema

A

Optic disk swelling (~ bilateral)
Due to high ICP
Enlarged blind spot
Blurred margins of optic disc

19
Q

2 causes + 2 findings in Marcus Gunn pupil

A

Optic nerve damage
Severe retinal injury

Diminished bilateral pupillary constriction when light in affected eye
Swinging flashlight test

20
Q

3 symptoms + 2 findings in Horner syndrome

A

Ptosis
Myosis
Anhidrosis

Sympathetic denervation of face
Ass w/ lesion of spinal cord above T1

21
Q

CN III damage

A

Somatic (extraocular muscles) central - affected 1st in vascular ds (diabetes): down+out position, ptosis, acute onset diplopia

Autonomic, parasymp. (constriction + accomodation) peripheral - normal in db, affected 1st by compression: low/absent pupillary light reflex

22
Q

Difference between CN III, IV and VI damage

A

CN III: diagonal diplopia
CN IV: vertical + torsional diplopia
CN VI: horizontal diplopia

23
Q

CN IV damage

A

Eye moves upward w/ contralateral gaze
Head tilts toward side of lesion
Problem going down stairs (tild head in opposite direction)

24
Q

CN VI damage

A

Eye cannot abduct

Directed medially

25
Q

6 findings in Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A
Lesion in MLF
Horizontal gaze palsy
CN VI nucleus activates ipsilat LR but contralat CN III nucleus does not stimulate MR
Abducting eye gets nystagmus
Normal convergence
Directional term: paralyzed eye
26
Q

5 families of Glaucoma drugs

A

Alpha-agonists: epinephrine (a1), brimonidine (a2)
Beta-blockers: timolol, betaxolol, carteolol
Diuretics: acetazolamide
Cholinomimetics (M3): direct (pilocarpine, carbachol), indirect (physostigmine, echothiophate)
Prostaglandin: bimatoprost, latanoprost (PGF2a)