First Aid Flashcards
3 substances that decrease aqueous humor
Beta-blockers
Alpha2-agonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
2 substances that increase aqueous humor drainage
Trabecular outflow: M3 agonist
Uveoscleral outflow: prostaglandin agonists
4 refractive errors
Hyperopia: eye too short for refraction, light behind retina
Myopia: eye too long for refraction, light in front of retina
Astigmatism: abNl curvature of cornea, diff refractive power at diff axes
Presbyopia: age, impaired accomodation (near objects), low lens elasticity
8 acquired + 8 congenital risk factors of Cataract
Age, smoking, excessive alcohol, excessive sunlight, prolonged corticosteroid, diabetes, trauma, infection
Classic galactosemia, galactokinase deficiency, trisomies (13,18,21), ToRCHeS infections, Marfan sd, Alport sd, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis 2
4 findings in Glaucoma
Optic disc atrophy w/ cupping
High IOP
Progressive peripheral visual field loss
Ttt: lower IOP (pharmacological or surgical)
3 findings in Open-angle glaucoma
Painless
Primary (bilateral vision loss, progressive, cupping)
Secondary (blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs, RBCs, retinal elements)
Closed-angle glaucoma
Primary (enlargement/forward lens against central iris then against cornea)
Secondary (hypoxia from retinal ds then vasoproliferation in iris)
Chronic (asymptomatic)
Acute (emergency, red eye, very painful, vision loss)
5 findings in Uveitis
Anterior: iritis Intermediate: pars planitis Posterior: choroiditis and/or retinitis Hypopyon or conjunctival redness Ass w/ systemic inflammatory disorders
2 symptoms + 2 types of Age-related macular degeneration
Metamorphopsia + central scotoma
Dry (>80%, yellowish deposits, drusen, gradual vision loss, prevent progression w/ multivitamins+antioxidants+stop smoking)
Wet (choroidal neovasc then bleeding then rapid vision loss, gray-green subretinal disc, ttt w/ anti-VEGF injection)
2 types of Diabetic retinopathy
Nonproliferative: damage capillaries, hge+macular edema, ttt w/ glycemic control
Proliferative: chronic hypoxia, neovasc tracting retina, ttt w/ photocoag, surgery, anti-VEGF
4 findings in Retinal vein occlusion
Compression from arterial atherosclerosis
Venous engorgement
Edema in affected area
Retinal hge
5 findings in Retinal detachment
Separation of neurosensory from pigmented epithelium
Degeneration of photoreceptors
Preceded by posterior vitreous detachment
Monocular vision loss
Surgical emergency
4 findings in Retinoblastoma
1 ocular tumor of childhood
White pupillary reflex in <5yo
40% familial (bilateral, w/ other tumors)
60% sporadic (unilateral)
5 findings in Central retinal artery occlusion
Acute monocular vision loss Painless Retinal whitening + attenuated vessels Cherry-red spot at fovea Search for embolic source
5 findings in Retinitis pigmentosa
Inherited retinal degeneration Painless Night blindness first Progressive vision loss Spicule-shaped deposits around macula