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Neurology > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Neural plate becomes______

Notochord becomes________

A

neural tube/neural crest cells

nucleus pulposus in the intevetebral discs

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2
Q

skin dimple or tuft of hair at level of bony defect

A

spina bifida

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3
Q

spina bifida cause?

A

failure of bony spinal canal to close

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4
Q

meningocele vs. meningomyelocele difference?

A

miningeocele is just meninges herniating through spinal canal
meningomyelocele is both meninges and spinal cord herniating through spinal canal

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5
Q

Neural tube fuses when?

A

4th week

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6
Q

failure of neural tube fusion has multiple causes. What are some of them?

A
  1. low folic acid intake before conception or during pregnancy
  2. elevated AFP (alpha fetoprotein) in amnotic fluid and maternal serum
  3. Increased levels of AchE in amniotic fluid is often used as confirmatory tests
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7
Q

Anencephaly

A

anterior neural tube malformation, no forebrain and open calvarium (frog like appearance)

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8
Q

Holoprosencephaly is…

A

failure of left and right hemisphere to separate.

Moderate form results in cleft lip/palate. Severe form results in cyclopia

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9
Q

Motor innervation of tongue

A

CN 12

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10
Q

Pain innervation of tongue

A

CN V3, 9, and 10

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11
Q

Taste innervation of tongue

A

CN 7, 9, 10

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12
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation? taste?

A

sensation: V3
taste: 7

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13
Q

posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation? taste?

A

9

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14
Q

How to stain for neurons?

A

Nissl (stains RER)

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15
Q

component of BRB, marker if GFAP

A

astrocytes

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16
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

Microglia

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17
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

Microglia

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18
Q

Neuroectoderm results in which cells?

A

CNs neurons, ependymal cells (makes CSF, lines ventricles), oligodendroglia, and astrocytes

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19
Q

Neural crests results in which cells?

A

PNS neurons, Schwann cells

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20
Q

Mesoderm results in which cells?

A

Microglia (like Macrophages from Mesoderm)

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21
Q

Myelin in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann

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22
Q

fried egg on H&E stain?

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q

injured in MS, PML?

A

oligodendroglia

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24
Q

difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann?

A

besides location, schwann can only myelinate 1 PNS axon but oligo can myelinate many CNS

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25
Q

Destroyed in guillain-barre?

A

Schwann

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26
Q

sensory corpuscles that sense pain and temp?

A

free nerve endings

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27
Q

sensory corpuscles that sense light touch, position touch?

A

meissner

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28
Q

sensory corpuscles that sense vibration, pressure?

A

pacinian

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29
Q

sensory corpuscles that sense pressure, deep touch?

A

Merkel

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30
Q

Free nerve ending location?

A

all skin, epidermis

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31
Q

Meissner corpuscle location?

A

hairless skin

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32
Q

Pacinian corpuscle location?

A

deep skin layers, ligaments and joints

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33
Q

Merkel locations?

A

basal epidermal layer, hair follicles

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34
Q

In peripheral nerve, what are all the layers?

A

Endo: right around nerve fiber. GBS is inflammatory infiltrate of endo
Perineurium: permeability barreier. Surrounds fascicles. Must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Epinerium: surrounds entire nerve (including fascicles and blood vessels)

35
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter level in anxiety?

A

Increase NE

Decreased 5-HT, GABA

36
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter level in depression?

A

Decreased NE, Dopa, 5-HT

37
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter level in Huntingtons?

A

Increased Dopa

Decreased ACh, GABA

38
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter level in Parkinsons?

A

increased 5-HT, Ach

Decreased Dopa

39
Q

Changes in neurotransmitter level in Alzheimers

A

Decreased Ach

40
Q

Locus ceruleus AKA

A

pons

41
Q

Locus ceruleus is typically associated with

A

stress and panic

42
Q

Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus typically associate with

A

reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear

43
Q

3 structures that form BRB

A
  1. tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
  2. basement membrane
  3. astrocyte foot processes
44
Q

How does glucose/aa cross BRB?

A

Slowly and via carrier mediated transport

45
Q

How does nonpolar/lipid soluble substances cross BRB?

A

quickly via diffusion

46
Q

Purpose of BRB?

A

prevents circulating blood substances from reaching CNS. prevents bacterial diseases from spreading into CNS and also restricts drug delivery to brain

47
Q

Purpose of BRB?

A

prevents circulating blood substances from reaching CNS. prevents bacterial diseases from spreading into CNS and also restricts drug delivery to brain

48
Q

infarction/neoplasm destroys which structure of BRB?

A

endothelial tight junctions

49
Q

circadian rhythm control?

A

SCN of hypothalamus

50
Q

beta EEG waveform?

A

alert, active mental concentration
think awake, eyes open

ALSO during REM sleep

51
Q

alpha EEG waveform?

A

awake, eyes closed

52
Q

Non REM sleep stages?

A

N1: light sleep
N2: deeper sleep, bruxism occurs
N3: deepest non-REM sleep, when sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting may occur

53
Q

Stage N1 EEG waveform? N2? N3?

A

N1: theta
N2: sleep spindles and K complexes
N3: Delta

54
Q

Which EEG waveform type has highest frequency, lowest amplitude?

A

Beta

55
Q

EEG waveform with lowest frquency, highest amplitude?

A

Delta

56
Q

ADH and oxytocin released from where?

A

posterior pituitary

57
Q

limbic system responsible for?

A 
Think 5 F's
Feeding
Fleeing
Fighting
Feeling
Fucking
58
Q

lateral lesion of cerebellum results in?

A

propensity to fall towards injured side

59
Q

lateral lesion of cerebellum responsible for?

A

voluntary movement of extremities

60
Q

medial lesion of cerebellum injury results in?

A

gait defect coordination defect, bilateral motor deficit affecting axial and proximal limb musculature

61
Q

basal ganglia responsible for?

A

voluntary movement
postural adjustment
provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement

62
Q

Parkinson symptoms?

A 
think TRAPS
Tremors
Rigidity cogwheel
Akinesia
Postural instability
Shuffling gait
63
Q

Huntington disease due to?

A

CAG repeats

Caudate loses
Ach and
Gaba

64
Q

Hemiballismus presentation?

where is the lesion?

A

wild flailing of one arm

contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion

65
Q

Hemiballismus presentation?

where is the lesion?

A

wild flailing of one arm

contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion

66
Q

Chorea presentation?

where is the lesion?

A 
Sudden, jerky movements
basal ganglia (huntingtons)
67
Q

Athetosis presentation?

where is the lesion?

A

slow, writhing movements, especially in fingers

basal ganglia

68
Q

Myclonus presentation?

A

suddent, brief uncontrolled muscle contraction, jerks, hiccups, common in renal and liver failure

69
Q

Dystonia presentation?

A

sustained, involuntary muscle contractions. Writer’s cramp

70
Q

Essential postural tremor presentation?

A

action tremor, exacerbated by holding posture/limb position

Genetic, often self medicate with alcohol, which decreased tremor amplitude.

71
Q

intention tremor presentation?

where is the lesion?

A

slow, zigzag motion when pointing towards target

cerellar dysfunction

72
Q

amygdala lesion results in?

A

kluver-bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
Associated with HSV-1

73
Q

frontal lobe lesion results in?

A

deficits in concentration, orientation, judgement

74
Q

right parietal temporal cortex lesion results in?

A

spatial neglect syndrome: agnosia of contralateral side

75
Q

left parietal temporal cortex lesion results in?

A

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left right disorientation (Gerstmann syndrome)

76
Q

reticular activating system *midbrain lesion results in?

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness

77
Q

Mammillary body lesion results in?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss

Associated with B1 deficiency and EtOH use.

Wernicke problems come in a CAN of beer
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus

78
Q

Basal ganglia lesion results in?

A

Parkinson’s

Tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis

79
Q

cerebellar lesion lesion results in?

A

fall towards side of lesion

80
Q

cerebellar vermis lesion results in?

A

truncal ataxia, dysarthria

81
Q

subthalamic nucleus lesion results in?

A

contralateral hemiballismus

82
Q

Hippocampus lesion results in?

A

anterograde amnesia-inability to make new memories

83
Q

Frontal eye field lesion results in?

A

eyes look towards lesion

84
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation lesion results in?

A

eyes look away from side of lesion

Neurology (3 decks)

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