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First Aid Rapid Review > First Aid 2012 Rapid Review: Key associations > Flashcards

First Aid 2012 Rapid Review: Key associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretions)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with sever burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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5
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm (abdominal and descending aorta)

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Ascending aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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9
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

SS anemia (HbS)

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10
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, stomach ulcers, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Bacterial meningits (adults and elderly)

A

N. meningitidis

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12
Q

Bacterial meningits (newborns and kids)

A

GBS –> newborns

S. pneumo/N. meningitidis –> kids

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13
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)

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14
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhision to vWF)

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15
Q

Brain tumors (adult)

A

Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumors (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) OR supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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17
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

NOTE: in US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer

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18
Q

Breast mass

A
  1. Fibrocystic change

2. Carcinoma (in post-menopausal women)

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19
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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20
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma (often seen in tuberous sclerosis)

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21
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (non-bacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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22
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A
  1. Mets

2. Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)

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23
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus and syringomyelia)

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24
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

A-fib (associated with high risk emboli)

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25
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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26
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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27
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis
Type I –> post-menopausal
Type II –> elderly man or woman

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28
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrom (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world), SLE (developed world)

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32
Q

Coronary arteries involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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33
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency/hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing’s syndrom

A
  1. Corticosteroid therapy
  2. Excess ACTH secreted by pituitary
  3. Small cell lung carcinoma
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35
Q

Cyanosis (early, less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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36
Q

Cyanosis (late, more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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38
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Dementia

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease

2. Multiple infarcts

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40
Q

Demyelinating sisease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complication, cancer, burns

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42
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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43
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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45
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (world-wide), adenocarcinoma (US)

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46
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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47
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US), cervical carcinoma (most common world-wide)

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49
Q

Congenital heart murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral –> Rheumatic fever
Tricuspid –> IV drug use
Aortic –> 2nd affected in rheumatic fever

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51
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis

2. Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Hematoma - epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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53
Q

hematoma - subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

Hemocromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

55
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with Hep B and C)

56
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

57
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

59
Q

HLA-DR3 and DR4

A

DM Type I, Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

60
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

61
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

62
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Renal disease

63
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

64
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)

65
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

66
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staph aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

67
Q

Kidney stones

A
  1. Calcium = radiopaque
  2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staph)
  3. Uric acid = radiolucent
68
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L–>R becomes R–>L)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

69
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

70
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

71
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

72
Q

Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

73
Q

Malignant skin tumor

A

Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)

74
Q

Mental retardation

A
  1. Down syndrome

2. Fragile X syndrome

75
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

76
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI

77
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon, gastic, pancreatic, breast and lung carcinomas

78
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females; inherited through female only

79
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

80
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

81
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

82
Q

Neoplasm (kids)

A
  1. ALL

2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma

83
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome

86
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infections in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in SS disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Staph aureus

93
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, B/L)

A

Serous cystadenoma

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Gallstones, alcohol

97
Q

Chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol (adults), CF (kids)

98
Q

Age ranges for ALL, CLL, AML, CML

A

ALL –> child
CLL –> adult > 60 yo
AML –> adult ~ 60 yo
CML –> adult 30-60 yo

99
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

N. gonorrhea (monoarticular arthritis)

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

101
Q

Pituitary tumor

A
  1. Prolactinoma

2. Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

102
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45 XO)

103
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

104
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

105
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Adenomas
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Carcinoma
106
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)

107
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

108
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (associated with smoking)

109
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

110
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (L–>R shunt, mitral regurge, LV failure [CHF])

112
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stifff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually con-infected with gonorrhea)

115
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

117
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

118
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin level

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrom (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

120
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

123
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of I/L blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

Testicular tumor

125
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

127
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

128
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

129
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

130
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

131
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A

E.coli, Staph saprophiticus (young women)

133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 months supply; prevents neural tube defects)

First Aid Rapid Review (4 decks)

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