First Aid Flashcards
What’s the definition of Asthma?
Constriction of the muscle that controls breathing
What are the signs and symptoms for Heart Attack?
Pain the arms, neck, back or jaw
Trouble breathing, shortness of breath
Skin-flushed face, sweating
Pain-pressure or tightness in the chest and shoulder
Anxiety, fear, confusion, shock, fatigue, denial, indigestion
Weak-rapid pulse
What are the causes of Asthma?
Allergy
Exercise
Stress
What are the signs and symptoms of Asthma?
Red Face Cyanotic Anxiety Difficulty breathing Wheezing on breath out Chest tightness
What is the treatment for Asthma?
Comfortable position- rest/remove from cause
Try leaning forward slightly with the arms resting on some object
Determine History-check medical alert
Relaxed breathing- using diaphragm inhale through nose, hold, exhale through mouth and repeat
Victim assisted with medication (inhaler)
Contact EMS if it continues or victim is distressed
Definition of Hyperventilation?
State of over breathing
What are the causes of hyperventilation?
Exercise
Stress
What are things to watch for if hyperventilation has not happened before?
Watch for chest pain or other signs of heart attack or more serious problems
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperventilation?
High rate respiration, painting, gasping
Lightheadedness, weakness, headache
Tingling of hands, feet, and the area around the mouth
Confusion, unconsciousness
Treatment for Hyperventilation?
Reassure and try to calm the victim
Encouragement of pursed lip breathing
Phone EMS
What is pursed lip breathing
Lips are in a pucker position and victim blows air out in a slow, steady stream. You and the victim can do this together. Inhale through the nose, exhale through the pursed lips and focus on getting the air out.
What is the definition for Anaphylactic Shock?
A sudden and violent allergic reaction
Name 5 common causes of anaphylactic shock?
- Insect bites
- Foods
- Drugs
- Dust
- Plants
What are the signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis?
LOC- Confusion, disorientation, unconsciousness
Breathing: Difficulty, wheezing
Tight sensation in airway
Generalized itchiness, rash (red), hives
Swelling of the face, lips, neck or area in contact with allergen
Nausea, vomiting
weakness, Dizziness
What is the treatment for Anaphylaxis?
Phone EMS
Ask victim if they carry an antidote kit-auto-injector-epipen
Help with auto-injector
Massage the area to dispense the medication
Monitor vitals
Treat for shock
Auto-injector disposed safely
What are the two types of auto-injectors on the market?
Epi-pen auto-injector-contains one pre-measured dose of epinephrine
Twinject auto-injector-contains two pre-measured doses. The first does is administered by the auto-injector and second dose is administered manually using the same syringe.
What are common allergens?
Food- peanuts, tree nuts (almond, hazelnut, walnut) Milk, egg Fish, shellfish Insect stings Mediccations
What are less common allergens?
Food- soy, sesame, wheat, sulphite
Latex
Exercise
Can you use another persons auto-injector on a person in anaphylactic shock?
No. Only use the victims auto-injector. Do NOT administer another persons auto-injector
Can you administer the medication to the victim?
Nope. Victim must self-administer the medication according to the manufacturer’s directions in the case of auto-injector.
What is the definition of Heat Cramps?
Muscle cramps due to dehydration. The body loses salt and water faster than it can replace them through food and drink
What are the signs and symptoms of abdominal and leg heat cramps?
Victim has been in hot weather and hot environment
Skin-sweating
Pain and spasms in muscles ( in legs and stomach)
Fatigue, dizziness, headache
Nausea
Shock
What are the signs an symptoms for muscle cramps from overue?
Pain in the muscle that has been working or exercising
Muscle twitching or spasms
What is the treatment for a cramp in the leg?
Give the victim cool water to drink/sports drink
Stretch the cramp/ massage/ relax it- walk it off
Advise the victim to eat foods that will restore normal body salt
What is the treatment for muscle cramps from overuse?
Victim reassured
Determine cause of injury and removal from cause
Stretch the muscle (slowly lengthen the muscle fibres)
Gently massage along the length of the muscle
What is the definition for Heat Exhaustion?
Shock due to lack of fluids caused by over sweating
What is the causes of Heat exhaustion?
Body has trouble cooling itself properly
What are the signs and symptoms of Heat Exhaustion?
Shock Pale clammy skin Sweating Respiration fast and shallow Dizziness Headache Craamps
What is the treatment for Heat Exhaustion?
Remove to cool environment Controlled submersion in cool water, fan cover lightly if victim feels cold Sips of cool water Eat well or consume sport drinks ABC's Monitor vitals EMS if level of consciousness is decreased
What is the definition of Heat Stroke?
Body’s cooling system fails
What are the signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke?
Hot Nausea Headache Dizziness Restlessness, weakness Fear, anxiety Confusion, disorientation Skin sweating Pulse-weak, rapid Respiration-shallow, rapid
What is the treatment for Heatstroke?
Phone EMS
Move to cool spot out of the hot environment
Cool victim down as quickly as possible-head, neck, chestback, groin, remove outer layer, wrap victim in wet sheets, sponging or immersing in shallow cool water, fanning,apply ice packs to head, armpits, groin- Monitor vitals-LOC, ABC’s
What is the appropriate treatment for frostbite?
Protection for further injury
Apply dressing and keep the area warm
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia?
Shock, Shivering, Feeling cold Loss of cordination Fatigue slurred speech Stumbling, loss of muscular coordination
What is the treatment for Hypothermia?
Phone EMS -Monitor vitals, Treat for shock
Remove victim to a dry, sheltered place
Do not rub the victims body surfaces
If possible, remove wet clothing and dry victim
Give warm beverages, warm blankets, huddle position, heat packs
What is the treatment of Heart Attack?
EMS, STOP and DROP-semi-sitting
Victim reassured
Medical history requested-Help with medication-nitroglycerine
Monitor vitals
Treat for Shock-Monitor vitals-secondary check
CPR - if in cardiac arrest
If victim has angina what do you give?
one nitroglycerine tablet or spray
not exceeding 3 doses in 10 mins
medical follow-up recommended
What do you give a victim suffering chest pain with no medication?
Chew one adult strength or Two children strength ASA
Must have their own ASA-no Tylenol or Advil
No history of aspirin allergy or asthma
No signs of a recent or active gastro-intestinal bleed
What is a definition of Heart Attack?
Death of the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen
Causes of Acute Myocardial Infraction?
Blood clot
Hardening of the arterials
narrowing of the arterials
Definition of Angina?
Heart pain brought on by over stressing heart- usually known heart condition
What are the two causes of Stroke?
- A blockage in a brain artery
2. An artery in the brain bursts and bleeds
What are the signs and symptoms of Stroke?
Weakness, numbness or tingling in the face, arm or leg
Facial droop
Sudden trouble speaking or loss of vision especially in one eye
Sudden, severe and unusual headache
unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness- unexplained loss of consciousness
Treatment of Stroke/TIA?
EMS-Maintain an open airway Comfortable position (semi-sitting or recovery position-if airway issues) Monitor Vitals(ABC's) Treat for shock
When does a stroke occur?
When the brain does not rreceive enough blood and oxygen due to internal bleeding and blockage in a blood artery
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack? TIA
it is often a warning sign that a victim is at riskkfor a stroke.. Signs add symptoms are the same butt usually only last ffor 20 miinuutees..
What is the chest compressions depth for infant?
4 cm (1 1/2 in.)
What is the chest compression depth for a child?
5 cm (2 inches)
What is the depth of chest compression for an adult?
5 cm ( 2 inches)
How old is an infant?
0-1 year
How old is a child?
1-8 years
How old is an adult?
9 years and up
What do you do with a pregnant victim when doing CPR?
Put a pillow or some wedge object under the right side of the women’s abdomen. This shifts the uterus to the left side and helps blood return back to the heart.
How many compression should you do per minute?
Aim for a minimum of 100 compressions per minute, or just under two compressions per second
What do you do if a victim vomits?
Roll victim on side ( turning the victim towards you allows easy access to the mouth)
Allow vomit to drain and finger sweep the mouth
Resume rescue breathing
Why does gastric distention happen?
Blowing to hard to quickly may send air into the stomach causing it to swell- Making it hard to perform rescue breathing and increases the chance of the victim to vomit
How do you deal with gastric distention?
Reposition the head, tilted back enough so the airway is open
Deliver each breath ( not deep) over 1 second.
Each breath should make the chest rise
Watch the chest rise and allow exhalation between breaths
Blow just enough air to make the chest rise
What do you do if you can not seal the victim mouth for rescue breathing?
Perform mouth to nose rescue breathing
Close the mouth and make the seal with your mouth around the victims nose. Don’t pinch the nose.
How do you treat someone with a stoma?
Perform mouth to stoma rescue breathing.
Close the mouth and pinch the nose.
Seal your mouth around the victims stoma
How do you treat an mild airway obstruction for a child and adult?
Assess environment for hazards
Ask-Are you choking?
My name is»_space;>I’m a lifeguard-can i help?
Coughing encouraged
How do you treat a severe airway obstruction for an child and adult?
Assess environment for hazards
Ask-Are you choking?
My name is»_space;>I’m a lifeguard-can i help?
shout for help
landmarking- 5 back blows and 5 addominal thrust- alternate
How do you treat a severe airway obstruction for a infant?
Assess environment for hazards
Ask-Are you choking?
My name is»_space;>I’m a lifeguard-can i help?
shout for help
landmarking- 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts-alternate
If successful directed to see physician
How to treat an unconscious airway obstruction?
Assess environment-Establish unresponsiveness
EMS activated
Attempt to obtain an AED-AED bystander
Open airway- Visual check - 5 sec
CPR started with 30 chest compressions- or 2 breaths or application of AED
Attempt to ventilate- unsuccessful- reposition airway and re-attempt- 30 chest compressions
Foreign body check-look in mouth-remove it
Attempt to ventilate- if successful continue CPR sequence
What is the treatment for shock?
EMS- WARTS Warmth ABC Rest and reassurance Treatment Semi-prone
What is the treatment for wounds- minor scrapes to severe cuts and internal bleeding?
Wear gloves
Rest affected area
Direct pressure-apply bandage
Check distal circulation
Treatment for skin layer or deeper by a scrape, cut, tear, stab, flap, bite?
Gently clean affected area with soap and water
Apply sterile dressing or bandaid
Monitor for infection
Contact a doctor- stitches needed, infection, animal bite, object stuck in the wound
How to treat external bleeding
Rest and reassure the victim Direct pressure with sterile dressing Check distal circulation Wear gloves Phone EMS if a lot of blood and you can't control it
How do you treat an embedded object?
Leave the object in place Control bleeding by applying pressure around the object-avoid pushing deeper Stabilize the object Bandage the wound Consult a doctor Treat for shock
How do you treat partial amputation?
Phone EMS Control bleeding by direct pressure and elevation reposition part to its normal position Control bleeding cover area with moist sterile gauze immobilize injured part
How do you treat a complete amputation?
If possible, recover amputated parts
Wrap severed parts in moist sterile gauze and place in a sealed waterproof container
Place container with severed part in another container with crushed ice or ice water
Transport the part with the victim
Record time and date of amputation
Treat for shock
What is the definition of abrasion?
scraped skin, narrow scratch to a wide graze, bleeding is slight
What is a contusion?
Bruises usually caused by a hard impact from a blunt object or a fall. underlying tissue is damaged causing discoloration
What is a lncision?
A clean edged cut made by a sharp edge such as broken glass or knife
What is a laceration?
A deep tearing cut with jagged edges, bleeding can be consideraable.
Bites from animals or humans are considered lacerations
What is a puncture wound?
A stab wound caused by a sharp pointed objects penetrating the skin
May not bleed much if the embedded object acts as a plug
What is an embedded object wound?
When objects remains in the wound (puncture or abrasion)
glass, gravel, splinters, nails, knives
What is a amputation wound?
When a body part in completely or partly, cut or torn away from the body
What are the two types of external bleeding?
Venous
Arterial
What is venous external bleeding?
Bleeding from he veins- relatively easy to stop, blood is dark red and oozes steadily
What is arterial external bleeding?
Bleeding from the arteries, harder to control, blood is bright red and squirts
What do you do if someone suffers from a animal bite?
Seek medical attention immediately
May need a tetanus shot
Treatment for Internal bleeding?
EMS
Treat for shock
Internal bleeding signs and symptoms?
Breathing, shortness of breath Skin-sweating, discolouration or bruising LOC- decreased level of consciousness Abdominal muscle spasm or rigid abdomen Swelling Pain in the abdomen or injury site Anxiety Shock
What is the treatment for facial injury?
Get medical assistance
If neck injury-immoblize-ensure open airway-Jaw Thurst
Control bleeding
How do you treat a dental injury or mouth injury?
Ensure airway is open
Look for obstructions in the mouth
check if tongue is bleeding
Tilt head forward to keep blood and saliva away from the throat or put victim in recovery position
Missing teeth can be salvaged-brushed clean-placed in a container with milk and transported with victim- Handle the tooth by the crown not the root
Advise victim to see dentist or medical follow-up
How to treat an ear injury?
Remove object gently only if it can be easily seen and grasped
Avoid flushing an object from the ear
Adjust victim to allow drainage
If object is stuck do not remove it-get medical assistance
Control bleeding-direct pressure-cover with sterile dressing
See Doctor
If ear is amputated, place ear tissue in a dry plastic bag, put it in ice water and call EMS
How to treat a nosebleed?
Pinch nose firmly with thumb and forefinger above the nostrils
Hold or victim hold firmly for at least 20 minutes to allow a clot to form
Phone EMS if last longer than 20 minutes
How do you treat a chemical spilled in the eye?
Phone EMS
Flush the eyes with skin temperature running water for 15-20 minutes- continue during transport
How to treat an object embedded in the eyeball?
Phone EMS
Do not remove object
Bandage both eyes if victim agrees
Use padding to build up the ring banadge or use a paper cup
Encourage victim to keep eyes still- look around with head not eyes
How do you treat an extruded eyeball?
EMS
If eyeball is out of socket-do not put back in
Cover eyeball with moist sterile dressing- hold in place with tape or dressings, cup or ring pad
Immobilize the victims head
Keep victim calm
How do you treat a chest injury?
Phone EMS Put victim in most comfortable position Protect and support the injured area Do not give fluids Prepare for Rescue breathing
How do you treat for fall on sharp object or gunshot?
Phone EMS
Comfortable position
Protect and support the injured area
Place a seal over the wound using any kind of material- plastic film, adhesive tape or your hand
Any protrusions- cover with sterile dressing that is mositened
Leave one edge of the sseal open to allow air to escape
How to treat a dislocation?
Rest injured part
Immobilize in a comfortable position- Do not move it
Ice injured part for 10-15 minutes every hour
Support injured part in a comfortable position
Phone EMS
How to treat a sprain ankle- minor
broken lower leg- major
RICE
Rest- place victim in semi-sitting-leaning towards injured side
Immoblize
Cold- ice 10-15 min every hour until swelling subside
Wrap ice with cloth
Elevate- immobilized limb only if it does not increase pain
Assess sensation and circulation above and below the injury- pulse in foot if leg is broken
How to treat a pelvic bone injury?
Phone EMS
Immobilize in position found
Hold hips and support
Try not to move or lift legs
If in water Immobilize on spinal board for removal
Check distal circulation and sensation in the legs
Treat for shock
Signs and symptoms for First degree burn?
Rediness Pain Mild swelling Anxiety Shock
Signs and symptoms for Second degree burn?
Blisters Redness Pain Mild swelling Anxiety Shock
What is a third degree burn?
Red, black and grey tissue
Waxy tight tissue
Underlying tissue and organs exposed
Pain in severely affected areas may be absent if the nerves have been damaged
What is the treatment for first degree burns?
Flushed the burned area with cool, clean water
Repeat flushing until the victim notes that the heat in the affected area has subsided
Phone EMS if the area is large, the face, neck or small infant or child
What is the treatment for second degree burns?
Flushed the area with cool, clean water
Cover the affected area with sterile, dry dressing
Do not break blisters
Advise victim to see doctor
Phone EMS if burn is larger than the palm of your hand, the face or neck- small child or infant
What is treatment for third degree burns?
Phone EMS
Flushed the area with cool, clean water
Cover the affected area with sterile, dry dressing
Do not break blisters
Advise victim to see doctor
If hands and feet are affected, separate the fingers or toes with dressings
How to treat dry chemical burns?
Wear gloves and use a brush or cloth to avoid coming in contact with the chemical
remove contaminated clothing
Brush off chemicals before flushing with water
Flush the area with clean, cool water for atleast 15 mins
Use large amounts of water to flush these burns.
Phone EMS if area is larger than your palm, the face and neck, child or infant
How do you treat chemical in the eye?
Phone EMS
Flush the eye with skin temp water for atleast 30 minutes- flushing continue during transport
rinse from the inside to the outside of the eye, including the eye lids
Blink constantly while flushing to get under the lid- do not lift the lid
Seek medical attention
How do you treat an electrical burn?
Phone EMS
Turn OFF the current before touching the victim or the electrical source.
use a long-dry non-conducting object to separate the victim from the current- wood or plastic
Stand in dry area
Treat the wounds where current entered and exited- cover with dry sterile dressing.
What would you do with the AED pads if there is an implanted pacemaker? Hard lump under the skin-upper chest or abdomen- left side- the size of a deck of cards- may be a small scar
Place the electrode pad at least 2.5 cm (1 inch) away
If you see minor contractions in the area- wait 20-30 secs until the contractions are done. You can still touch the victim.
What do you do if the victim has a medicine patch on chest while applying the AED pads?
Wear gloves and handle patch carefully to avoid contact with medication
Chest medical patches, such as nitroglycerine patches for angina patients should be removed and the area wiped clean.
If the patch is not removed, it may block the energy delivered through the pads and cause burning
What do you do if the victim is wet or sitting in a pool of water while applying the AED?
Dry victim
Move them to dry area
Ensure you are dry and victim is dry
Person is between 1-8 year of age -55 ilbs-and your applying an AED? What should you use?
Ped pads- Chest and back between shoulder blades
How do you treat an radiation burn?
Remove from the sun>
relieve area with cool water or a wet towel
Pat dry and apply medicated ointment for sunburns
Protect from further exposure
Do not break blisters
If victim begins to vomit, develop a fever, treat heatstroke and seek medical assistance
How do you treat intense light burns?
Cover the eyes and a mosit cool dressing
Seek medical assistance
How do you treat ingested poison- taken by mouth-?
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by doctor or poison control
if conscoius-wipe poison residue from mouth and face
Whenever possible put poison in a container or plastic bag
Note the name-give information to EMS
How do you treat injected poison?
Delay circulation by putting the victim at rest- keep affect limb below heart level
How do you treat inhaled poison?
Remove victim from source- do not fall victim
call fire department
Use face shield or masks for rescue breathing
Vomits- clear mouth
Victim hs convulsion-prevent injury
How do you treat poison contact - absorbed through skin?
Rinse the area with cool water. or brush off any excess if in powder form
Remove the clothing that has had contact
Wash skin with soap and water throughly
When spinal boarding what is the order for strapping?
Chest
Hips
Head
Feet
When spinal boarding with breathing difficulty what is the order for strapping on the board?
Chest
Head
Out
What are 4 vital signs
Breathing- Adult 12 breaths per minute
- Child-15 breaths per minute
15 secs x 4= breaths per minute
Pulse- Adult- 60-80 beats per minute
- Child- 80-100 beats per minute
- Infants- 100 +
10 secs x 6 = breaths per minute
Skin- warm, dry,flushed
Pupils- small, equal and reactiveWhat are three responses of LOC
Eyes open- verbal comment
Verbal- able to speak- how clearly- understand
Motor response- verbal/or pain stimuli, pinch and shout
When do you recheck vitals?
Every 5-10 mins during discovery
Breathing vital sign
Rate-12 beats per minute
Rhythm- fast
Depth-shallow
Sounds-gurgling
15 secs x 4
Vital sign for pulse
Rate- 60 beats per minute
Rhythm-regular
Strength-strong/ full
10 secs x6
Skin vital sign
Temp- warm, hot
Moisture- sweating
Colour- red-flushed
Pupils vital signs
- small
- equal and reactive
Purpose and steps of secondary assessment
- History
- Vitals - assess and record vitals
- Head to Toe assessment
- Give First aid for injury and illness
The signs and symptoms of pressure- related injuries
Severe pressure pain in the area where the air is trapped
A mask squeeze may leave eyes bloodshot and a distinctive outline of the mask imprinted on the victim face
Treatment for pressure related injury?
Monitor victim to make certain they are improving
Direct victim to consult their doctor
Phone EMS if victim is distressed or condition does not improve
Signs and symptoms of bubble injuries?
LOC-changes, confusion, disorientation, unconsciousness
Breathing- shortness of breath or coughing
Skin- itch or rash
Localized pain
Joint pain
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness
Paralysis, loss of feeling, blurred vision
Chest pain
Convulsions
Treatment of bubble injuries?
Phone EMS- advise them injury is pressure related.
Provide detailed information from your assessment.
Scuba diver log- send with victim
Place person in recovery position
Signs and symptoms for tonic phase of a seizure.
LOC- loss of consciousness
Arching of the back and rigidity in the body
Signs and symptoms of clonic phase of a seizure
Breathing- noises breathing, extra saliva
Contraction and relaxation of the muscles and arms- jerking/ flailing
Teeth clenching or grinding
Loss of bladder control
After seizure- confusion, disorientation, fatigue
What is the treatment for a seizure?
Phone EMS
Clear objects from surrounding area prevent victim from striking them and getting injuries
Do not restrict the victim movements
Do not place anything between the victim teeth
Try to record number and duration
What are the signs and symptoms for Diabetes?
Loc- confusion, disorientation, unconscious Breathing, shallow, rapid Circulation, weak, rapid pulse Skin- sweating Restlessness, trembling, weakness Confusion, fear, anxiety Nausea Headache May appear intoxicated
What is the treatment of Diabetes?
Phone EMS If unconscious, place victim in recovery If conscious, help victim self ad inter prescribed medication or sugar- sugary drink, juice, candy bar, sugar cube Suggest victim use test kit Advice victim to seek medical attention never administer insulin
What to say to a DNS after removal?
Please be aware that drowning symptoms are not always evident immediately after a submersion episode and may occur between 2-72 hours after the incident.
A small amount of water can enter the lungs causing irritation resulting in the build-up of fluid & possible infection.
If you show any signs or symptoms you are advised to seek medical attention immediately.
Post signs or symptoms
Irritation or pain in the throat or chest
Coughing after taking a deep breath
Persistent coughing or wheezing
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Unusual fatigue
Dizziness/altered level of consciousness
Questions to ask the victim during an emergency for history?
Where does it hurt?
Can you describe the pain?
Have you had it before?
What have you been doing today?
What were you doing before this happened?
Are you on medications have allergies or eaten today?
What are the missing person procedure?
signal and initiate missing person procedures
Clear the pool
determine-last seen, how long, possible whereabouts
Obtain-name, age, sex, height, bathing suit colour, hair colour
Ask patrons to look for reported missing person
Conduct a land search
Reassure patron
Where have you searched already, stay with me
