first

Question 1

abolish

Answer 1

verb
formally put an end to (a system, practice or institution)

Question 2

abortion

Answer 2

noun
1. the deliberate termination of human pregnancy, a mis-carriage, the arrest of the development of an organ, typically a seed or fruit.
2. an object or undertaking regarded as unpleasant or badly made or carried out

Question 3

absence

Answer 3

noun
the state of being away from a place or person
an occasion or period of being away from a place or person
(absence of) the non-existence or lack of

Question 4

absent

Answer 4

Adjective
1. not present in a place, or at an occasion.
(of a part or future of the body) not forming part of the creature in which it might be expected.
2. (of an expression or manner) showing that someone is not paying attention to what is being said or done
example: an absent smile

Verb
(absent oneself) stay or go away.

Preposition
without
example: employees could not be fired absent other evidence

Question 5

absorb

Answer 5

Verb
1. Take in or soak up (energy, or a liquid, or other substance) by chemical or physical action, typically gradually.
2. Take in and assimilate (information, ideas, or experience).
3. Take control of (a smaller or less powerful entity), making it a part of oneself by assimilation.
4. Use of take up (time or resources)
example: arm spending absorbs two percent of the national income.
5. Take up and reduce the effect or intensity of (sound or an impact).
6. Engross the attention (someone).

Question 6

abstract

Answer 6

1. based on general ideas and not on any particular real person, thing or situation
   abstract knowledge/principles
   The research shows that pre-school children are capable of thinking in abstract terms
2. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical reality
3. (of art) not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them

Question 7

absurd

Answer 7

1. extremely silly; not logical and sensible That uniform makes the guards look absurd.
   Of course it’s not true, what an absurd idea.
   2.the absurd noun [singular] things that are or that seem to be absurd
   He has a good sense of the absurd.

Question 8

abuse

Answer 8

1. [uncountable, singular] the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful
   alcohol/drug abuse
   The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse (= might be used in the wrong way).
   The legal system is open to abuse.
   abuse of something He was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power.
   What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
2. uncountable, plural] unfair, cruel or violent treatment of somebody
   child abuse
   sexual abuse
   reported abuses by the secret police
   She suffered years of physical abuse.
3. [uncountable] rude and offensive remarks, usually made when somebody is very angry
   to scream/hurl/shout abuse
   a stream/torrent of abuse
   The man burst into a torrent of foul-mouthed racist abuse

Question 9

academy

Answer 9

1. a school or college for special training
   She trained at the Royal Academy of Music.
   a police/military academy
2. (usually Academy) a type of official organization that aims to encourage and develop art, literature, science, etc.
   the Royal Academy of Arts
3. a secondary school in Scotland
   He went to Ayr Academy.
4. a private school in the US
5. a school in England that is independent of local authority control

Question 10

accelerate

Answer 10

1. [intransitive, transitive] to happen faster or earlier; to make something happen faster or earlier
   Inflation continues to accelerate.
   accelerate something Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
2. intransitive] (of a vehicle or person) to start to go faster
   The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
   The car accelerated to overtake me.
   The car purred into life and accelerated away.

Question 11

accent

Answer 11

1. a way of pronouncing the words of a language that shows which country, area or social class a person comes from; how well somebody pronounces a particular language
   a northern/Dublin/Scottish accent
   a strong/broad accent (= one that is easy to notice)
   with an accent She spoke English with an accent.
   The Americans had learned Korean and spoke with a good accent.
2. the emphasis that you should give to part of a word when saying it
   In ‘today’ the accent is on the second syllable.
3. a mark on a letter to show that it should be pronounced in a particular way
   Canapé has an accent on the ‘e’.
4. [singular] a special importance that is given to something
   In all our products the accent is on quality.

Question 12

acceptance

Answer 12

1. [uncountable, countable] the act of accepting a gift, an invitation, an offer, etc.
   Please confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing.
   He made a short acceptance speech/speech of acceptance.
   Invitations have been sent out and 80 acceptances have already been received.
   So far we have had one refusal and three acceptances.
2. [uncountable] the act of agreeing with something and approving of it
   The new laws have gained widespread acceptance.
3. [uncountable] acceptance (into something) the process of allowing somebody to join something or be a member of a group
   Your acceptance into the insurance plan is guaranteed.
   Social acceptance is important for most young people.
   The group is now seeking formal acceptance.
4. [uncountable] the quality of being willing to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation
   acceptance of death/suffering

Question 13

accessible

Answer 13

1. that can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc.
   The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.
   accessible to somebody These documents are not accessible to the public.
2. that can be reached, entered, used, etc. by somebody who has problems walking
   accessible toilets for wheelchair users
   The beach should be accessible to everyone.
3. easy to understand
   Her poetry is always very accessible.
   accessible to somebody a programme making science more accessible to young people
4. (of a person) easy to talk to and to get to know

Question 14

accidentally

Answer 14

1. by chance; in a way that was not planned
   As I turned around, I accidentally hit him in the face.
   The damage couldn’t have been caused accidentally.

Question 15

accommodate

Answer 15

1. [transitive] accommodate somebody to provide somebody with a room or place to sleep, live or sit
   The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
   The aircraft is capable of accommodating 28 passengers.
2. [transitive] accommodate somebody/something to provide enough space for somebody/something
   The garage can accommodate three cars.
   The old town hall now accommodates a Folk Museum.
3. [transitive] accommodate something (formal) to consider something such as somebody’s opinion or a fact and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining something
   Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.
   She modified her views so as to accommodate the objections of American feminists.
4. [transitive] accommodate somebody (with something) (formal) to help somebody by doing what they want
   I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.
   I’m sure the bank will be able to accommodate you.
5. [intransitive, transitive] accommodate (something/yourself) to something (formal) to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better
   I needed to accommodate to the new schedule.

Question 16

accommodation

Answer 16

1. [uncountable] (British English) a place to live, work or stay in
   rented/temporary accommodation
   Hotel accommodation is included in the price of your holiday.
   We may have to provide alternative accommodation for you.
   First-class accommodation is available on all flights.
   It can be difficult to find suitable accommodation for those in need.
   The building plans include much needed new office accommodation.
   furnished accommodation
2. accommodations [plural] (North American English) somewhere to live or stay, often also providing food or other services
   More and more travelers are looking for bed and breakfast accommodations in private homes.
   The boat provides reasonable overnight accommodations for four adults.
3. [countable, uncountable] (formal) an agreement or arrangement between people or groups with different opinions that is acceptable to everyone; the process of reaching this agreement
   They were forced to reach an accommodation with the rebels.
   The two countries should be persuaded to work towards some sort of mutual accommodation.
4. [uncountable] the way in which the lens (= a part of the eye) becomes flatter or thicker in order to create a clear image of the object that you want to look at

Question 17

accomplish

Answer 17

1. accomplish something to succeed in doing or completing something
   The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.
   I don’t feel I’ve accomplished very much today.
   That’s it. Mission accomplished (= we have done what we aimed to do).

Question 18

accomplishment

Answer 18

1. [countable] an impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work
   It was one of the President’s greatest accomplishments.
   The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.
2. [countable, uncountable] a skill or special ability
   Drawing and singing were among her many accomplishments.
   He was described as ‘a poet of rare accomplishment’.
3. [uncountable] (formal) the successful completing of something
   Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.
   There is a real sense of accomplishment when everything goes right.

Question 19

accordingly

Answer 19

1. in a way that is appropriate to what has been done or said in a particular situation
   We have to discover his plans and act accordingly.
2. (used especially at the beginning of a sentence)
   for that reason
   The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.

Question 20

accountability

Answer 20

1. the fact of being responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked
   proposals for greater police accountability
   accountability (of somebody) (to somebody) the accountability of a company’s directors to the shareholders

Question 21

accountable

Answer 21

1. responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked
   The state spends taxpayers’ money and should be held accountable.
   accountable to somebody Politicians are ultimately accountable to the voters.
   accountable for something Someone must be held accountable for the killings.

Question 22

accountant

Answer 22

1. a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts
   We talked to the company’s chief accountant.
   the investigating accountant’s report

Question 23

accumulate

Answer 23

1. [transitive] accumulate something to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time
   I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.
   By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.
   We have accumulated a great amount of evidence.
2. [intransitive] to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time
   Debts began to accumulate.
   Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.

Question 24

accumulation

Answer 24

1. uncountable] the process of gradually increasing or getting more and more of something over a period of time
   the accumulation of wealth
2. [countable] an amount of something that has gradually increased over a period of time
   an accumulation of toxic chemicals

Question 25

accuracy

Answer 25

1. uncountable] the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something with skill and without making mistakes
   They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
   Candidates are judged on technical accuracy as well as artistic expression.
   She hits the ball with great accuracy.
2. [uncountable, countable] the degree to which a measurement, calculation, etc. is exact or correct
   the accuracy of radiocarbon dating
   to achieve accuracies of 50–70 per cent

Question 26

accurately

Answer 26

1. in a way that is correct and true in every detail
   The article accurately reflects public opinion.
   The report accurately reflects the current state of the industry.
2. in an exact way
   Quantities must be measured accurately.
3. hitting or reaching the thing that was aimed at
   You need to hit the ball accurately.

Question 27

accusation

Answer 27

1. a statement saying that you think a person is guilty of doing something wrong or illegal; the fact of accusing somebody
   I don’t want to make an accusation until I have some proof.
   There was a hint of accusation in her voice.
   accusation of something accusations of corruption/cruelty/racism
   accusation against somebody At the time, no one believed her accusations against him.
   accusation that… He denied the accusation that he had ignored the problems.

Question 28

accused

Answer 28

1. to say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something
   accuse somebody of something to accuse somebody of murder/a crime
   accuse somebody of doing something She accused him of lying.
   be accused of something The government was accused of incompetence.
   to be falsely/wrongly/unjustly accused of something
   (formal) They stand accused of crimes against humanity.

Question 29

acid

Answer 29

1. [uncountable, countable] (chemistry) a chemical, usually a liquid, that contains hydrogen and has a pH of less than seven. The hydrogen can be replaced by a metal to form a salt. Acids usually have a bitter sharp taste and can often burn holes in or damage things they touch.
   The acid burned a hole in her coat.
   Stomach acids can break down the poison.
   You will need a special chemical to neutralize the acid.
2. [uncountable] (slang) a powerful illegal drug that affects people’s minds and makes them see and hear things that are not really there
   They smoke joints and drop acid.
   He described the music as ‘Brahms on acid’.

Question 30

acquisition

Answer 30

1. [uncountable] the act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.
   theories of child language acquisition
2. [countable] something that somebody buys to add to what they already own, usually something valuable
   His latest acquisition is a racehorse.
   The money will be spent on acquisitions for the university library.
3. [countable, uncountable] (business) a company, piece of land, etc. bought by somebody, especially another company; the act of buying it
   They have made acquisitions in several EU countries.
   the acquisition of shares by employees
   The group has announced its first overseas acquisition: a successful software company.
   The company has just made another acquisition.

Question 31

acre

Answer 31

1. (in Britain and North America) a unit for measuring an area of land; 4 840 square yards or about 4 050 square metres
   3 000 acres of parkland
   a three-acre wood
   (informal) Each house has acres of space around it (= a lot of space).

Question 32

activate

Answer 32

1. activate something to make something such as a device or chemical process start working
   The burglar alarm is activated by movement.
   The gene is activated by a specific protein.

Question 33

activation

Answer 33

1. the act of making something such as a device or chemical process start working
   The activation of several target genes results in two major effects.
   to trigger/inhibit/block the activation of something

Question 34

activist

Answer 34

1. a person who works to achieve political or social change, especially as a member of an organization with particular aims
   human/civil/animal rights activists
   Thousands of environmental activists joined the march to demand action on climate change.
   The Prime Minister will face party activists when she addresses the party conference tomorrow.

Question 35

acute

Answer 35

1. very serious or severe
   There is an acute shortage of water.
   acute pain
   the world’s acute environmental problems
   Competition for jobs is acute.
   The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.
   He was suffering from acute chest pains.
2. an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous
   acute appendicitis
3. describing or designed for patients suffering from an acute illness
   acute patients
   an acute ward
4. (of the senses) very sensitive and well developed
   Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
5. intelligent and quick to notice and understand things
   He is an acute observer of the social scene.
   Her judgement is acute.
6. [usually before noun] (geometry) (of an angle) less than 90°

Question 36

adaptation

Answer 36

1. [uncountable, countable] the action or process of changing something, or of being changed, to suit a new purpose or situation
   the adaptation of buildings for military purposes
   adaptation to something The process of adaptation to a new school is difficult for some children.
   making adaptations to your home
2. [countable] a film, television drama or play that is based on a particular book or play but has been changed to suit the new medium
   a screen adaptation of Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’
3. [uncountable, countable] adaptation (of something) (to something) (biology) the process of change by which a species becomes better suited to its environment
   the adaptation of desert species to the hot conditions
   Adaptations in plants occur over thousands of years.

Question 37

addiction

Answer 37

1. the condition of being unable to stop using or doing something as a habit, especially something harmful
   cocaine addiction
   addiction to something He is now fighting his addiction to alcohol.
   an addiction to TV game shows/social media/gambling

Question 38

additionally

Answer 38

1. in a way that is more than was first mentioned or is usual
   Additionally, the bus service will run on Sundays, every two hours.

Question 39

adequate

Answer 39

1. enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need
   They’ll need an adequate supply of hot water.
   The room was small but adequate.
   There is a lack of adequate provision for students who use wheelchairs.
   He didn’t give an adequate answer to the question.
   adequate for something The space available is not adequate for our needs.
   adequate to do something training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry

Question 40

adequately

Answer 40

1. in a way that is enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need
   Are you adequately insured?

Question 41

adhere

Answer 41

1. adhere (to something) to stick to something
   Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria adhere to the surface of the red cells.
   Clean the surface first, or the paint will not adhere.
   There was oil adhering to the bird’s feathers.
   The tiles may not adhere properly if you do not use the correct glue.

Question 42

adjacent

Answer 42

1. next to something
   The planes landed on adjacent runways.
   numbers that are adjacent in the sequence
   adjacent to something Our farm land was adjacent to the river.
   The vineyards of Verzy lie adjacent to those of Verzenay.
   There is a row of houses immediately adjacent to the factory.

Question 43

adjust

Answer 43

1. [transitive] to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of conditions or to make it work better
   adjust something Watch out for sharp bends and adjust your speed accordingly.
   This button is for adjusting the volume.
   The brakes need to be adjusted.
   adjust something to something Adjust your language to the age of your audience.
2. [intransitive, transitive] to get used to a new situation by changing the way you behave and/or think
   They’ll be fine—they just need time to adjust.
   adjust to something After a while his eyes adjusted to the dark.
   adjust to doing something It took her a while to adjust to living alone.
   It can be difficult to adjust to being a parent.
   adjust yourself to something You’ll quickly adjust yourself to student life.
   My eyes were still trying to adjust themselves to the strong sunlight.
3. adjust something to move something slightly so that it looks neater or feels more comfortable
   He smoothed his hair and adjusted his tie.

Question 44

adjustment

Answer 44

1. adjustment (to something) a small change made to something in order to correct or improve it
   I’ve made a few adjustments to the design.
   Some adjustment of the lens may be necessary.
2. adjustment (to something) a change in the way a person behaves or thinks
   She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her marriage broke up.
   The process of adjustment to life in another country can be very difficult.
   There was a long period of adjustment under the new boss.

Question 45

administer

Answer 45

1. administer something to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
   to administer a charity/fund/school
   the high cost of administering medical services
   The pension funds are administered by commercial banks.
2. administer something to make sure that something is done fairly and in the correct way
   to administer justice/the law
   The questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers.
3. administer something (to somebody) (formal) to give or to provide something, especially in a formal way
   The teacher has the authority to administer punishment.
   A taxi driver administered first aid to the victims.
   The priest was called to administer the last rites.
4. to give drugs, medicine, etc. to somebody
   administer something Police believe his wife could not have administered the poison.
   administer something to somebody The dose was administered to the child intravenously.
5. administer a kick, a punch, etc. (to somebody/something) (formal) to kick or to hit somebody/something
   He administered a severe blow to his opponent’s head.

Question 46

administrative

Answer 46

1. connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution
   an administrative job/assistant/error

Question 47

administrator

Answer 47

1. a person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution, or a person who works in an office dealing with records, accounts, etc.
   Such organizational decisions are made by the hospital administrators.
   For an application form, please contact our administrator.
2. person who manages a computer system and controls who can access it
   If you are unable to access the site, contact your system administrator.

Question 48

admission

Answer 48

1. [uncountable, countable] the act of accepting somebody into an institution, organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization
   Hospital admission is not necessary in most cases.
   Hospital admissions for asthma attacks have doubled.
   the university admissions policy/office
   They tried to get into the club but were refused admission.
   She failed to gain admission to the university of her choice.
   Is there any charge for admission?
   There was a steady decline in cinema admissions during the 1960s.
   admission to something countries applying for admission to the European Union
   Last admissions to the park are at 4 p.m.
2. [countable] a statement in which somebody admits that something is true, especially something wrong or bad that they have done
   He is a thief by his own admission (= he has admitted it).
   admission of something an admission of guilt/failure/defeat
   admission that… The minister’s resignation was an admission that she had lied.
3. [uncountable] the amount of money that you pay to go into a building or to an event
   admission charges/prices
   £5 admission
   What’s the admission?

Question 49

adolescent

Answer 49

1. a young person who is developing from a child into an adult
   adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face
   Stop acting like an adolescent!

Question 50

adoption

Answer 50

1. [uncountable, countable] the act of adopting a child; the fact of being adopted
   She put the baby up for adoption.
   The number of adoptions has fallen markedly since the 1970s.
   adoption into something his adoption into an American family
2. [uncountable] the decision to start using something such as an idea, a plan or a name
   The widespread adoption of new information technology could save $162 billion a year.
   The committee recommended the adoption of new safety procedures.

Question 51

adverse

Answer 51

1. negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result
   adverse change/circumstances/weather conditions
   Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme.
   They have attracted strong adverse criticism.
   This drug is known to have adverse side effects.

Question 52

advocate

Answer 52

1. (formal) a person who supports or speaks in favour of somebody or of a public plan or action
   advocate for something/somebody an advocate for hospital workers
   advocate of something/somebody a staunch advocate of free speech
2. (law) a person who defends somebody in court
   Solicitors often appear as advocates in the lower courts.
   Those charged should be represented by trained, qualified legal advocates.

Question 53

aesthetic

Answer 53

1. connected with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things
   the aesthetic appeal of the songs
   an aesthetic appreciation of the landscape
   The works of art are judged on purely aesthetic grounds.
   The benefits of conservation are both financial and aesthetic.
2. made in an artistic way and beautiful to look at
   Their furniture was more aesthetic than functional.

Question 54

affection

Answer 54

1. [uncountable, singular] the feeling of liking or loving somebody/something very much and caring about them
   Children need lots of love and affection.
   He didn’t show his wife any affection.
   She was held in deep affection by all her students.
   affection for somebody/something Mr Darcy’s affection for his sister
   I have a great affection for New York.
2. affections [plural] (formal or literary) a person’s feelings of love
   Anne had two men trying to win her affections.
   The object of her affections was a young man named Paul.

Question 55

affordable

Answer 55

1. cheap enough that people can afford to pay it or buy it
   We offer quality products at affordable prices.
   There is a lack of affordable housing in the city.
   This model is relatively affordable at just $85.

Question 56

aftermath

Answer 56

1. the situation that exists as a result of an important (and usually unpleasant) event, especially a war, an accident, etc.
   in the aftermath of something A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.
   the assassination of the prime minister and its immediate aftermath
   How does a country cope with the aftermath of war?
   The president visited the region in the immediate aftermath of the disaster.

Question 57

aged

Answer 57

1. [not before noun] of the age of
   They have two children aged six and nine.
   volunteers aged between 25 and 40
   Children have the opportunity to meet similarly aged children.
2. (formal) very old
   my aged aunt
   People caring for an aged relative need support.
   I’m not sure if my aged car can make it up that hill.
3. the aged

Question 58

aggression

Answer 58

1. [uncountable] feelings of anger and hate that may result in threatening or violent behaviour
   The research shows that computer games may cause aggression.
   Nowadays our aggression is channelled into sports.
2. [uncountable, countable] a violent attack or threats by one person against another person or by one country against another country
   unprovoked military aggression

Question 59

agriculture

Answer 59

1. the science or practice of farming
   The number of people employed in agriculture has fallen in the last decade.
   50% of the country’s population depends on agriculture.

Question 60

agricultural

Answer 60

1. connected with the science or practice of farming
   agricultural policy/land/production/development

Question 61

aide

Answer 61

1. a person who helps another person, especially a politician, in their job
   White House aides

Question 62

AIDS

Answer 62

1. a serious illness caused by a virus called HIV that attacks the body’s ability to resist infection (the abbreviation for ‘Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome’)
   the AIDS epidemic
   to fight/eradicate/combat AIDS
   people who have battled and survived AIDS
   AIDS research/education
   She died of an AIDs-related illness at the age of 54.

Question 63

alert

Answer 63

1. to warn somebody about a dangerous situation or one that requires immediate action
   alert somebody Neighbours quickly alerted the emergency services.
   (be) alerted by something Alerted by a noise downstairs, he sat up and turned on the light.
   be alerted that… The coastguard were alerted that a yacht had run into difficulties.
2. to make somebody aware of something
   be alerted to something They had been alerted to the possibility of further price rises.

Question 64

alien

Answer 64

1. North American English also non-citizen)
   (law or specialist) a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they live or work
   an illegal alien
2. a creature from another world
   aliens from outer space

Question 65

align

Answer 65

1. [intransitive, transitive] align (something) (with something) to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
   Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.
   The top and bottom line of each column on the page should align.
2. [transitive] align something (with/to something) to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something else
   Domestic prices have been aligned with those in world markets.

Question 66

alignment

Answer 66

1. arrangement in a straight line
   the alignment of the sun, moon and earth at a particular time
   out of alignment (with something) A bone in my spine was out of alignment.
   in alignment (with something) The door needs to be in alignment with the frame before you start work on it.
2. a situation in which something is in the correct relationship with something else
   alignment between A and B Alignment between our commercial and creative goals is crucial.
   in alignment (with something) We will implement policies in alignment with our fiscal goals.
   Property prices are too high and need to be brought back into alignment.
3. political, business or other support given to one country or group by another
   alignment with somebody/something our alignment with leading Latin American companies

Question 67

alike

Answer 67

1. in a very similar way
   They tried to treat all their children alike.
2. used after you have referred to two people or groups, to mean ‘both’ or ‘equally’
   Good management benefits employers and employees alike.

Question 68

allegation

Answer 68

1. a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal
   o investigate/deny/withdraw an allegation
   allegation of something Several newspapers made allegations of corruption in the city’s police department.
   allegation (of something) against somebody allegations of dishonesty against him
   allegation about somebody/something The committee has made serious allegations about interference in its work.
   allegation that… an allegation that he had been dishonest

Question 69

allege

Answer 69

1. to state something as a fact but without giving proof
   allege (that)… The prosecution alleges (that) she was driving carelessly.
   it is alleged (that)… It is alleged that he mistreated the prisoners.
   be alleged to be, have, etc. something He is alleged to have mistreated the prisoners.
   allege something This procedure should be followed in cases where dishonesty has been alleged.

Question 70

allegedly

Answer 70

1. expressed as though something is a fact but without giving any proof
   crimes allegedly committed during the war

Question 71

alliance

Answer 71

1. an agreement between countries, political parties, etc. to work together in order to achieve something that they all want
   to form/make an alliance
   alliance with somebody/something The Social Democrats are now in alliance with the Greens.
   alliance between A and B an alliance between education and business to develop the use of technology in schools
2. a group of people, political parties, etc. who work together in order to achieve something that they all want
   The Green Alliance was formed to campaign against environmental damage.

Question 72

allocate

Answer 72

1. to give something officially to somebody/something for a particular purpose
   allocate something (for something) A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.
   allocate something (to somebody/something) They intend to allocate more places to mature students this year.
   More resources are being allocated to the project.
   allocate somebody/something sth The project is being allocated more resources.
   allocate something to do something Millions have been allocated to improve students’ performance.

Question 73

allocation

Answer 73

1. [countable] an amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose
   We have spent our entire allocation for the year.
2. [uncountable] the act of giving something to somebody for a particular purpose
   the allocation of food to those who need it most

Question 74

allowance

Answer 74

1. an amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for a particular purpose
   an allowance of $20 a day
   a clothing/living/travel allowance
   Do you get an allowance for clothing?
2. the amount of something that is allowed in a particular situation
   a baggage allowance of 20 kilos
   Roman soldiers received a salt allowance, called salarium, the origin of the word salary.
   The recommended daily allowance of vitamin C is 60–90 milligrams.
3. especially North American English)
   (also pocket money especially in British English)
   a small amount of money that parents give their children, usually every week or every month

Question 75

ally

Answer 75

1. [countable] a country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in case of a war
   our European/NATO allies
   a loyal ally of the United States
   Portugal is a traditional ally of England.
2. [countable] a person who helps and supports somebody who is in a difficult situation, especially a politician
   a close ally and friend of the prime minister
   her most powerful political ally
   His sister was his ally against their grandparents.
3. a person who offers their support to a particular group of people in society that they themselves do not belong to, in order to help ensure their basic rights and ability to be happy and successful in society
   Fran has been an ally to First Nations people her whole life.
   Being an ally to somebody means acting when you see an injustice.
4. the Allies [plural] the group of countries including the UK and the US that fought together in the First and Second World Wars
   the Western Allies

Question 76

alongside

Answer 76

1. next to or at the side of somebody/something
   Nick caught up with me and rode alongside.

Question 77

altogether

Answer 77

1. (used to emphasize something) completely; in every way
   The train went slower and slower until it stopped altogether.
   I don’t altogether agree with you.
   I am not altogether happy (= I am very unhappy) about the decision.
   It was an altogether different situation.
   I’m not altogether convinced, I’m afraid.
2. used to give a total number or amount
   You owe me £68 altogether.
3. used to introduce a summary when you have mentioned a number of different things
   The food was good and we loved the music. Altogether it was a great evening.

Question 78

aluminum

Answer 78

1. a chemical element. Aluminium is a light, silver-grey metal used for making pans, etc.
   aluminium saucepans/window frames
   aluminium foil (= for example, for wrapping food in)

Question 79

amateur

Answer 79

1. [usually before noun] doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job
   an amateur photographer
2. [usually before noun] done for pleasure, not as a job
   amateur athletics
3. (also amateurish)
   (usually disapproving) not done or made well or with skill
   The performance sounded very amateur, I’m afraid.

Question 80

ambassador

Answer 80

1. an official who lives in a foreign country as the senior representative there of their own country
   the British Ambassador to Italy/in Rome
   a former ambassador to the UN
2. a person who represents or promotes a particular activity
   The best ambassadors for the sport are the players.

Question 81

ambitious

Answer 81

1. determined to be successful, rich, powerful, etc.
   a fiercely ambitious young manager
   They were very ambitious for their children (= they wanted them to be successful)
2. needing a lot of effort, money or time to succeed
   the government’s ambitious plans for social reform
   Jogging every morning? That’s very ambitious, isn’t it?
   Several interns will be working on three ambitious new projects.

Question 82

ambulance

Answer 82

1. a vehicle with special equipment, used for taking sick or injured people to a hospital
   Call an ambulance!
   the ambulance service
   The ambulance crew rushed her to the hospital.

Question 83

amend

Answer 83

1. amend something to change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve it
   He asked to see the amended version.
   The law has been amended to read as follows:…
   Parliament will vote to amend the constitution.

Question 84

amendment

Answer 84

1. [countable, uncountable] a small change or improvement that is made to a document or proposed new law; the process of changing a document or proposed new law
   to introduce/propose/table an amendment (= to suggest it)
   Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.
   amendment to something She made several minor amendments to her essay.
2. Amendment [countable] a statement of a change to the Constitution of the US
   The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

Question 85

amid

Answer 85

1. in the middle of or during something, especially something that causes excitement or fear
   He finished his speech amid tremendous applause.
   The firm collapsed amid allegations of fraud.
2. surrounded by something
   The hotel was in a beautiful position amid lemon groves.

Question 86

amusing

Answer 86

1. funny and giving pleasure
   an amusing story/game/incident
   She writes very amusing letters.
   I didn’t find the joke at all amusing.
   She told us about an amusing incident that happened on her way home.

Question 87

analogy

Answer 87

1. [countable] a comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features; a feature that is similar
   analogy (between A and B) The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.
   analogy (with something) There are no analogies with any previous legal cases.
2. [uncountable] the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain it
   learning by analogy
   We can understand this theory by analogy with human beings.

Question 88

analyst

Answer 88

1. a person whose job involves examining facts or materials in order to give an opinion on them
   a political/financial analyst
   a food/market analyst
   He’s a senior research analyst at Deutsche Bank.
   analysts expect/predict…
   City analysts forecast huge profits this year.
   according to an analyst According to music industry analysts, music downloads are set to decline by as much as 30 per cent this year.
2. also psychoanalyst) a person who treats patients using psychoanalysis

Question 89

ancestor

Answer 89

1. a person in your family who lived a long time ago
   His ancestors had come to America from Ireland.
2. an animal that lived in the past that a modern animal has developed from
   a reptile that was the common ancestor of lizards and turtles
3. an early form of a machine that later became more developed
   The ancestor of the modern bicycle was called a penny-farthing.

Question 90

anchor

Answer 90

1. a heavy metal object that is attached to a rope or chain and dropped over the side of a ship or boat to keep it in one place
   to drop anchor
   We raised the anchor and set sail.
   We weighed anchor (= pulled it out of the water).
   at anchor The ship lay at anchor two miles off the rocky coast.
2. a person or thing that gives somebody a feeling of safety
   the anchor of the family
3. (also news anchor)
   a person who presents a live radio or television programme and introduces reports by other people; an anchorman or anchorwoman
   She was questioned by an NBC anchor about her trip.
   ABC news anchor Peter Jennings

Question 91

angel

Answer 91

1. a spirit who is believed to be a servant of God, and is sent by God to deliver a message or perform a task. Angels are often shown dressed in white, with wings.
   a host of angels
2. a person who is very good and kind; a child who behaves well
   John is no angel, believe me (= he does not behave well).
   Mary’s children are little angels.
   I could hardly see Lisa in the role of ministering angel.
3. (informal) used when you are talking to somebody and you are grateful to them
   Thanks Dad, you’re an angel.
   Be an angel and make me a cup of coffee.
4. (also angel investor, business angel) a person who supports a business by investing money in it, especially somebody who supports a new small business with their own money
   When will the angels get their money back?
   They started the business with the help of $2 million supplied by angel investors.

Question 92

animation

Answer 92

1. [uncountable] the process of making films, videos and computer games in which drawings, models or images of people and animals seem to move
   computer/cartoon animation
2. [countable] a film in which drawings, models or images of people and animals seem to move
   The electronic dictionary included some animations.
3. [uncountable] energy and enthusiasm in the way you look, behave or speak
   His face was drained of all colour and animation.
   She talked about her new job with great animation.

Question 93

annually

Question 94

anonymous

Question 95

anticipate

Question 96

anxiety

Question 97

apology

Answer 97

1. [countable, uncountable] apology (to somebody) (for something) a word or statement saying sorry for something that has been done wrong or that causes a problem
   to offer/make/demand/accept an apology
   You owe him an apology for what you said.
   We should like to offer our apologies for the delay to your flight today.
   We received a letter of apology.
2. [countable, usually plural] information that you cannot go to a meeting or must leave early
   The meeting started with apologies (= the names of people who said they could not go to the meeting).
   (formal) She made her apologies and left early.

Question 98

apparatus

Answer 98

1. [uncountable] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task
   a piece of laboratory apparatus
   Firefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house.
   Science departments say they are lacking basic apparatus.
2. [countable, usually singular] the structure of a system or an organization, particularly that of a political party or a government
   the power of the state apparatus
   We cannot do without the apparatus of government in protecting the rights of the individual.
3. [countable, usually singular] (specialist) a system of organs in the body
   the sensory apparatus

Question 99

apparel

Answer 99

1. (especially North American English) clothing, when it is being sold in shops
   The store sells women’s and children’s apparel.
2. old-fashioned or formal) clothes, particularly those worn on a formal occasion
   lords and ladies in fine apparel

Question 100

appealing

Answer 100

1. attractive or interesting
   Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing.
   Brightly coloured packaging made the pens especially appealing to children.
   The large salary made their offer even more appealing to him.
2. showing that you want people to help you or to show you sympathy
   ‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look.

Question 101

appetite

Answer 101

1. [uncountable, countable, usually singular] physical desire for food
   He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite.
   The walk gave me a good appetite.
   Don’t spoil your appetite by eating between meals.
2. [countable] a strong desire for something
   sexual appetites
   The preview was intended to whet your appetite (= make you want more).
   appetite for something The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal.
   There is no appetite for (= people do not want) massive federal investment in the US.

Question 102

applaud

Answer 102

1. [intransitive, transitive] to show your approval of somebody/something by clapping your hands (= hitting your open hands together several times)
   He started to applaud and the others joined in.
   applaud somebody They rose to applaud the speaker.
   She was applauded as she came on stage.
   The audience applauded loudly.
2. [transitive] (formal) to express praise for somebody/something because you approve of them or it
   applaud something We applaud her decision.
   His efforts to improve the situation are to be applauded.
   The decision to save the company has been warmly applauded.
   applaud somebody (for something) I applaud her for having the courage to refuse.

Question 103

applicable

Answer 103

1. that can be said to be true in the case of somebody/something
   Give details of children where applicable (= if you have any).
   applicable to somebody/something Much of the form was not applicable (= did not apply) to me.

Question 104

applicant

Answer 104

1. applicant (for something) a person who makes a formal request for something (= applies for it), especially for a job, a place at a college or university, etc.
   There were over 500 applicants for the job.
   Successful applicants will receive notification within the week.

Question 105

appoint

Answer 105

1. to choose somebody for a job or position of responsibility
   appoint somebody They have appointed a new head teacher at my son’s school.
   appoint somebody to something She has recently been appointed to the committee.
   appoint somebody (as) something They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
   She’s been appointed British ambassador to the UN.
   appoint somebody to do something A lawyer was appointed to represent the child.
2. [usually passive] (formal) to arrange or decide on a time or place for doing something
   be appointed A date for the meeting is still to be appointed.
   Everyone was assembled at the appointed time.

Question 106

appreciation

Answer 106

1. [uncountable] pleasure that you have when you recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody/something
   She shows little appreciation of good music.
   in appreciation The crowd murmured in appreciation.
2. [uncountable, singular] appreciation of something a full understanding of something, such as a situation or a problem, and of what it involves
   I had no appreciation of the problems they faced.
3. [uncountable, singular] the feeling of being grateful for something
   I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.
   in appreciation of something Please accept this gift in appreciation of all you’ve done for us.
   appreciation for something She never shows any appreciation for our efforts.
   appreciation of something The clock was presented to Snell by his colleagues as an appreciation of his work and friendship.
4. [uncountable, singular] appreciation (in something) increase in value over a period of time
   OPPOSITE depreciation
   an appreciation in the value of the house
   capital appreciation
5. [countable] appreciation (of something) (formal) a piece of writing or a speech in which the strengths and weaknesses of somebody/something, especially an artist or a work of art, are discussed and judged
   They were asked to write an appreciation of a poem of their choice.

Question 107

appropriately

Answer 107

1. in a way that is suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances
   The government has been accused of not responding appropriately to the needs of the homeless.
   The chain of volcanoes is known, appropriately enough, as the ‘Ring of Fire’.

Question 108

arbitary

Answer 108

1. (of an action, a decision, a rule, etc.) not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair
   The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.
   He makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions.
2. (formal) using power without limits and without considering other people
   the arbitrary powers of officials

Question 109

architectural

Answer 109

1. relating to architecture and buildings
   architectural features

Question 110

archive

Answer 110

1. a collection of historical documents or records of a government, a family, a place or an organization; the place where these records are stored
   the National Sound Archive
   archive film
   The BBC’s archives are bulging with material.
2. (computing) an electronic record of the data on a computer system, stored on a separate device for safety and security
   Optical media is perfect for storing archives of critical corporate data, such as financial records.

Question 111

arena

Answer 111

1. a place with a flat open area in the middle and seats around it where people can watch sports and entertainment
   a concert at Wembley Arena
   an indoor sports arena
   a hockey/basketball arena
   plans to construct a new downtown arena
2. (formal) an area of activity that interests the public, especially one where there is a lot of opposition between different groups or countries
   the political/international arena

Question 112

arm

Answer 112

1. either of the two long parts that stick out from the top of the body and connect the shoulders to the hands
   He escaped with only a broken arm.
   Pearl wrapped her arms around his waist and hugged him tightly.
   She threw her arms around his neck.
   He was running forward, waving his arms.
   by the arm The officer grabbed him by the arm (= grabbed his arm).
   in somebody’s arms She cradled the child in her arms.
   They fell asleep in each other’s arms (= holding each other).
   on somebody’s arm He walked in with a tall blonde woman on his arm (= next to him and holding his arm).
   under somebody’s arm He was carrying a number of files under his arm (= between his arm and his body).
   He held the dirty rag at arm’s length (= as far away from his body as possible).
   They walked along arm in arm (= with the arm of one person linked with the arm of the other).
   She touched him gently on the arm.
   Vincent folded his arms across his chest and turned to walk away.
   He has a tattoo on his upper right arm.
2. the part of a piece of clothing that covers the arm
   SYNONYM sleeve
   The arms will need shortening.
3. the part of a chair, etc. on which you rest your arms
   She perched on the arm of his chair.
4. a long narrow part of an object or a machine, especially one that moves
   a robotic arm
5. a long narrow piece of water or land that is joined to a larger area
   A small bridge spans the arm of the river.
6. [usually singular] arm (of something) a section of a large organization that deals with one particular activity
   SYNONYM wing
   the research arm of the company
   The bank plans to sell part of its US finance arm.

Question 113

array

Answer 113

1. [usually singular] a group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive
   a vast array of bottles of different shapes and sizes
   a dazzling array of talent
2. (computing) a way of organizing and storing related data in a computer memory
3. (specialist) a set of numbers, signs or values arranged in rows and columns

Question 114

arrow

Answer 114

1. a thin stick with a sharp point at one end, which is shot from a bow
   a bow and arrow
   to fire/shoot an arrow
   The road continues as straight as an arrow.
2. a mark or sign like an arrow (➞), used to show direction or position
   Follow the arrows.
   Use the arrow keys to move the cursor.

Question 115

articulate

Answer 115

1. [transitive] articulate something (to somebody) (formal) to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words
   She struggled to articulate her thoughts.
   It is the school’s duty to articulate its practices to parents.
2. [intransitive, transitive] to speak, pronounce or play something in a clear way
   He was too drunk to articulate properly.
   articulate something Every note was carefully articulated.
   She spoke slowly, articulating each word clearly.
3. [intransitive] articulate (with something) (formal) to be related to something so that together the two parts form a whole
   These courses are designed to articulate with university degrees.
4. [intransitive, transitive] (specialist) to be joined to something else by a joint, so that movement is possible; to join something in this way
   articulate (with something) bones that articulate with others
   articulate something a robot with articulated limbs

Question 116

artwork

Answer 116

1. [uncountable] pictures and photographs prepared for books, magazines, etc.
   Can you let me have the finished artwork for the poster by Friday?
2. [countable, uncountable] a work of art, especially one in a museum; works of art as a group
   30 original artworks have gone missing from the museum.
   a collection of artwork from tribal cultures

Question 117

ash

Answer 117

1. [uncountable] the grey or black powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood or coal, has burnt
   cigarette ash
   black volcanic ash
   Ash from the volcano fell over a wide area.
   She flicked ash out of the window carelessly.
2. ashes [plural] what is left after something has been destroyed by burning
   The town was reduced to ashes in the fighting.
   the glowing ashes of the campfire
   The fire had died to cold ashes.
   (figurative) The party had risen, like a phoenix, from the ashes of electoral disaster.
   She had seen all her dreams turn to ashes.
3. ashes [plural] the powder that is left after a dead person’s body has been cremated (= burned)
   She wanted her ashes to be scattered at sea.
4. [countable, uncountable]
   (also ash tree)
   a forest tree with grey bark
5. [uncountable] the hard pale wood of the ash tree
6. (specialist) the letter æ, used in Old English, and as a phonetic symbol to represent the vowel sound in cat

Question 118

aspiration

Answer 118

1. [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a strong desire to have or do something
   I didn’t realize you had political aspirations.
   aspiration to do something He has never had any aspiration to earn a lot of money.
   aspiration for something What changes are needed to meet women’s aspirations for employment?
2. [uncountable] (phonetics) the action of pronouncing a word with a breath that can be heard, as in the /h/ sound in house in English

Question 119

aspire

Answer 119

1. to have a strong desire to achieve or to become something
   aspire (to something) She aspired to a scientific career.
   aspire to be/do something He aspired to be their next leader.

Question 120

assassination

Answer 120

1. the murder of an important or famous person, especially for political reasons
   The president survived a number of assassination attempts.
   the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Question 121

assault

Answer 121

1. [uncountable, countable] the crime of attacking somebody physically
   Both men were charged with assault.
   sexual assaults
   assault on/upon somebody A significant number of indecent assaults on women go unreported.
2. countable] assault (on/upon/against somebody/something) (by an army, etc.) the act of attacking a building, an area, etc. in order to take control of it
   SYNONYM attack
   An assault on the capital was launched in the early hours of the morning.
3. countable] assault (on/upon something) the act of trying to achieve something that is difficult or dangerous
   The government has mounted a new assault on unemployment.
   a two-year legal assault on alleged tax fraud
   Three people died during an assault on the mountain (= while trying to climb it).
4. [countable] an act of criticizing somebody/something severely
   SYNONYM attack
   The suggested closures came under assault from all parties.
   assault on/upon/against somebody/something The paper’s assault on the president was totally unjustified.
5. countable, uncountable] (law) an act that threatens to harm somebody physically, whether or not actual harm is done

Question 122

assemble

Answer 122

1. [intransitive, transitive] to come together as a group; to bring people or things together as a group
   All the students were asked to assemble in the main hall.
   She then addressed the assembled company (= all the people there).
   assemble something to assemble evidence/data
   The manager has assembled a world-class team.
   He tried to assemble his thoughts.
2. [transitive] assemble something to fit together all the separate parts of something, for example a piece of furniture
   The shelves are easy to assemble.

Question 123

assembly

Answer 123

1. (also Assembly)
   [countable] a group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or country
   state/legislative/federal/local assemblies
   Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.
   The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget.
   the California Assembly
   the UN General Assembly
   assembly elections
   an elected assembly
2. [uncountable, countable] the meeting together of a group of people for a particular purpose; a group of people who meet together for a particular purpose
   They were fighting for freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
   He was to address a public assembly on the issue.
   an assembly point (= a place where people have been asked to meet)
3. [countable, uncountable] a meeting of the teachers and students in a school, usually at the start of the day, to give information, discuss school events or say prayers together
   The deputy head was taking (= leading) school assembly that day.
4. [uncountable] the process of putting together the parts of something such as a vehicle or piece of furniture
   Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job.
   a car assembly plant
   the correct assembly of the parts

Question 124

assert

Answer 124

1. to state clearly and definitely that something is true
   assert that… She continued to assert that she was innocent.
   The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow.
   assert something She continued to assert her innocence.
   The German Chancellor was anxious to assert her government’s commitment to European unity.
   + speech ‘That is wrong,’ he asserted.
   it is asserted that… It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family members.
2. assert yourself to behave in a confident and determined way so that other people pay attention to your opinions
   You’re too timid—you must try to assert yourself more.
3. assert something to make other people recognize your right or authority to do something, by behaving in a determined and confident way
   to assert your independence/rights
   I was determined to assert my authority from the beginning.
4. assert itself to start to have an effect
   Good sense asserted itself.

Question 125

assertion

Answer 125

1. [countable] a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true
   SYNONYM claim
   He was correct in his assertion that the minister had been lying.
   Do you have any evidence to support your assertions?
2. [uncountable, countable] the act of stating, using or claiming something strongly
   the assertion of his authority
   The demonstration was an assertion of the right to peaceful protest.

Question 126

asset

Answer 126

1. a person or thing that is valuable or useful to somebody/something
   In his job, patience is an invaluable asset.
   Being able to speak a foreign language is a major asset.
   I’m not sure if his forcefulness is an asset or a liability.
   asset to somebody/something She’ll be an asset to the team.
2. [usually plural] a thing of value, especially property, that a person or company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debts
   the net asset value of the company
   Her assets include shares in the company and a house in France.
   asset sales/management
   income from fixed asset investments
   financial/capital assets
   to freeze a country’s assets

Question 127

assign

Answer 127

1. to give somebody something that they can use, or some work or responsibility
   assign something (to somebody) The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.
   The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.
   assign somebody something We have been assigned the two large classrooms.
   The teacher assigned each of the children a different task.
2. to provide a person for a particular task or position
   assign somebody (to something/as something) They’ve assigned their best man to the job.
   Two senior officers have been assigned to the case.
   assign somebody to do something British forces have been assigned to help with peacekeeping.
3. [usually passive] to send a person to work under the authority of somebody or in a particular group
   be assigned to somebody/something I was assigned to B platoon.
   He was assigned to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1975.
4. to say that something has a particular value or function, or happens at a particular time or place
   assign something to something Assign a different colour to each different type of information.
   assign something sth The painting cannot be assigned an exact date.
5. assign something to somebody (law) to say that your property or rights now belong to somebody else
   The agreement assigns copyright to the publisher.
   She has assigned the lease to her daughter.

Question 128

assistance

Answer 128

1. help or support
   technical/economic/military assistance
   financial assistance for people on low incomes
   Can I be of any assistance?
   Despite his cries, no one came to his assistance.
   The other passengers went to her assistance.
   with the assistance of somebody/something He can only walk with the assistance of crutches.
   assistance with something She offered me practical assistance with my research.
   assistance in doing something/to do something The company provides advice and assistance in finding work.

Question 129

assumption

Answer 129

1. [countable] a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof
   an underlying/implicit assumption
   We need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy.
   We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up.
   It was impossible to make assumptions about people’s reactions.
   His actions were based on a false assumption.
   She arrived at college with a whole set of assumptions inherited from her family.
2. [countable, uncountable] assumption of something (formal) the act of taking or beginning to have power or responsibility
   their assumption of power/control
   the assumption of responsibility by the government for the disaster

Question 130

assurance

Answer 130

1. [countable] a statement that something will certainly be true or will certainly happen, particularly when there has been doubt about it
   SYNONYM guarantee, promise
   They called for assurances that the government is committed to its education policy.
   Unemployment seems to be rising, despite repeated assurances to the contrary.
2. (also self-assurance)
   [uncountable] belief in your own abilities or strengths
   SYNONYM confidence
   There was an air of easy assurance about him.
   It was good to see some of her old assurance coming back.

Question 131

assure

Answer 131

1. to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about it
   assure somebody (that)… You think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.
   Let me assure you that I will try to help you.
   We were assured that everything possible was being done.
   She’s perfectly safe, I can assure you.
   assure somebody (of something) We assured him of our support.
   I won’t let you down, I can assure you of that.
   assure somebody + speech ‘He’ll come back,’ Susan assured her.
2. formal) to make yourself certain about something
   assure yourself of something He assured himself of her safety.
   assure yourself that… She assured herself that the letter was still in the drawer.
3. to make something certain to happen
   SYNONYM guarantee
   assure something Victory would assure a place in the finals.
   assure somebody something Victory would assure them a place in the finals.
   This achievement has assured her a place in the history books.

Question 132

astonishing

Answer 132

1. very surprising; difficult to believe
   SYNONYM amazing
   She ran 100m in an astonishing 10.6 seconds.
   I find it absolutely astonishing that you didn’t like it.

Question 133

asylum

Answer 133

1. (also formal political asylum)
   [uncountable] protection that a government gives to people who have left their own country, usually because they were in danger for political reasons
   to seek/apply for/be granted asylum
   There was a nationwide debate on whether the asylum laws should be changed.
2. [countable] (old use) a hospital where people who were mentally ill could be cared for, often for a long time

Question 134

athletic

Answer 134

1. physically strong, fit and active
   an athletic figure/build
   a tall, slim athletic girl

Question 135

atrocity

Answer 135

1. a cruel and violent act, especially in a war
   In the war, both sides committed atrocities.

Question 136

attachment

Answer 136

1. countable] (computing) a document that you send to somebody using email
   No attachment was included.
2. [uncountable, countable] the act of joining one thing to another; a thing that joins two things together
   All cars have points for the attachment of safety restraints.
   attachment of something to something They discussed the attachment of new conditions to the peace plans.
   attachment to something They had to check the strength of the seat attachments to the floor of the plane.
3. [countable, uncountable] attachment (to somebody) a feeling of love for somebody/something
   a child’s strong attachment to its parents
   Prisoners can develop attachments to their guards.
4. [countable, uncountable] attachment (to something) belief in and support for an idea or a set of values
   the popular attachment to democratic government
5. [countable] a tool that you can fix onto a machine, to make it do another job
   an electric drill with a range of different attachments
6. [countable, uncountable] (British English) a short time spent working with an organization such as a hospital, school or part of the armed forces
   a 4-month training attachment
   on attachment (to something) She’s on attachment to the local hospital.

Question 137

attain

Answer 137

1. attain something to succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort
   Most of our students attained five ‘A’ grades in their exams.
   We only consider applicants who have attained a high level of academic achievement.
   attain (a) degree/standard/level/proficiency/mastery
2. attain something to reach a particular age, level or condition
   The cheetah can attain speeds of up to 97 kph.

Question 138

attendance

Answer 138

1. [uncountable, countable] the act of being present at a place, for example at school
   Attendance at these lectures is not compulsory.
   Teachers must keep a record of students’ attendances.
2. [countable, uncountable] the number of people present at an organized event
   high/low/falling/poor attendances
   There was an attendance of 42 at the meeting.
   Cinema attendances have risen again recently.

Question 139

attribute

Answer 139

1. attribute something to something to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing
   She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.
   The power failure was attributed to the recent storms and high winds.
2. attribute something to somebody to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something
   This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.
   a quote that has often been falsely attributed to George Patton
3. to regard a quality or feature as belonging to somebody/something
   attribute something The committee refused to attribute blame without further information.
   attribute something to somebody/something Ancient peoples attributed magical properties to the stones.
   The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security.

Question 140

auction

Answer 140

1. a public sale in which things are sold to the person who offers the most money for them
   an auction of paintings
   at auction A classic Rolls-Royce fetched (= was sold for) £25 000 at auction.
   up for auction The house is up for auction (= will be sold at an auction).
   an internet auction site

Question 141

audio

Answer 141

1. connected with sound that is recorded
   audio and video recordings/files/clips
   The audio quality was poor.

Question 142

audit

Answer 142

1. an official examination of business and financial records to see that they are true and correct
   an annual audit
   a tax audit
   preparing the accounts for audit
2. an official examination of the quality or standard of something
   an environmental audit

Question 143

authentic

Answer 143

1. known to be real and what somebody claims it is and not a copy
   I don’t know if the painting is authentic.
2. true and accurate
   an authentic account of life in the desert
   the authentic voice of young black Americans
3. made to be exactly the same as the original
   an authentic model of the ancient town
   Take a trip on an authentic Spanish galleon to the famous Papagayo beach.

Question 144

authorize

Answer 144

1. to give official permission for something, or for somebody to do something
   authorize something I can authorize payments up to £5 000.
   authorize somebody to do something I have authorized him to act for me while I am away.
   The soldiers were authorized to shoot at will.

Question 145

auto

Answer 145

1. a car
   the auto industry

Question 146

autonomy

Answer 146

1. the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently
   SYNONYM independence
   a campaign in Wales for greater autonomy
2. the ability to act and make decisions without being controlled by anyone else
   giving individuals greater autonomy in their own lives

Question 147

autumn

Answer 147

1. the season of the year between summer and winter, when leaves change colour and the weather becomes colder
   in the autumn of something in the autumn of 2010
   (figurative) He is in the autumn of his career.
   in early/late autumn
   the autumn term (= for example at a school or college in Britain)
   autumn leaves/colours
   It’s been a very mild autumn this year.
   a crisp/chilly/wet/cool autumn
   their autumn collection of dresses (= designed to be worn in autumn)
   Demand always rises during the autumn and winter months.

Question 148

availability

Answer 148

1. the fact that something is possible to get, buy or find
   the availability of cheap flights
   (British English) This offer is subject to availability.
2. the fact that somebody is free to see or talk to people
   Check her availability before you schedule the meeting.

Question 149

await

Answer 149

1. await somebody/something to wait for somebody/something
   He is in custody awaiting trial.
   Her latest novel is eagerly awaited.
2. await somebody to be going to happen to somebody
   A warm welcome awaits all our guests.
   Who knows what dangers may await us?

Question 150

awareness

Answer 150

1. [uncountable, singular] knowing something; knowing that something exists and is important
   awareness of something an awareness of the importance of eating a healthy diet
   There was an almost complete lack of awareness of the issues involved.
   to raise/heighten/increase public awareness of something
   a greater/a growing/an increasing awareness of something
   a marketing campaign to increase brand awareness
   awareness that… There seems to be a general awareness that this is not the solution.
2. [uncountable] interest in and concern about a particular situation or area of interest
   environmental awareness
   Energy Awareness Week
   the emergence of a new social awareness among young people
   awareness about something The group is trying to raise public awareness about homelessness.

Question 151

awkward

Answer 151

1. making you feel embarrassed
   There was an awkward silence.
   I felt awkward because they obviously wanted to be alone.
2. difficult to deal with
   SYNONYM difficult
   Don’t ask awkward questions.
   You’ve put me in an awkward position.
   an awkward customer (= a person who is difficult to deal with)
   Please don’t be awkward about letting him come.
   It makes things awkward for everyone when you behave like that.
3. not convenient
   SYNONYM inconvenient
   Have I come at an awkward time?
   That’s a bit awkward for me—could we make it earlier?
4. difficult or dangerous because of its shape or design
   This box is very awkward for one person to carry.
   This tool will reach into awkward corners, such as under kitchen units.
5. not moving in an easy way; not comfortable
   He tried to dance, but he was too clumsy and awkward.
   I must have slept in an awkward position—I’m aching all over.

Question 152

backdrop

Answer 152

1. everything that can be seen around an event or scene
   The mountains provided a dramatic backdrop for our picnic.
2. the general conditions in which an event takes place, which sometimes help to explain that event
   Her comments came against the backdrop of growing demand for vaccines.
3. a painted piece of cloth that is hung behind the stage in a theatre as part of the scenery
   She was an artist who designed backdrops for movies and stage plays.
   The photographer poses his subjects against painted backdrops.

Question 153

backing

Answer 153

1. [uncountable] help and support from somebody to do something; financial support for something
   SYNONYM support
   The police gave the proposals their full backing.
   They have won financial backing from the EU.
2. [uncountable, countable] material attached to the back of something in order to protect it or make it stronger
   Remove the backing paper from the adhesive tape.
   The fabric has a special backing for durability.
3. [uncountable, countable, usually singular] (especially in pop music) music that goes with the main singer or tune
   a backing group/singer/track

Question 154

backup

Answer 154

1. extra help or support that you can get if necessary
   The police had backup from the army.
   We can use him as a backup if one of the other players drops out.
   The hospital has a backup power supply.
2. (computing) a copy of a file, etc. that can be used if the original is lost or damaged
   Always make a backup of your work.
   a backup copy

Question 155

badge

Answer 155

1. a small piece of metal or plastic, with a design or words on it, that a person wears or carries to show that they belong to an organization, support something, have achieved something, have a particular rank, etc.
   She wore a badge saying ‘Vote for Coates’.
   All employees have to wear name badges.
   He pulled out a badge and said he was a cop.
   parking for disabled badge holders
   The police officer flashed his badge.
2. a symbol of a particular quality or status
   His gun was a badge of power for him.
   Her badge of office, a large gold key, hung around her neck.
   He saw his injuries as a badge of honour.

Question 156

baulk

Answer 156

1. [intransitive] baulk (at something) to be unwilling to do something or become involved in something because it is difficult, dangerous, etc.
   Many parents may baulk at the idea of paying $100 for a pair of shoes.
   He baulked for a moment. ‘I can’t afford it,’ he finally admitted.
2. [intransitive] baulk (at something) (of a horse) to stop suddenly and refuse to jump a fence, etc.
3. [transitive, usually passive] (formal) to prevent somebody from getting something or doing something
   (be) baulked of something She looked like a lion baulked of its prey.

Question 157

balanced

Answer 157

1. keeping or showing a balance so that different things or different parts of something exist in equal or correct amounts
   The programme presented a balanced view of the two sides of the conflict.
   a balanced diet (= one with the quantity and variety of food needed for good health)
   The report was accurate and well balanced.

Question 158

ballet

Answer 158

1. [uncountable] a style of dancing that tells a dramatic story with music but no talking or singing
   She wants to be a ballet dancer.
   ballet shoes
2. [countable] a story or work of art performed by a group of ballet dancers
   ‘Swan Lake’ is one of the great classical ballets.
3. [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of dancers who work and perform ballet together
   members of the Royal Ballet

Question 159

balloon

Answer 159

1. a small bag made of very thin rubber that becomes larger and rounder when you fill it with air or gas. Balloons are brightly coloured and used as decorations or toys.
   to blow up/burst/pop a balloon
   My balloon has burst!
   A thousand balloons were released to mark the event.
   They tied the balloons to the back of the car.
   helium balloons for the children’s party
2. (also hot-air balloon)
   a large balloon made of strong material that is filled with hot air or gas to make it rise in the air, usually carrying a basket for passengers
   We went up in a balloon.
   She crossed the Atlantic in a hot-air balloon.

Question 160

ballot

Answer 160

1. [uncountable, countable] the system of voting in writing and usually in secret; an occasion on which a vote is held
   The chairperson is chosen by secret ballot.
   The union cannot call a strike unless it holds a ballot of members.
   ballot for something a ballot for the Conservative leadership
   ballot on/over something a ballot over strike action
   a ballot on the new contracts
2. the ballot [singular] the total number of votes in an election
   She won 58.8% of the ballot.

Question 161

bankruptcy

Answer 161

1. the state of being bankrupt
   SYNONYM insolvency
   The company filed for bankruptcy (= asked to be officially bankrupt) in 2009.
   moral/political bankruptcy
   There could be further bankruptcies among small farmers.

Question 162

banner

Answer 162

1. a long piece of cloth with a message on it that is carried between two poles or hung in a public place to show support for something
   A huge banner over the street said ‘Welcome home’.
   Protesters carried a banner reading ‘Save our Wildlife’.
2. a title or advertisement across the top or bottom or down the side of a page on the internet
   They put up a website banner advising customers to order early.
   A banner saying ‘To be continued…’ appeared on the screen.

Question 163

bare

Answer 163

1. not covered by any clothes
   She likes to walk around in bare feet.
   They wore shabby clothes and their feet were bare.
   His bare legs were covered in wiry golden hairs.
2. (of trees or countryside) not covered with leaves; without plants or trees
   The winter sun filtered through the bare branches of the trees.
   a bare mountainside
   We looked out over a bare, open landscape, stripped of vegetation.
3. (of surfaces and objects) not covered with or protected by anything
   bare wooden floorboards
   Bare wires were sticking out of the cable.
   The walls were bare except for a clock.
   The only lighting was a bare bulb hanging from the ceiling.
   The walls have been stripped bare.
4. (of a room, cupboard, etc.) empty
   The fridge was completely bare.
   bare shelves
   bare of something The house was almost bare of furniture.
5. [only before noun] just enough; the most basic or simple
   The family was short of even the bare necessities of life.
   We only had the bare essentials in the way of equipment.
   He did the bare minimum of work but still passed the exam.
   She gave me only the bare facts of the case.
   It was the barest hint of a smile.
   Nothing more is known apart from the bare statement issued to the press.

Question 164

barely

Answer 164

1. in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty
   He could barely read and write.
   The music was barely audible.
   She was barely able to stand.
   We barely had time to catch the train.
2. in a way that almost does not happen or exist
   She barely acknowledged his presence.
   There was barely any smell.
3. just; certainly not more than (a particular amount, age, time, etc.)
   Barely 50% of the population voted.
   He was barely 20 years old and already running his own company.
   They arrived barely a minute later.
4. only a very short time before
   I had barely started speaking when he interrupted me.

Question 165

bargain

Answer 165

1. a thing bought for less than the usual price
   I picked up a few good bargains in the sale.
   The car was a bargain at that price.
   bargain prices
2. an agreement between two or more people or groups, to do something for each other
   He and his partner had made a bargain to tell each other everything.
   I’ve done what I promised and I expect you to keep your side of the bargain (= do what you agreed in return).
   Finally the two sides struck a bargain (= reached an agreement).
   bargain with somebody I’ll make a bargain with you.
   Her part of the bargain was to look after the car.

Question 166

barrel

Answer 166

1. a large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides
   a beer/wine barrel
   They filled the barrels with cider.
   The art of barrel-making is an ancient skill.
2. the contents of or the amount contained in a barrel; a unit of measurement in the oil industry equal to between 120 and 159 litres
   They got through two barrels of beer.
   Oil prices fell to $9 a barrel.
   Crude oil prices hit record highs of more than $70 a barrel.
3. the part of a gun like a tube through which the bullets are fired
   Tom found himself looking down the barrel of a gun.
   The barrel was aimed directly at me.
   He fired one barrel and then fired again.

Question 167

basement

Answer 167

1. a room or rooms in a building, partly or completely below the level of the ground
   Kitchen goods are sold in the basement.
   a basement flat/apartment
   She lives in a two-room basement flat.

Question 168

basket

Answer 168

1. a container for holding or carrying things. Baskets are made of long thin pieces of material that bends and twists easily, for example plastic, wire or wicker.
   a shopping basket
   a picnic basket
   a clothes/laundry basket (= in which dirty clothes are put before being washed)
   a wicker/wire basket
   a cat/dog basket (= in which a cat or dog sleeps or is carried around)
2. the amount contained in a basket
   a basket of fruit
3. (also cart, shopping cart both especially North American English)
   a facility on a website that records the items that you select to buy
   Click to drop items into your shopping basket.
   82 per cent of shoppers have abandoned an online shopping basket in the last year.
4. the net and the metal ring it hangs from, high up at each end of a basketball court; a point that is scored by throwing the ball through this net
   to make/shoot a basket
5. (economics) a number of different goods or currencies
   the value of the rupee against a basket of currencies

Question 169

bass

Answer 169

1. [uncountable] the lowest tone or part in music, for instruments or voices
   He always plays his stereo with the bass turned right up.
   He sings bass.
   a pounding bass line
2. also bass guitar)
   [countable] an electric guitar that plays very low notes
   a bass player
   bass and drums
   Eilís Phillips on (= playing) bass
3. [countable] a man’s singing voice with a low range; a man with a bass voice
   He answered my question in a surprisingly deep bass.
4. [singular] a musical part that is written for a bass voice
5. (also double bass) [countable] the largest musical instrument in the violin family, which plays very low notes

Question 170

bat

Answer 170

1. a piece of wood with a handle, made in various shapes and sizes, and used for hitting the ball in games such as baseball, cricket and table tennis
   a baseball/cricket bat
2. an animal like a mouse with wings that flies and feeds at night (= it is nocturnal). There are many types of bat.

Question 171

battlefield

Answer 171

1. a place where a battle is being fought or has been fought
   heavy casualties on the battlefield
   He was wounded on the battlefield.
2. a situation in which people are opposed to each other; a subject that people feel strongly about and argue about
   Arkansas is among the key electoral battlefields.
   Education policy is an ideological battlefield.

Question 172

bay

Answer 172

1. [countable] a part of the sea, or of a large lake, partly surrounded by a wide curve of the land
   the Bay of Bengal
   Hudson Bay
   a magnificent view across the bay
   apartments overlooking the bay
2. [countable] a marked section of ground either inside or outside a building, for example for a vehicle to park in, for storing things, etc.
   a parking/loading bay
   Put the equipment in No 3 bay.
3. [countable] a curved area of a room or building that sticks out from the rest of the building
4. [countable] a horse of a dark brown colour
   He was riding a big bay.
5. [countable] a deep noise, especially the noise made by dogs when hunting
6. (also bay tree) [countable] a small tree with dark green leaves with a sweet smell that are used in cooking
7. [uncountable] the leaves of the bay tree, used in cooking as a herb

Question 173

beam

Answer 173

1. a line of light, electromagnetic waves or particles
   narrow beams of light/sunlight
   the beam of a torch/flashlight
   a laser/electron beam
   (British English) The car’s headlights were on full beam (= shining as brightly as possible and not directed downwards).
2. a long piece of wood, metal, etc. used to support weight, especially as part of the roof in a building
   The cottage had exposed oak beams.
3. especially British English)
   (North American English usually balance beam)
   a wooden bar that is used in the sport of gymnastics for people to move and balance on
   The gymnast performed a somersault on the beam.
4. a wide and happy smile
   a beam of satisfaction

Question 174

beast

Answer 174

1. old-fashioned or formal) an animal, especially one that is large or dangerous, or one that is unusual
   wild/savage/ferocious beasts
   mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons
2. a person who is cruel and whose behaviour shows a lack of control
   SYNONYM animal
   The beast in her wanted to destroy his house.
3. (informal, often humorous) an unpleasant person or thing
   The maths exam was a real beast.
4. (informal) a thing of a particular kind
   SYNONYM animal
   His new guitar is a very expensive beast.

Question 175

behalf

Answer 175

1. in behalf of somebody | in somebody’s behalf
   ​(US English) in order to help somebody
   He began a petition in behalf of the farmers.
2. on behalf of somebody | on somebody’s behalf
   ​ as the representative of somebody or instead of them
   On behalf of the department I would like to thank you all.
   Mr Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize on his behalf.
3. in order to help somebody
   They campaigned on behalf of asylum seekers.
4. because of somebody; for somebody
   Don’t worry on my behalf.

Question 176

behavioral

Answer 176

1. connected with behaviour
   behavioural problems/difficulties
2. connected with the scientific study of human and animal behaviour
   behavioural science/research

Question 177

beloved

Answer 177

1.[only before noun] loved very much
in memory of our dearly beloved son, John
They were glad to be back in their beloved Ireland.
2. beloved by/of somebody loved very much by somebody; very popular with somebody
the deep purple flowers so beloved by artists
She was beloved by all who knew her.
She ran one of the little tea rooms so beloved of Londoners at the turn of the century.

Question 178

bench

Answer 178

1. [countable] a long seat for two or more people, usually made of wood
   a park bench
2. the bench [singular] (law) a judge in court or the seat where he/she sits; the position of being a judge or magistrate
   His lawyer turned to address the bench.
   She has recently been appointed to the bench.
3. [countable, usually plural] (in the British parliament) a seat where a particular group of politicians sit
   There was cheering from the Opposition benches.
4. the bench [singular] (sport) the seats where players sit when they are not playing in the game
   the substitutes’ bench
   He started the game on the bench but finished as the team’s top scorer.
   He’s sick of spending every game on the bench.
5. (also workbench) [countable] a long heavy table used for doing practical jobs, working with tools, etc.
   a carpenter’s bench

Question 179

benchmark

Answer 179

1. something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with
   Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the child’s progress at school can be measured.

Question 180

beneath

Answer 180

1. in or to a lower position than somebody/something; under somebody/something
   They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves.
   The boat sank beneath the waves.
2. not good enough for somebody
   He considers such jobs beneath him.
   They thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status).

Question 181

beneficial

Answer 181

1. ​beneficial (to something/somebody) improving a situation; having a helpful or useful effect
   SYNONYM advantageous, favourable
   A good diet is beneficial to health.
   They finally came to a mutually beneficial agreement.

Question 182

beneficiary

Answer 182

1. beneficiary (of something) a person who gains as a result of something
   Who will be the main beneficiary of the cuts in income tax?
2. beneficiary (of something) a person who receives money or property when somebody dies
   She was the sole beneficiary of her father’s will.

Question 183

beside

Answer 183

1. next to or at the side of somebody/something
   He sat beside her all night.
   a mill beside a stream
2. compared with somebody/something
   My painting looks childish beside yours.
   Idioms
   be beside the point
   ​to not be important or closely related to the main thing you are talking about
   Yes, I know it was an accident, but that’s beside the point.
   They took my words out of context, but that’s beside the point.
   beside yourself (with something)
   ​unable to control yourself because of the strength of emotion you are feeling
   He was beside himself with rage when I told him what I had done.
   They were beside themselves with excitement.

Question 184

besides

Answer 184

1. n addition to somebody/something; apart from somebody/something
   We have lots of things in common besides music.
   Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
   I’ve got no family besides my parents.
   I’ve got plenty of other things to do besides talking to you.

Question 185

betray

Answer 185

1. to give information about somebody/something to an enemy
   betray somebody/something He was offered money to betray his colleagues.
   betray somebody/something to somebody For years they had been betraying state secrets to Russia.
2. betray somebody/something to hurt somebody who trusts you, especially by lying to or about them or telling their secrets to other people
   She felt betrayed when she found out the truth about him.
   She betrayed his trust over and over again.
   I have never known her to betray a confidence (= tell other people something that should be kept secret).
3. betray something to ignore your principles or beliefs in order to achieve something or gain an advantage for yourself
   He has been accused of betraying his former socialist ideals.
4. to tell somebody or make them aware of a piece of information, a feeling, etc., usually without meaning to
   SYNONYM give away
   betray something His voice betrayed the worry he was trying to hide.
   betray yourself She was terrified of saying something that would make her betray herself (= show her feelings or who she was).

Question 186

beverage

Answer 186

1. any type of drink except water
   laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages
   Studies on the consumption of various alcoholic beverages have been conducted.

Question 187

bias

Answer 187

1. [uncountable, countable, usually singular] a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement
   accusations of political bias in news programmes (= that reports are unfair and show favour to one political party)
   Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.
   Some institutions still have a strong bias against women.
   The article examines gender bias in our schools.
2. [countable, usually singular] an interest in one thing more than others; a special ability
   The course has a strong practical bias.
   Leila had a marked scientific bias.
   In British universities there was a bias towards pure science.
3. [uncountable, countable] the fact that the results of research or an experiment are not accurate because a particular factor has not been considered when collecting the information
   If a response rate is low, the risk of bias in the findings will be greater.
4. [uncountable, singular] the bias of a piece of cloth is an edge cut diagonally across the threads
   The skirt is cut on the bias.
   a bias strip

Question 188

bid

Answer 188

1. an offer by a person or a company to pay a particular amount of money for something
   bid for something A German firm launched a takeover bid for the company.
   At the auction (= a public sale where things are sold to the person who offers the most), the highest bid for the picture was £200.
   bid on something (North American English also) the highest bid on the picture
   Any more bids?
2. bid (for something) (North American English also) bid (on something) an offer to do work or provide a service for a particular price, in competition with other companies, etc.
   SYNONYM tender
   The company submitted a bid for the contract to clean the hospital.
3. (used especially in newspapers)
   an effort to do something or to obtain something
   bid for something a bid for power
   bid to do something a desperate bid to escape from his attackers
4. (in some card games) a statement of the number of points a player thinks they will win

Question 189

bind

Answer 189

1. [transitive] (formal) to tie somebody/something with rope, string, etc. so that they/it cannot move or are held together strongly
   bind somebody/something to something She was bound to a chair.
   bind somebody/something together They bound his hands together.
   bind somebody/something He was left bound and gagged (= tied up and with a piece of cloth tied over his mouth).
2. [transitive] bind something (up) (formal) to tie a long thin piece of cloth around something
   She bound up his wounds.
3. [transitive] to make people, organizations, etc. feel united so that they live or work together more happily or effectively
   bind A (and B) (together) Organizations such as schools and clubs bind a community together.
   bind A to B She thought that having his child would bind him to her forever.
4. [transitive, usually passive] to force somebody to do something by making them promise to do it or by making it their duty to do it
   bind somebody (to something) He had been bound to secrecy (= made to promise not to tell people about something).
   bind somebody to do something The agreement binds her to repay the debt within six months.
5. [intransitive, transitive] to stick together or to make things stick together in a solid mass
   bind (together) Add an egg yolk to make the mixture bind.
   bind something (together) Add an egg yolk to bind the mixture together.
6. [transitive, usually passive] bind something (in something) to fasten the pages of a book together and put them inside a cover
   two volumes bound in leather
7. [transitive, often passive] bind something (with something) to sew a piece of material to the edge of something to decorate it or to make it stronger
   The blankets were bound with satin.

Question 190

biography

Answer 190

1. the story of a person’s life written by somebody else; this type of writing
   Boswell’s biography of Johnson
   a biography by Antonia Fraser
   The book gives potted biographies of all the major painters.

Question 191

biological

Answer 191

1. connected with the science of biology
   the biological sciences
2. connected with the processes that take place within living things
   the biological effects of radiation
   the biological control of pests (= using living organisms to destroy them, not chemicals)
3. (of a member of a person’s family) related by blood
   a child’s biological parents (= natural parents, not the people who adopted him/her)
4. (of washing powder, etc.) using enzymes (= chemical substances that are found in plants and animals) to get clothes, etc. clean
   biological and non-biological powders

Question 192

bishop

Answer 192

1. a senior priest in charge of the work of the Church in a city or district
   the Bishop of Oxford
   Bishop Pritchard
   He was appointed Bishop of Ely.
   He’s the diocesan bishop and he has three suffragan bishops to help him.
2. a piece used in the game of chess that is like a bishop’s hat in shape and can move any number of squares in a diagonal line

Question 193

bizarre

Answer 193

1. very strange or unusual
   SYNONYM weird
   a bizarre situation/incident/story
   bizarre behaviour

Question 194

blade

Answer 194

1. the flat part of a knife, tool or machine, which has a sharp edge or edges for cutting
   The machine comes with a plastic guard over the blade to protect the operator.
2. one of the flat parts that turn around in an engine or on a helicopter
   the blades of a propeller
   rotor blades on a helicopter
3. the flat wide part of an oar (= one of the long straight pieces of wood that are used to row a boat) that goes in the water
4. a single flat leaf of grass
   Not a blade of grass stirred.
5. the flat metal part on the bottom of an ice skate

Question 195

blanket

Answer 195

1. a large cover, often made of wool, used especially on beds to keep people warm
   It’s cold tonight—can I have another blanket?
   The baby was wrapped in a blanket.
2. [usually singular] blanket of something a thick layer or mass of something
   a blanket of fog/snow/cloud
   (figurative) The trial was conducted under a blanket of secrecy.

Question 196

blast

Answer 196

1. [countable] an explosion or a powerful movement of air caused by an explosion
   a bomb blast
   27 schoolchildren were injured in the blast.
   The blast ripped through the building.
2. [countable] a sudden strong movement of air
   A blast of hot air hit us as we stepped off the plane.
   the wind’s icy blasts
3. [countable] a sudden loud noise, especially one made by a musical instrument that you blow, or by a whistle or a car horn
   three short blasts on the ship’s siren
   The driver opened the door letting out a blast of Bob Marley.
   He gave a short blast on his trumpet.
4. [countable]
   (used especially in newspapers)
   strong criticism
   Blast for prison governors in judge’s report.
5. [singular] (informal) a very happy experience that is a lot of fun
   The party was a blast.
   We had a blast at the party.
6. [countable] (North American English, informal) a piece of advertising or information that is sent to a large number of people at the same time by email
   They sent out email blasts and posted information on all their websites.

Question 197

bleed

Answer 197

1. [intransitive] to lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury
   My finger’s bleeding.
   She slowly bled to death.
   He was bleeding from a gash on his head.
   The small blood vessels in the nose bleed easily.
2. [transitive] bleed somebody (in the past) to take blood from somebody as a way of treating disease
3. [transitive] bleed somebody (for something) (informal) to force somebody to pay a lot of money over a period of time
   The company seems intent on bleeding us for every penny we have.
4. [transitive] bleed something to remove air or liquid from something so that it works correctly
5. [intransitive] bleed (into something) to spread from one area of something to another area
   Keep the paint fairly dry so that the colours don’t bleed into each other.

Question 198

blend

Answer 198

1. [transitive] to mix two or more substances together
   blend A with B Blend the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste.
   blend A and B (together) Blend together the eggs, sugar and flour.
2. [intransitive] to form a mixture with something
   blend with something Oil does not blend with water.
   blend (together) Oil and water do not blend.
3. [intransitive, transitive] to combine with something in an attractive or effective way; to combine something in this way
   blend (something) (together) The old and new buildings blend together perfectly.
   blend something (and/with something) Their music blends traditional and modern styles.
4. [transitive, usually passive] blend something to produce something by mixing different types together
   blended whisky/tea

Question 199

bless

Answer 199

1. bless somebody/something to ask God to protect somebody/something
   They brought the children to Jesus and he blessed them.
   God bless you!
2. bless something to make something holy by saying a prayer over it
   The priest blessed the bread and wine.
3. bless somebody/something (formal) to call God holy; to praise God
   We bless your holy name, O Lord.
4. bless somebody/something (old-fashioned, informal) used to express surprise
   Bless my soul! Here comes Bill!
   ‘Where’s Joe?’ ‘I’m blessed if I know!’ (= I don’t know)

Question 200

blessing

Answer 200

1. [usually singular] God’s help and protection, or a prayer asking for this
   to pray for God’s blessing
   The bishop said the blessing.
2. [usually singular] approval of or permission for something
   The government gave its blessing to the new plans.
   He went with his parents’ blessing.
3. something that is good or helpful
   Lack of traffic is one of the blessings of country life.
   It’s a blessing that nobody was in the house at the time.
   Her looks turned out to be more of a curse than a blessing.

Question 201

blow

Answer 201

1. [intransitive, transitive] to send out air from the mouth
   + adv./prep. You’re not blowing hard enough!
   The policeman asked me to blow into the breathalyser.
   blow something + adv./prep. He drew on his cigarette and blew out a stream of smoke.
2. [intransitive, transitive] when the wind or a current of air blows, it is moving; when it blows, the wind is blowing
   The birds were singing and a warm wind was blowing.
   + adv./prep. A cold wind blew from the east.
   It was blowing hard.
   It was blowing a gale (= there was a strong wind).
3. [intransitive, transitive] to be moved by the wind, somebody’s breath, etc.; to move something in this way
   + adv./prep. My hat blew off.
   + adj. The door blew open.
   blow somebody/something + adv./prep. I was almost blown over by the wind.
   She blew the dust off the book.
   The ship was blown onto the rocks.
   The bomb blast blew two passers-by across the street.
   blow something + adj. The wind blew the door shut.
4. [transitive, intransitive] if you blow a whistle, musical instrument, etc. or if a whistle, etc. blows, you produce a sound by blowing into the whistle, etc.
   the sound of trumpets blowing
   blow something The referee blew his whistle.
5. transitive] blow your nose to clear your nose by blowing strongly through it into a tissue or handkerchief
   She grabbed a tissue and loudly blew her nose.
6. [transitive] blow (somebody) a kiss to kiss your hand and then pretend to blow the kiss towards somebody
7. [transitive] blow something to make or shape something by blowing
   to blow smoke rings
   to blow bubbles (= for example, by blowing onto a thin layer of water mixed with soap)
   to blow glass (= to send a current of air into melted glass to shape it)
8. [intransitive, transitive] blow (something) if a fuse blows or you blow a fuse, the electricity stops flowing suddenly because the fuse (= a thin wire) has melted because the current was too strong
9. [intransitive, transitive] to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make a tyre break in this way
   The car spun out of control when a tyre blew.
   The truck blew a tyre and lurched off the road.
   10.[transitive] blow something to break something open with explosives
   The safe had been blown by the thieves.
10. [transitive] blow something (informal) to make known something that was secret
    One mistake could blow your cover (= make your real name, job, intentions, etc. known).
    We’re going to blow his operation wide open.
11. [transitive] blow something (on something) (informal) to spend or waste a lot of money on something
    He inherited over a million dollars and blew it all on drink and gambling.
12. [transitive] blow something (informal) to waste an opportunity
    She blew her chances by arriving late for the interview.
    You had your chance and you blew it.
13. transitive]
    In this meaning blowed is used for the past participle.
    blow somebody/something (British English, informal) used to show that you are annoyed, surprised or do not care about something
    Blow it! We’ve missed the bus.
    Well, blow me down! I never thought I’d see you again.
    I’m blowed if I’m going to (= I certainly will not) let him treat you like that.
    Let’s take a taxi and blow (= never mind) the expense.
14. [transitive, intransitive] blow (something) (North American English, informal) to leave a place suddenly
    Let’s blow this joint.

Question 202

boast

Answer 202

1. [intransitive, transitive] to talk in a way that shows you are too proud of something that you have or can do
   I don’t want to boast, but I can actually speak six languages.
   boast about something She is always boasting about how wonderful her children are.
   boast of something He openly boasted of his skill as a burglar.
   boast that… Sam boasted that she could beat anyone at poker.
   Hay’s booksellers justifiably boast that they cater for all tastes.
   + speech ‘I won!’ she boasted.
2. transitive]
   (not used in the progressive tenses)
   boast something to have something that is impressive
   The hotel also boasts two swimming pools and a golf course.
   Rhodes boasts 300 days of sunshine a year.
   This is a region which proudly boasts its own distinct culture.

Question 203

bold

Answer 203

1. (of people or behaviour) brave and confident; not afraid to say what you feel or to take risks
   It was a bold move on their part to open a business in France.
   Few people have been bold enough to criticize the manager.
   a bold and fearless warrior
2. (of printed words or letters) in a thick, dark type
   Highlight the important words in bold type.
   bold lettering
3. (of shape, colour, lines, etc.) that can be easily seen; having a strong clear appearance
   the bold outline of a mountain against the sky
   She paints with bold strokes of the brush.

Question 204

bombing

Answer 204

1. an occasion when a bomb is dropped or left somewhere; the act of doing this
   recent bombings in major cities
   The neighbourhood was badly damaged by enemy bombing.

Question 205

bonus

Answer 205

1. an extra amount of money that is added to a payment, especially to somebody’s wages or salary as a reward
   a £100 Christmas bonus
   productivity bonuses
   the row over bankers’ bonuses
   What is actually paid will depend on the bonus payments made at the end of the policy.
2. [usually singular] anything pleasant that is extra and more or better than you were expecting
   Being able to walk to work is an added bonus of the new job.
   As a bonus, club members can get free tickets for all the family.
   One of the great bonuses of retirement is having time to spare.

Question 206

booking

Answer 206

1. [countable, uncountable] (especially British English) an arrangement that you make in advance to buy a ticket to travel somewhere, go to the theatre, etc.
   a booking form/hall/clerk
   Can I make a booking for Friday?
   Early booking is recommended.
   No advance booking is necessary.
   We can’t take any more bookings.
2. [countable] an arrangement for somebody to perform at a theatre, in a concert, etc.

Question 207

boom

Answer 207

1. a sudden increase in trade and economic activity; a period of wealth and success
   Living standards improved rapidly during the post-war boom.
   boom in something a boom in car sales
   a boom year (for trade, exports, etc.)
   a property/housing boom
2. [usually singular] a period when something such as a sport or a type of music suddenly becomes very popular and successful
   The only way to satisfy the golf boom was to build more courses.
3. a long pole that the bottom of a sail is attached to and that you move to change the position of the sail
4. [usually singular] a loud deep sound
   the distant boom of the guns
5. a floating barrier that is placed across a river or the entrance to a harbour to prevent ships or other objects from coming in or going out
6. a long pole that carries a microphone or other equipment

Question 208

boost

Question 209

bounce

Answer 209

1. [intransitive, transitive] if something bounces or you bounce it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this
   The ball bounced twice before he could reach it.
   bounce off something Short sound waves bounce off even small objects.
   The light bounced off the river and dazzled her.
   + adv./prep. The ball bounced high and she missed it.
   bounce something (against/on/off something) She bounced the ball against the wall.
2. [intransitive] bounce (up and down) (on something) (of a person) to jump up and down on something
   She bounced up and down excitedly on the bed.
3. [transitive] bounce somebody (up and down) (on something) to move a child up and down while they are sitting on your knee in order to entertain them
   I bounced the baby on my knee while Pete did the dishes.
4. [intransitive, transitive] bounce (something) (up and down) to move up and down; to move something up and down
   Her hair bounced as she walked.
5. [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move up and down in a particular direction
   The bus bounced down the hill.
   The car bounced its way along the dirt road.
6. [intransitive] + adv./prep. (of a person) to move somewhere in a lively and cheerful way
   He bounced across the room to greet them.
7. [intransitive, transitive] bounce (something) (informal) if a cheque bounces, or a bank bounces it, the bank refuses to accept it because there is not enough money in the bank account to pay it
8. [transitive] bounce ideas (off somebody)/(around) to tell somebody your ideas in order to find out what they think about them
   He bounced ideas off colleagues everywhere he went.
9. [intransitive, transitive] bounce (something) (back) if an email bounces or the system bounces it, it returns to the person who sent it because the system cannot deliver it
   I tried to send her an email but it bounced.
   The system automatically bounces emails which contain attachments.
10. [transitive] bounce somebody (from something) (especially North American English, informal) to force somebody to leave a job, team, place, etc.
    He was soon bounced from the post.
11. [intransitive] (informal) to leave a place or group of people
    All right, cool, we’ll bounce.

Question 210

bound

Answer 210

1. bound to do/be something certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something
   There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.
   It’s bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
   You’ve done so much work—you’re bound to pass the exam.
   It was bound to happen sooner or later (= we should have expected it).
   These problems were almost bound to arise.
   You’re bound to be nervous the first time (= it’s easy to understand).
2. forced to do something by law, duty or a particular situation
   bound by something We are not bound by the decision.
   You are bound by the contract to pay before the end of the month.
   bound (by something) to do something (formal) I am bound to say I disagree with you on this point.
   They are legally bound to appear in court.
3. (in compounds)
   prevented from going somewhere or from working normally by the conditions mentioned
   Strike-bound travellers face long delays.
   fogbound airports
4. (also in compounds)
   travelling, or ready to travel, in a particular direction or to a particular place
   homeward bound (= going home)
   Paris-bound
   northbound/southbound/eastbound/westbound
   bound for… a plane bound for Dublin
   tourists who are bound for Europe
   college-bound high school students

Question 211

boundary

Answer 211

1. a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line
   After the war the national boundaries were redrawn.
   (British English) county boundaries
   boundary changes/disputes
   The fence marks the boundary between my property and hers.
   Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of human knowledge.
   It is up to the teacher to set the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
   He could just see her beyond the boundary wall of the cemetery.
   to extend the boundaries of high art to include some popular music
2. (in cricket) a hit of the ball that crosses the boundary of the playing area and scores extra points
   He hit 13 boundaries from 183 balls.

Question 212

bow

Answer 212

1. [intransitive] to move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards as a sign of respect or to say hello or goodbye
   bow (to/before somebody/something) He bowed low to the assembled crowd.
   bow down (to/before somebody/something) The people all bowed down before the emperor.
2. [transitive] bow your head to move your head forwards and downwards
   She bowed her head in shame.
   They stood in silence with their heads bowed.
3. [intransitive, transitive] to bend or make something bend
   (+ adv./prep) The pines bowed in the wind.
   bow something (+ adv./prep) Their backs were bowed under the weight of their packs.

Question 213

breach

Answer 213

1. [countable, uncountable] breach of something a failure to do something that must be done by law
   a breach of contract/copyright/warranty
   They are in breach of Article 119.
   (British English) (a) breach of the peace (= the crime of behaving in a noisy or violent way in public)
   Selling goods constituted a breach of regulation 10B.
2. [countable, uncountable] breach of something an action that breaks an agreement to behave in a particular way
   a breach of confidence/trust
   a breach of security (= when something that is normally protected is no longer secure)
3. [countable] a break in a relationship between people or countries
   The disagreement caused a serious breach in Franco-German relations.
4. [countable] an opening that is created during a military attack or by strong winds or seas
   They escaped through a breach in the wire fence.
   A breach in the mountain wall permits warm sea air to penetrate inland.
   The mortars blew a large breach in the castle walls.

Question 214

breakdown

Answer 214

1. [countable] an occasion when a vehicle or machine stops working
   a breakdown on the motorway
   a breakdown recovery service
   Most breakdown services give priority to women travelling alone.
   The national breakdown organizations are on hand to help motorists 24 hours a day.
2. [countable, uncountable] a failure of a relationship, discussion or system
   The only ground for divorce is the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage.
   marriage breakdown
   There has obviously been a breakdown in communications between the two sides.
   The breakdown of the negotiations was not unexpected.
   the breakdown of law and order
3. [countable, usually singular] detailed information that you get by studying a set of figures
   First, let’s look at a breakdown of the costs.
   Please provide us with a breakdown of expenditure by department.
4. [uncountable] (specialist) the process of a substance breaking into the parts of which it is made
   the breakdown of proteins in the digestive system
5. [countable]
   (also nervous breakdown (old-fashioned))
   a period of serious mental illness in which somebody is unable to deal with normal life
   It all became too much and he had some sort of breakdown.

Question 215

breakthrough

Answer 215

1. an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement
   to make/achieve a breakthrough
   a significant breakthrough in negotiations
   a major breakthrough in cancer research

Question 216

breed

Answer 216

1. [intransitive] (of animals) to have sex and produce young
   Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.
2. [transitive, intransitive] to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones for a particular purpose
   breed something (for/as something) The rabbits are bred for their long coats.
   Greyhounds were originally bred as hunting dogs.
   the first panda to be bred in captivity
   breed from something She’s a lovely cat. Will you breed from her?
3. [transitive] breed something to be the cause of something
   Nothing breeds success like success.
4. [transitive, usually passive] breed something into somebody to educate somebody in a particular way as they are growing up
   Fear of failure was bred into him at an early age.

Question 217

brick

Answer 217

1. [countable, uncountable] baked clay used for building walls, houses and other buildings; an individual block of this
   The school is built of brick.
   a pile of bricks
   a brick wall
2. [countable] a plastic or wooden block, used as a toy for young children to build things with

Question 218

briefly

Answer 218

1. for a short time
   He had spoken to Emma only briefly.
   She met John briefly on Friday night.
2. in few words
   Briefly, the argument is as follows…
   Let me tell you briefly what happened.

Question 219

broadband

Answer 219

1. a way of connecting to the internet that allows you to receive information, including pictures, etc., very quickly and that is always active (so that the user does not have to connect each time)
   plans to provide rural areas with fast broadband
2. (specialist) signals that use a wide range of frequencies

Question 220

broadcaster

Answer 220

1. a person whose job is presenting or talking on television or radio programmes
   She is a writer and broadcaster on environmental matters.
2. a company that sends out television or radio programmes
   the new Australian rugby broadcaster, Channel Ten

Question 221

broadly

Answer 221

1. generally, without considering details
   Broadly speaking, I agree with you.
   broadly similar/comparable/equivalent/consistent
2. if you smile broadly, you smile with your mouth stretched very wide because you are very pleased or are enjoying something very much

Question 222

browser

Answer 222

1. (also web browser)
   a computer program that lets you look at or read documents on the World Wide Web
   What do you use as your default browser?
2. a person who looks through books, magazines, etc. or at things for sale, but may not seriously intend to buy anything
   There were one or two browsers in the bookstore.

Question 223

brutal

Answer 223

1. violent and cruel
   a brutal attack/murder/rape/killing
   a brutal and repressive regime
2. direct and clear about something unpleasant; not thinking of people’s feelings
   With brutal honesty she told him she did not love him.

Question 224

buck

Answer 224

1. [countable] (informal) a US, Australian or New Zealand dollar; a South African rand; an Indian rupee
   They cost ten bucks.
   We’re talking big bucks (= a lot of money) here.
2. [countable] a male deer, hare or rabbit (also called a buck rabbit)
3. [countable]
   (plural buck)
   (South African English) a deer, whether male or female
   a herd of buck
4. [countable] (old use, informal) a young man
5. the buck [singular] used in some expressions to refer to the responsibility or blame for something
   It was my decision. The buck stops here (= nobody else can be blamed).
   I was tempted to pass the buck (= make somebody else responsible).

Question 225

buddy

Answer 225

1. (North American English also bud)
   (informal) a friend
   an old college buddy of mine
   Howard and Mick were drinking buddies.
   We were good buddies.
   I’d like you to meet an old college buddy of mine.
2. (also bud)
   (both North American English, informal) used to speak to a man you do not know
   ‘Where to, buddy?’ the driver asked.
3. (especially North American English) a partner who does an activity with you so that you can help each other
   The school uses a buddy system to pair newcomers with older students.
   Her driving buddy was in trouble.

Question 226

buffer

Answer 226

1. a thing or person that reduces a shock or protects somebody/something against difficulties
   buffer against something Support from family and friends acts as a buffer against stress.
   buffer between A and B She often had to act as a buffer between father and son.
   The organization acts as a buffer between the management and the union.
   a buffer state (= a small country between two powerful states that helps keep peace between them)
   a buffer zone (= an area of land between two opposing armies or countries)
   Peacekeepers have been sent in to establish a buffer zone between the rival forces.
2. (computing) an area in a computer’s memory where data can be stored for a short time

Question 227

bug

Answer 227

1. [countable] (especially North American English) any small insect
   There’s a bug crawling up your arm.
2. [countable] (informal) an illness that is usually fairly mild but spreads easily from person to person
   a flu bug
   There’s a stomach bug going round (= people are catching it from each other).
   I picked up a bug in the office.
   He’s off work with a flu bug.
3. (usually the… bug)
   [singular] (informal) an enthusiastic interest in something such as a sport or a hobby
   She’s been bitten by the travel bug.
   She was never interested in fitness before but now she’s been bitten by the bug.
4. [countable] a fault in a machine, especially in a computer system or program
   The software is full of bugs.
   My computer’s really slow at the moment—it must be some kind of bug.
5. [countable] (informal) a small hidden device for listening to other people’s conversations
   They planted a bug in his hotel room.

Question 228

bulk

Answer 228

1. [singular] the bulk (of something) the main part of something; most of something
   The bulk of the population lives in cities.
   The great bulk of the work has now been done.
2. [uncountable] the (large) size or quantity of something
   Despite its bulk and weight, the car is extremely fast.
   a bulk order (= one for a large number of similar items)
   bulk buying (= buying in large amounts, often at a reduced price)
   in bulk It’s cheaper to buy in bulk.
3. [singular] the weight or shape of somebody/something large
   She heaved her bulk out of the chair.
   the looming dark bulk of the cathedral

Question 229

burden

Answer 229

1. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work
   to bear/carry/ease/reduce/share the burden
   the burden (of something) The main burden of caring for old people falls on the state.
   burden on somebody the heavy tax burden on working people
   a burden to somebody I don’t want to become a burden to my children when I’m old.
2. (formal) a heavy load that is difficult to carry
   SEE ALSO beast of burden

Question 230

bureaucracy

Answer 230

1. [uncountable] (often disapproving) the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated
   unnecessary/excessive bureaucracy
   We need to reduce paperwork and bureaucracy in the company.
2. [uncountable, countable] a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with such a system
   the power of the state bureaucracy
   We are living in a modern bureaucracy.

Question 231

burial

Answer 231

1. the act or ceremony of burying a dead body
   a burial place/mound/site
   Her body was sent home for burial.
   His family insisted he should be given a proper burial.
   baptism, marriage and burial services

Question 232

burst

Answer 232

1. [intransitive, transitive] to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way
   That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more.
   The dam burst under the weight of water.
   Shells were bursting (= exploding) all around us.
   (figurative) He felt he would burst with anger and shame.
   burst apart There was a danger that the engine would burst apart.
   burst something Don’t burst that balloon!
   The river burst its banks and flooded nearby towns.
   a burst pipe
2. [intransitive] + adv./prep. to go or move somewhere suddenly with great force; to come from somewhere suddenly
   He burst into the room without knocking.
   Suddenly the door flew open and Jo burst in.
   The sun burst through the clouds.
   The words burst from her in an angry rush.
   I felt as though my heart would burst out of my chest.
3. [intransitive] be bursting (with something) to be very full of something; to be very full and almost breaking open
   The roads are bursting with cars.
   to be bursting with ideas/enthusiasm/pride
   The hall was filled to bursting point.
   The hall was full to bursting.
   (informal) I’m bursting (for a pee)! (= I need to use the toilet right now).

Question 233

cabin

Answer 233

1. a small room on a ship in which you live or sleep
   I lay in my cabin feeling miserably seasick.
2. one of the areas for passengers to sit in a plane
   the first-class cabin
3. a small house or shelter, usually made of wood
   a log cabin

Question 234

cabinet

Answer 234

1. (usually the Cabinet)
   [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of senior members of a government that is responsible for advising and deciding on government policy
   a cabinet meeting
   (British English) a cabinet minister
   (British English) the shadow Cabinet (= the most important members of the opposition party)
2. [countable] a piece of furniture with doors, drawers and/or shelves, that is used for storing or showing things
   kitchen cabinets
   a medicine cabinet
   The china was displayed in a glass cabinet.

Question 235

calculation

Answer 235

1. [countable, uncountable] the act or process of using numbers to find out an amount
   Cathy did a rough calculation.
   By my calculation(s), we made a profit of £20 000 last year.
   Our guess was confirmed by calculation.
2. [countable, uncountable] the process of using your judgement to decide what the results would be of doing something
   Decisions are shaped by political calculations.
3. [uncountable] (disapproving) careful planning for yourself without caring about other people
   an act of cold calculation

Question 236

canal

Answer 236

1. a long straight passage dug in the ground and filled with water for boats and ships to travel along; a smaller passage used for carrying water to fields, crops, etc.
   the Panama/Suez Canal
   an irrigation canal
2. a tube inside the body through which liquid, food or air can pass

Question 237

candle

Answer 237

1. a round stick of wax with a piece of string (called a wick) through the middle that is lit to give light as it burns
   a flickering candle
   The room was lit by candles.
   to blow out/snuff out a candle

Question 238

canvas

Answer 238

1. [uncountable] a strong heavy rough material used for making tents, sails, etc. and by artists for painting on
   tents made from heavy canvas
2. [countable] a piece of canvas used for painting on; a painting done on a piece of canvas, using oil paints
   a sale of the artist’s early canvases

Question 239

capability

Answer 239

1. the ability or qualities necessary to do something
   Age affects the range of a person’s capabilities.
   capability to do something She has the capability to become a very fine actor.
   capability of doing something Animals in the zoo have lost the capability of catching food for themselves.
   capability for doing something his capability for making sensible decisions
   beyond/within the capabilities of something/somebody beyond/within the capabilities of current technology
   a company’s production capabilities
2. the power or weapons that a country has for war or for military action
   Britain’s nuclear/military capability

Question 240

capitalism

Answer 240

1. an economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government
   the growth of industrial capitalism in the West

Question 241

capitalist

Answer 241

1. based on the principles of capitalism
   a capitalist society/system/economy

Question 242

carbon

Answer 242

1. [uncountable]
   (symbol C)
   a chemical element. Carbon is found in all living things, existing in a pure state as diamond and graphite.
   carbon fibre
   iron with a high carbon content
2. [uncountable] used when referring to the gas carbon dioxide in terms of the effect it has on the earth’s climate in causing global warming
   carbon emissions/levels/taxes
   (British English) How do we move to a low-carbon economy?
3. [countable]
   (also carbon copy)
   a copy of a document, letter, etc. made with carbon paper
4. [countable]
   (also carbon copy)
   a person or thing that is very similar to somebody/something else
5. [countable] a piece of carbon paper

Question 243

cargo

Answer 243

1. the goods carried in a ship, an aircraft or a motor vehicle
   The tanker began to spill its cargo of oil.
   a cargo ship

Question 244

carriage

Answer 244

1. (also coach)
   (both British English)
   (North American English car)
   [countable] a separate section of a train for carrying passengers
   a railway carriage
2. [countable] a road vehicle, usually with four wheels, that is pulled by one or more horses and was used in the past to carry people
   a horse-drawn carriage
3. British English)
   (also handling North American English, British English)
   [uncountable] (formal) the act or cost of transporting goods from one place to another
   £16.95 including VAT and carriage
   Orders are despatched within 28 days but allow time for carriage.
   a contract for the carriage of goods
4. [countable] a moving part of a machine that supports or moves another part, for example on a typewriter
   a carriage return (= the act of starting a new line when typing)
5. [singular] (old-fashioned) the way in which somebody holds and moves their head and body
   SYNONYM bearing
   She showed her pedigree on her face and in her carriage.

Question 245

carve

Answer 245

1. [transitive, intransitive] to make objects, patterns, etc. by cutting away material from a piece of wood or stone, or another hard material
   carve something a carved doorway
   carve something from/out of something The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.
   The beads were carved from solid ivory.
   carve something into/in something The wood had been carved into the shape of a flower.
   (figurative) Over the centuries, melting snow had carved valleys in the landscape.
   carve in something She carves in both stone and wood.
2. [transitive] carve something (on something) to write something on a surface by cutting into it
   They carved their initials on the desk.
   A Latin inscription had been carved on the lid of the box.
3. [transitive, intransitive] to cut a large piece of cooked meat into smaller pieces for eating
   carve (something) | carve (somebody) something Who’s going to carve the turkey?
4. [transitive, no passive] to work hard in order to have a successful career, reputation, etc.
   carve something (out) He succeeded in carving out a career in the media.
   carve something (out) for yourself She has carved a place for herself in the fashion world.

Question 246

casino

Answer 246

1. a public building or room where people play gambling games for money
   a new hotel and casino in Las Vegas

Question 247

castle

Answer 247

1. a large strong building with thick, high walls and towers, built in the past by kings or queens, or other important people, to defend themselves against attack
   a medieval castle
   Windsor Castle
   in/at the castle They were invited to a banquet in the castle.
   They sought safety within the castle walls.
2. (also rook) (in chess) any of the four pieces placed in the corner squares of the board at the start of the game, usually made to look like a castle

Question 248

casual

Answer 248

1. not formal
   casual clothes (= comfortable clothes that you choose to wear in your free time)
   family parties and other casual occasions
2. [usually before noun] not showing much care or thought; seeming not to be worried; not wanting to show that something is important to you
   a casual manner
   It was just a casual remark—I wasn’t really serious.
   He tried to sound casual, but I knew he was worried.
   They have a casual attitude towards safety (= they don’t care enough).
3. [usually before noun] without paying attention to detail
   At a casual glance, everything seemed normal.
   It’s obvious even to the casual observer.
4. [usually before noun] not permanent; not done, or doing something regularly
   casual workers/labour
   Students sometimes do casual work in the tourist trade.
   They are employed on a casual basis (= they do not have a permanent job with the company).
5. [usually before noun] without deep feelings
   a casual acquaintance
   a casual friendship
   to have casual sex (= to have sex without having a steady relationship with that partner)
6. [only before noun] happening by chance; doing something by chance
   a casual encounter/meeting
   a casual passer-by
   The exhibition is interesting to both the enthusiast and the casual visitor.
   The disease is not spread by casual contact.

Question 249

casualty

Answer 249

1. [countable] a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident
   Our primary objective is reducing road casualties.
   Both sides had suffered heavy casualties (= many people had been killed).
2. [countable] a person who suffers or a thing that is destroyed when something else takes place
   SYNONYM victim
   She became a casualty of the reduction in part-time work (= she lost her job).
   Small shops have been a casualty of the recession.
3. [uncountable]
   (also casualty department, accident and emergency)
   (all British English)
   (North American English emergency room)
   the part of a hospital where people who need immediate treatment are taken
   The victims were rushed to casualty.
   We waited in casualty until a doctor could see us.
   He works as a doctor in casualty.

Question 250

catalog

Answer 250

1. a complete list of items, for example of things that people can look at or buy
   a mail-order catalogue (= a book showing goods for sale to be sent to people’s homes)
   to consult the library catalogue
   An illustrated catalogue accompanies the exhibition.
   Please take a look at our online catalogue.
2. a long series of things that happen (usually bad things)
   a catalogue of disasters/errors/misfortunes

Question 251

cater

Answer 251

1. to provide food and drinks for a social event
   (British English) cater for somebody/something Most of our work now involves catering for weddings.
   (British and North American English) cater something Who will be catering the wedding?

Question 252

cattle

Answer 252

1. cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat
   a herd of cattle
   twenty head of cattle (= twenty cows)
   dairy/beef cattle
   The prisoners were herded into trucks like cattle.

Question 253

caution

Answer 253

1. [uncountable] care that you take in order to avoid danger or mistakes; the fact of not taking any risks
   extreme/great caution
   with caution Statistics should be treated with caution.
   He could find himself making enemies as well as friends unless he proceeds with the utmost caution.
2. [uncountable, countable] (formal) a warning or a piece of advice about a possible danger or risk
   a word/note of caution
   Some cautions must be mentioned—for example good tools are essential to do the job well.

Question 254

cautious

Answer 254

1. being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks
   The government has been cautious in its response to the report.
   They’ve taken a very cautious approach.
   They expressed cautious optimism about a solution to the crisis.
   cautious about somebody/something | cautious about doing something He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.

Question 255

cave

Answer 255

1. a large hole in the side of a hill or cliff or under the ground
   the mouth (= the entrance) of the cave
   The area contains vast underground cave systems.
   a cave-dweller (= a person who lives in a cave)
   We took shelter in a dark cave.
   a collapsed limestone cave

Question 256

cease

Answer 256

1. to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing
   Welfare payments cease as soon as an individual starts a job.
   cease to do something You never cease to amaze me!
   cease something They voted to cease strike action immediately.
   He ordered his men to cease fire (= stop shooting).
   cease doing something The company ceased trading in June.

Question 257

cemetery

Answer 257

1. an area of land used for burying dead people, especially one that is not next to a church
   He was buried in a private cemetery.

Question 258

certainty

Answer 258

1. [uncountable] the state of being certain
   There is no certainty that the president’s removal would end the civil war.
   I can’t say with any certainty where I’ll be next week.
2. [countable] a thing that is certain
   political/moral certainties
   Her return to the team now seems a certainty.

Question 259

certificate

Answer 259

1. an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true
   a birth/marriage/death certificate
   certificate of something a certificate of motor insurance
2. an official document proving that you have completed a course of study or passed an exam; a qualification obtained after a course of study or an exam
   a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (= a British qualification for teachers)
   certificate of something A certificate of completion will be issued to all who complete the course.

Question 260

challenging

Answer 260

1. difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability
   challenging work/questions/problems
   I have had a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher.
2. done in a way that invites people to disagree or argue with you, or shows that you disagree with them
   She gave him a challenging look. ‘Are you really sure?’ she demanded.
   Dealing with challenging behaviour in school is never easy.

Question 261

chamber

Answer 261

1. [countable] a hall in a public building that is used for formal meetings
   The members left the council chamber.
   the Senate/House chamber
2. (also Chamber)
   [countable + singular or plural verb] one of the parts of a parliament
   the Lower/Upper Chamber (= in Britain, the House of Commons/House of Lords)
   The party has gained more seats in the Chamber of Deputies in the Italian parliament.
   Under Senate rules, the chamber must vote on the bill by this Friday.
3. [countable]
   (in compounds)
   a room used for the particular purpose that is mentioned
   a Bronze Age burial chamber
4. [countable] a space in the body, in a plant or in a machine that is separated from the rest
   the chambers of the heart
   the rocket’s combustion chamber
   the chamber of a gun (= the part that holds the bullets)
5. [countable] a space under the ground that is almost completely closed on all sides
   They found themselves in a vast underground chamber.
6. [countable] (old use) a bedroom or private room
   Lady Eleanor was found dead in her chamber.

Question 262

championship

Answer 262

1. (also championships [plural])
   a competition to find the best player or team in a particular sport
   the National Basketball Association Championship
   He won a silver medal at the European Championships.
2. the position of being a champion
   They’ve held the championship for the past two years.
3. the Championship the football (soccer) league in England and Wales that has the second best teams in it, after the Premier League

Question 263

chaos

Answer 263

1. a complete lack of order
   economic/political/domestic chaos
   Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.
   in chaos The house was in chaos after the party.
   The country was thrown/plunged into chaos by the president’s death.

Question 264

characterize

Answer 264

1. characterize somebody/something to be typical of a person, place or thing
   the rolling hills that characterize this part of England
   The city is characterized by tall modern buildings in steel and glass.
2. to describe or show the qualities of somebody/something in a particular way
   characterize somebody/something How would you characterize the mood of the 1990s?
   characterize somebody/something as something activities that are characterized as ‘male’ or ‘female’ work

Question 265

charm

Answer 265

1. [uncountable] the power of pleasing or attracting people
   He was a man of great charm.
   The hotel is full of charm and character.
2. [countable] a feature or quality that is pleasant or attractive
   her physical charms (= her beauty)
3. [countable] a small object worn on a chain or bracelet that is believed to bring good luck
   a lucky charm
   a charm bracelet
4. [countable] an act or words believed to have magic power

Question 266

charming

Answer 266

1. very pleasant or attractive
   The cottage is tiny, but it’s charming.
   She’s a charming person.
   What a charming name.
2. (ironic, informal) used to show that you have a low opinion of somebody’s behaviour
   They left me to tidy it all up myself. Charming, wasn’t it?

Question 267

charter

Answer 267

1. [countable] a written statement describing the rights that a particular group of people should have
   the European Social Charter of workers’ rights
   a rail passenger’s charter
   a charter of rights for people with disabilities
2. [countable] a written statement of the principles and aims of an organization
   SYNONYM constitution
   the United Nations Charter
3. [countable] an official document stating that a government or political leader allows a new organization, town or university to be established and gives it particular rights
   The Royal College received its charter as a university in 1967.
   Certain towns were allowed to hold weekly markets, by royal charter.
4. [uncountable] the hiring of a plane, boat, etc.
   a yacht available for charter

Question 268

chase

Answer 268

1. [transitive, intransitive] to run, drive, etc. after somebody/something in order to catch them or it
   chase somebody/something My dog likes chasing rabbits.
   The kids chased each other around the kitchen table.
   We were chased by a bull while crossing the field.
   chase after somebody/something He chased after the burglar but couldn’t catch him.
2. [transitive] chase somebody/something + adv./prep. to force somebody/something to run away
   Chase the cat out—we don’t want her in the kitchen.
   This particular fish chases off any other fish that enters its territory.
3. [transitive] chase something to try to obtain or achieve something, for example money, work or success
   Too many people are chasing too few jobs nowadays.
   The team is chasing its first win in five games.
4. [intransitive, transitive] (informal) to try to persuade somebody to have a sexual relationship with you
   chase after somebody Kevin’s been chasing after Joan for months.
   chase somebody Girls are always chasing him.
5. [transitive] chase somebody (informal) to persuade somebody to do something that they should have done already
   I need to chase him about organizing the meeting.
6. [intransitive] + adv./prep. (informal) to rush or hurry somewhere
   I’ve been chasing around town all morning looking for a present for Sharon.
7. [transitive] chase something (specialist) to cut patterns or designs on metal
   chased silver

Question 269

cheek

Answer 269

1. [countable] either side of the face below the eyes
   chubby/rosy/pink cheeks
   He kissed her on both cheeks.
   Couples were dancing cheek to cheek.
2. -cheeked
   (in adjectives)
   having the type of cheeks mentioned
   chubby-cheeked/rosy-cheeked/hollow-cheeked
3. [countable] (informal) either of the buttocks

Question 270

cheer

Answer 270

1. [intransitive, transitive] to shout loudly, in order to show support or praise for somebody, or to encourage them
   We all cheered as the team came on to the field.
   Cheering crowds greeted their arrival.
   cheer for somebody/something The fans cheered for their team.
   cheer somebody The crowd cheered the president as he drove slowly by.
2. [transitive] [usually passive] to encourage somebody or to give them hope or comfort
   be cheered (by something) She was cheered by the news from home.

Question 271

choir

Answer 271

1. [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who sing together, for example in church services or public performances
   She sings in the school choir.
   He joined the church choir when he was eight.
   to conduct/lead/direct a choir
   a male voice choir
   The children’s choir will perform some Christmas songs.
2. [countable] the part of a church where the choir sits during services

Question 272

chop

Answer 272

1. to cut something into pieces with a sharp tool such as a knife
   chop something He was chopping logs for firewood.
   Add the finely chopped onions.
   chop something (up) (into something) Chop the carrots up into small pieces.
   (figurative) The country was chopped up into small administrative areas.
2. [usually passive] (informal) to suddenly stop providing or allowing something; to suddenly reduce something by a large amount
   SYNONYM cut
   be chopped Their training courses are to be chopped.
   be chopped from something to something The share price was chopped from 50 pence to 20 pence.
3. chop somebody/something to hit somebody/something downwards with a quick, short movement
   Guzman tried to chop the ball on the ground and use his speed.

Question 273

chronic

Answer 273

1. (of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure
   chronic bronchitis/arthritis/asthma
2. having had a disease for a long time
   a chronic alcoholic/depressive
3. (of a problem) lasting a long time; difficult to solve
   the country’s chronic unemployment problem
   a chronic shortage of housing in rural areas

Question 274

chunk

Answer 274

1. a thick, solid piece that has been cut or broken off something
   a chunk of cheese/masonry
2. (informal) a fairly large amount of something
   I’ve already written a fair chunk of the article.
   This one project has taken a substantial chunk of our budget.
3. (linguistics) a phrase or group of words that can be learnt as a unit by somebody who is learning a language. Examples of chunks are ‘Can I have the bill, please?’ and ‘Pleased to meet you’.
   The listening texts consist of short, bite-sized chunks which are accessible to beginners.

Question 275

circuit

Answer 275

1. a line, route or journey around a place
   The race ended with eight laps of a city centre circuit.
   The earth takes a year to make a circuit of (= go around) the sun.
2. the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows
   an electrical circuit
   a circuit diagram (= one showing all the connections in the different parts of the circuit)
   SEE ALSO closed-circuit television, integrated circuit, logic circuit, printed circuit, ring circuit, short circuit
3. (in sport) a series of games or matches in which the same players regularly take part
   This is her biggest triumph in nine years on the women’s tennis circuit.
   He announced his retirement from the professional circuit last year.
4. a track for cars or motorcycles to race around
5. a series of places or events of a particular kind at which the same people appear or take part
   the lecture/cabaret circuit
6. a series of different exercises that you do one after the other when doing circuit training in sport or fitness training
   I do circuits in the gym twice a week.
7. a regular journey made by a judge to hear court cases in each of the courts of law in a particular area
   a circuit court/judge

Question 276

circulate

Answer 276

1. [intransitive, transitive] when a liquid, gas or air circulates or is circulated, it moves continuously around a place or system
   The condition prevents the blood from circulating freely.
   circulate something Cooled air is circulated throughout the building.
2. [intransitive, transitive] if a story, an idea, information, etc. circulates or if you circulate it, it spreads or it is passed from one person to another
   Rumours began to circulate about his financial problems.
   circulate around something There’s a story circulating around the office that you are about to leave the company.
   circulate among somebody newspapers circulating among minority communities
   circulate something Who has been circulating these rumours?
3. [transitive] to send goods or information to all the people in a group
   circulate something They circulated a petition for his release.
   The book was circulated widely in Russia.
   circulate something to somebody The document will be circulated to all members.
4. [intransitive] to move around a group, especially at a party, talking to different people

Question 277

circulation

Answer 277

1. [uncountable] the movement of blood around the body
   Regular exercise will improve blood circulation.
   to have good/bad circulation
2. [uncountable] the passing or spreading of something from one person or place to another
   the circulation of money/information/ideas
   in circulation A number of forged tickets are in circulation.
   The coins were taken out of circulation.
   Copies of the magazine were withdrawn from circulation.
   putting computer viruses into circulation
3. [countable, usually singular] the usual number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold each day, week, etc.
   a daily circulation of more than one million
   The newspaper has a daily circulation of 20 000.
4. [uncountable, countable] the movement of something (for example air, water, gas, etc.) around an area or inside a system or machine
   Poor air circulation can cause condensation.
5. [uncountable] the fact that somebody takes part in social activities at a particular time
   in circulation Anne has been ill but now she’s back in circulation.
   out of circulation I was out of circulation for months after the baby was born.

Question 278

citizenship

Answer 278

1. the legal right to belong to a particular country
   They were granted full French citizenship.
   You can apply for citizenship after five years’ residency.
2. the state of being a citizen and accepting the responsibilities of it
   an education that prepares young people for citizenship

Question 279

civic

Answer 279

1. officially connected with a town or city
   civic buildings/leaders
2. connected with the people who live in a town or city
   a sense of civic pride (= pride that people feel for their town or city)
   civic duties/responsibilities
   The competition would be an opportunity to foster civic pride.
   Voting should be a matter of civic duty.

Question 280

civilian

Answer 280

1. a person who is not a member of the armed forces or the police
   Two soldiers and one civilian were killed in the explosion.
   Hundreds of innocent civilians have died in the air strikes.
   Further measures are needed to protect civilians.
   The group was accused of targeting civilians.

Question 281

civilization

Answer 281

1. [uncountable] a state of human society that is very developed and organized
   the technology of modern civilization
   The Victorians regarded the railways as bringing progress and civilization.
2. [uncountable, countable] a society, its culture and its way of life during a particular period of time or in a particular part of the world
   the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome
   diseases that are common in Western civilization
3. [uncountable] all the people in the world and the societies they live in, considered as a whole
   Environmental damage threatens the whole of civilization.
   Could this be the end of civilization as we know it?
4. [uncountable] (often humorous) a place that offers you the comfortable way of life of a modern society
   It’s good to be back in civilization after two weeks in a tent!

Question 282

clarify

Answer 282

1. (formal) to make something clearer or easier to understand
   clarify something to clarify a situation/problem/issue
   I hope this clarifies my position.
   The law on drugs needs to be clarified.
   Talking to someone has helped clarify my feelings.
   clarify what/how, etc… She asked him to clarify what he meant.
2. clarify something to make something, especially butter, pure by heating it
   clarified butter

Question 283

clarity

Answer 283

1. the quality of being expressed clearly
   a lack of clarity in the law
   The brilliant clarity of his argument could not be faulted.
2. the ability to think about or understand something clearly
   clarity of thought/purpose/vision
   With painful clarity she remembered the day he had died.
3. if a picture, substance or sound has clarity, you can see or hear it very clearly, or see through it easily
   the clarity of the sound on the recording

Question 284

clash

Answer 284

1. clash (with somebody) | clash (between A and B) a short fight between two groups of people
   Clashes broke out between police and demonstrators.
   Eight people were wounded in a clash with border guards.
   Several people were injured in violent clashes with the police.
2. clash (with somebody) (over something) | clash (between A and B) (over something) an argument between two people or groups of people who have different beliefs and ideas
   SYNONYM conflict
   There has been a head-on clash between the two candidates over education policy.
3. the difference that exists between two things that are opposed to each other
   SYNONYM conflict
   a clash of interests/opinions/cultures
   a personality clash with the boss
4. a situation in which two events happen at the same time so that you cannot go to or see them both
   a clash in the timetable/schedule
5. [usually singular] a loud noise made by two metal objects being hit together
   a clash of cymbals/swords
6. (used in newspapers, about sports)
   an occasion when two teams or players compete against each other
   Bayern’s clash with Roma in the Champions League
7. the situation when two colours, designs, etc. look ugly when they are put together

Question 285

classification

Question 286

classify

Question 287

cliff

Question 288

cling

Question 289

clinic

Question 290

clinical

Question 291

clip

Question 292

closure

Question 293

cluster

Question 294

coalition

Question 295

coastal

Question 296

cocktail

Question 297

cognitive

Question 298

coincide

Question 299

coincidence

Answer 299

col

Question 300

collaborate

Question 301

collaboration

Question 302

collective

Question 303

collector

Question 304

collision

Question 305

colonial

Question 306

colony

Question 307

colorful

Question 308

columnist

Question 309

combat

Question 310

comic

Question 311

commander

Question 312

commence

Question 313

commentary

Question 314

commentator

Question 315

commerce

Question 316

commissioner

Question 317

commodity

Question 318

communist

Question 319

companion

Question 320

comparable

Question 321

comparative

Question 322

compassion

Question 323

compel

Question 324

compelling

Question 325

compensate

Question 326

compensation

Question 327

competence

Question 328

competent

Question 329

compile

Question 330

complement

Question 331

completion

Question 332

complexity

Question 333

compliance

Question 334

complication

Question 335

comply

Question 336

compose

Question 337

composer

Question 338

composition

Question 339

compound

Question 340

comprehensive

Question 341

comprise

Question 342

compromise

Question 343

compulsory

Question 344

compute

Question 345

conceal

Question 346

concede

Question 347

conceive

Question 348

conception

Question 349

concession

Question 350

concrete

Question 351

condemn

Answer 351

con

Question 352

confer

Question 353

confess

Question 354

confession

Question 355

configuration

Question 356

confine

Question 357

confirmation

Question 358

confront

Question 359

confrontation

Question 360

confusion

Question 361

congratulate

Question 362

congregation

Question 363

congressional

Question 364

conquer

Question 365

conscience

Question 366

consciousness

Question 367

consecutive

Question 368

consensus

Question 369

consent

Question 370

consequently

Question 371

conservation

Question 372

conserve

Question 373

considerable

Question 374

considerably

Question 375

consistency

Question 376

consistently

Question 377

consolidate

Question 378

conspiracy

Question 379

constitute

Question 380

constitution

Question 381

constitutional

Question 382

constraint

Question 383

consult

Question 384

consultant

Question 385

consultation

Question 386

consumption

Question 387

contemplate

Question 388

contempt

Question 389

contend

Question 390

contender

Question 391

content

Question 392

contention

Question 393

continually

Question 394

contractor

Question 395

contradiction

Question 396

contrary

Question 397

contributor

Question 398

controvertial

Question 399

controversy

Question 400

convenience

Question 401

convention

Question 402

conventional

Question 403

conversion

Question 404

convey

Question 405

convict

Question 406

conviction

Question 407

convincing

Question 408

cooperate

Question 409

cooperative

Question 410

coordinate

Question 411

coordination

Question 412

coordinator

Question 413

cop

Question 414

cope

Question 415

copper

Question 416

copyright

Question 417

corporation

Question 418

correction

Question 419

correlate

Question 420

correlation

Question 421

correspond

Question 422

correspondence

Question 423

correspondent

Question 424

corresponding

Question 425

corridor

Question 426

corrupt

Question 427

corruption

Question 428

costly

Answer 428

co

Question 429

councilor

Question 430

counseling

Question 431

counselor

Question 432

counter (long flat surface)

Question 433

counter (argue against)

Question 434

counterpart

Question 435

countless

Question 436

coup

Question 437

courtesy

Question 438

coverage

Question 439

cowboy

Question 440

crack

Question 441

craft

Question 442

crawl

Question 443

creativity

Question 444

creator

Question 445

credibility

Question 446

credible

Question 447

creep

Question 448

critically

Question 449

critique

Question 450

crown

Question 451

crude

Question 452

cruise

Question 453

crush

Question 454

crystal

Question 455

cue

Question 456

cult

Question 457

cultivate

Question 458

curiosity

Question 459

curious

Question 460

curriculum

Question 461

custody

Question 462

cute

Question 463

cutting

Question 464

cynical

Question 465

dairy

Question 466

dam

Question 467

damaging

Question 468

dare

Question 469

darkness

Question 470

database

Question 471

dawn

Question 472

deadline

Question 473

deadly

Question 474

dealer

Question 475

debris

Question 476

debut

Question 477

decisive

Question 478

decision-making

Question 479

deck

Question 480

declaration

Question 481

dedicated

Question 482

dedication

Question 483

deed

Question 484

deem

Question 485

default

Question 486

defect

Question 487

defender

Question 488

defensive

Question 489

deficiency

Question 490

deficit

Question 491

defy

Question 492

delegate

Question 493

delegation

Question 494

delete

Question 495

delicate

Question 496

delighted

Question 497

democracy

Question 498

democratic

Question 499

demon

Question 500

demonstration

Question 501

denial

Question 502

denounce

Question 503

dense

Question 504

density

Question 505

depart

Question 506

dependence

Question 507

dependent

Question 508

depict

Question 509

deploy

Question 510

deployment

Question 511

deposit

Question 512

depression

Answer 512

de

Question 513

deprive

Question 514

deputy

Question 515

derive

Question 516

descend

Question 517

descent

Question 518

designate

Question 519

desirable

Question 520

desktop

Question 521

desperately

Question 522

destruction

Question 523

destructive

Question 524

detain

Question 525

detection

Question 526

detention

Question 527

deteriorate

Question 528

determination

Question 529

devastate

Question 530

devil

Question 531

devise

Question 532

devote

Question 533

diagnose

Question 534

diagnosis

Question 535

dictate

Question 536

dictator

Question 537

differ

Question 538

differentiate

Question 539

dignity

Question 540

dilemma

Question 541

dime

Question 542

dimension

Question 543

diminish

Question 544

dip

Question 545

diplomat

Question 546

diplomatic

Question 547

directory

Question 548

disability

Question 549

disabled

Question 550

disagreement

Question 551

disappoint

Question 552

disappointment

Question 553

disastrous

Question 554

discard

Question 555

discharge

Question 556

disclose

Question 557

disclosure

Question 558

discourage

Question 559

discourse

Question 560

discretion

Question 561

discrimination

Question 562

dismissal

Question 563

disorder

Question 564

displace

Question 565

disposal

Question 566

dispose

Question 567

dispute

Question 568

disrupt

Question 569

disruption

Question 570

dissolve

Question 571

distant

Question 572

distinct

Question 573

distinction

Question 574

distinctive

Question 575

distinguish

Question 576

distort

Question 577

distract

Question 578

distress

Question 579

disturb

Question 580

disturbing

Question 581

dive

Question 582

diverse

Question 583

diversity

Question 584

divert

Question 585

divine

Question 586

divorce

Question 587

doctrine

Question 588

documentation

Question 589

dominance

Question 590

domain

Question 591

dominant

Question 592

donation

Question 593

donor

Question 594

dose

Question 595

dot

Question 596

drain

Question 597

dramatically

Question 598

drift

Question 599

driving

Question 600

drought

Question 601

drown

Question 602

dual

Question 603

dub

Question 604

dull

Question 605

dumb

Question 606

dump

Question 607

duo

Question 608

duration

Question 609

dynamic

Question 610

eager

Question 611

earnings

Question 612

ease

Question 613

echo

Question 614

ecological

Question 615

economics

Question 616

economist

Question 617

editorial

Question 618

educator

Question 619

effectiveness

Question 620

efficiency

Question 621

efficiently

Question 622

ego

Question 623

elaborate

Question 624

elbow

Question 625

electoral

Question 626

electronics

Question 627

elegant

Question 628

elementary

Question 629

elevate

Question 630

eligible

Question 631

eliminate

Question 632

elite

Question 633

embark

Question 634

embarrassment

Question 635

embassy

Question 636

embed

Question 637

embody

Question 638

embrace

Question 639

emergence

Question 640

emission

Question 641

emotionally

Question 642

empire

Question 643

empirical

Question 644

empower

Question 645

enact

Question 646

encompass

Question 647

encouragement

Question 648

encouraging

Question 649

endeavor

Question 650

endless

Question 651

endorse

Question 652

endorsement

Question 653

endure

Question 654

enforce

Question 655

enforcement

Question 656

engagement

Question 657

engaging

Question 658

enjoyable

Question 659

enrich

Question 660

enroll

Question 661

ensue

Question 662

enterprise

Question 663

entertaining

Question 664

enthusiast

Question 665

entitle

Question 666

entity

Question 667

entrepreneur

Question 668

envelope

Question 669

epidemic

Question 670

equality

Question 671

equation

Question 672

equip

Question 673

equivalent

Question 674

era

Question 675

erect

Question 676

erupt

Question 677

escalate

Question 678

essence

Question 679

essentially

Question 680

establishment

Question 681

eternal

Question 682

ethic

Question 683

ethnic

Question 684

evacuate

Question 685

evaluation

Question 686

evident

Question 687

evoke

Question 688

evolution

Question 689

evolutionary

Question 690

evolve

Question 691

exaggerate

Question 692

exceed

Question 693

excellence

Question 694

exception

Question 695

exceptional

Question 696

excess

Question 697

excessive

Question 698

exclude

Question 699

exclusion

Question 700

exclusive

Question 701

exclusively

Question 702

execute

Question 703

execution

Question 704

exert

Question 705

exile

Question 706

exotic

Question 707

expansion

Question 708

expedition

Question 709

expenditure

Question 710

experimental

Question 711

expertise

Question 712

expire

Question 713

explicit

Question 714

explicitly

Question 715

exploit

Question 716

exploitation

Question 717

explosive

Question 718

exposure

Question 719

extension

Question 720

extensive

Question 721

extensively

Question 722

extract

Question 723

extremist

Question 724

fabric

Question 725

fabulous

Question 726

facilitate

Question 727

faction

Question 728

faculty

Question 729

fade

Question 730

failed

Question 731

fairness

Question 732

fake

Question 733

fame

Question 734

fantasy

Question 735

fare

Question 736

fatal

Question 737

fate

Question 738

favorable

Question 739

feat

Question 740

felony

Question 741

feminist

Question 742

fiber

Question 743

fierce

Question 744

filmmaker

Question 745

filter

Question 746

fine

Question 747

firearm

Question 748

firefighter

Question 749

firework

Question 750

firm

Question 751

firmly

Question 752

fiscal

Question 753

fit

Question 754

flavor

Question 755

flaw

Question 756

flawed

Question 757

flee

Question 758

fleet

Question 759

flesh

Question 760

flexibility

Question 761

flourish

Question 762

fluid

Question 763

fond

Question 764

fool

Question 765

footage

Question 766

forbid

Question 767

forecast

Question 768

foreigner

Question 769

forge

Question 770

format

Question 771

formation

Question 772

formerly

Question 773

formula

Question 774

formulate

Question 775

forth

Question 776

forthcoming

Question 777

fortunate

Question 778

forum

Question 779

fossil

Question 780

foster

Question 781

foundation

Question 782

founder

Question 783

fraction

Question 784

fragile

Question 785

fragment

Question 786

framework

Question 787

franchise

Question 788

frankly

Question 789

fraud

Question 790

freely

Question 791

frequent

Question 792

freshman

Question 793

frustrated

Question 794

frustrating

Question 795

frustation

Question 796

fulfill

Question 797

full-time

Question 798

functional

Question 799

fundamentally

Question 800

fundraising

Question 801

funeral

Question 802

furious

Question 803

gallon

Question 804

gambling

Question 805

gaming

Question 806

gathering

Question 807

gay

Question 808

gaze

Question 809

gear

Question 810

gender

Question 811

gene

Question 812

generic

Question 813

genetic

Question 814

genius

Question 815

genocide

Question 816

genuine

Question 817

genuinely

Question 818

gesture

Question 819

gig

Question 820

glance

Question 821

glimpse

Question 822

globalization

Question 823

globe

Question 824

glorious

Question 825

glory

Question 826

golden

Question 827

goodness

Question 828

gorgeous

Question 829

governance

Question 830

grave

Question 831

grace

Question 832

graphic

Question 833

graphics

Question 834

grasp

Question 835

grave

Question 836

gravity

Question 837

greatly

Question 838

greenhouse

Question 839

grid

Question 840

grief

Question 841

grin

Question 842

grind

Question 843

grip

Question 844

gross

Question 845

guerrilla

Question 846

guidance

Question 847

guideline

Question 848

guilt

Question 849

gut

Question 850

habitat

Question 851

hail

Question 852

halfway

Question 853

halt

Question 854

handful

Question 855

handling

Question 856

handy

Question 857

harassment

Question 858

harbor

Question 859

hardware

Question 860

harmony

Question 861

harsh

Question 862

harvest

Question 863

hatred

Question 864

haunt

Question 865

hazard

Question 866

headquarters

Question 867

heal

Question 868

healthcare

Question 869

heighten

Question 870

helmet

Question 871

hence

Question 872

herb

Question 873

heritage

Question 874

hidden

Question 875

hierarchy

Question 876

high-profile

Question 877

hilarious

Question 878

hint

Question 879

hip

Question 880

historian

Question 881

homeland

Question 882

homeless

Question 883

honesty

Question 884

honey

Question 885

hook

Question 886

hopeful

Question 887

hopefully

Question 888

horizon

Question 889

hom

Question 890

hostage

Question 891

hostile

Question 892

hostility

Question 893

humanitarian

Question 894

humanity

Question 895

humble

Question 896

hunger

Question 897

hydrogen

Question 898

hypothesis

Question 899

icon

Question 900

ID

Question 901

identical

Question 902

identification

Question 903

ideological

Question 904

ideology

Question 905

idiot

Question 906

ignorance

Question 907

illusion

Question 908

imagery

Question 909

immense

Question 910

immigration

Question 911

imminent

Question 912

immune

Question 913

implement

Question 914

implementation

Question 915

implication

Question 916

imprison

Question 917

inability

Question 918

inadequate

Question 919

inappropriate

Question 920

incarcerate

Question 921

incarceration

Question 922

insentive

Question 923

incidence

Question 924

inclined

Question 925

inclusion

Question 926

incorporate

Question 927

incorrect

Question 928

incur

Question 929

independence

Question 930

index

Question 931

indication

Question 932

indicator

Question 933

indictment

Question 934

indigenous

Question 935

induce

Question 936

indulge

Question 937

inequality

Question 938

inevitable

Question 939

inevitably

Question 940

infamous

Question 941

infant

Question 942

infect

Question 943

infer

Question 944

inflation

Question 945

inflict

Question 946

influential

Question 947

info

Question 948

infrastructure

Question 949

inhabitant

Question 950

inherent

Question 951

inherit

Question 952

inhibit

Question 953

initiate

Question 954

inject

Question 955

injection

Question 956

injustice

Question 957

ink

Question 958

inmate

Question 959

innovation

Question 960

innovative

Question 961

input

Question 962

inquire

Question 963

insert

Question 964

insertion

Question 965

insider

Question 966

inspect

Question 967

inspection

Question 968

inspector

Question 969

inspiration

Question 970

installation

Question 971

instant

Question 972

instantly

Question 973

instinct

Question 974

institutional

Question 975

instruct

Question 976

instrumental

Question 977

insufficient

Question 978

insult

Question 979

intact

Question 980

intake

Question 981

integral

Question 982

integrate

Question 983

integrated

Question 984

integration

Question 985

integrity

Question 986

intellectual

Question 987

intensify

Question 988

intensity

Question 989

intensive

Question 990

intent

Question 991

interact

Question 992

interaction

Question 993

interactive

Question 994

interface

Question 995

interfere

Question 996

interference

Question 997

interim

Question 998

interior

Question 999

intermediate

Question 1000

interpretation

Question 1001

intersection

Question 1002

interval

Question 1003

intervene

Question 1004

intervention

Question 1005

intimate

Question 1006

intriguing

Question 1007

invade

Question 1008

invasion

Question 1009

inventory

Question 1010

investigator

Question 1011

investor

Question 1012

invisible

Question 1013

invoke

Question 1014

involvement

Question 1015

ironic

Question 1016

ironically

Question 1017

irony

Question 1018

irrelevant

Question 1019

isolate

Question 1020

isolated

Question 1021

isolation

Question 1022

jail

Question 1023

jet

Question 1024

joint

Question 1025

journalism

Question 1026

judicial

Question 1027

jurisdiction

Question 1028

jury

Question 1029

just

Question 1030

justification

Question 1031

keen

Question 1032

kidnap

Question 1033

kidney

Question 1034

kindergarden

Question 1035

kingdom

Question 1036

kit

Question 1037

ladder

Question 1038

landing

Question 1039

landlord

Question 1040

landmark

Question 1041

lane

Question 1042

lap

Question 1043

large-scale

Question 1044

laser

Question 1045

lately

Question 1046

latter

Question 1047

lawmaker

Question 1048

lawn

Question 1049

lawsuit

Question 1050

layout

Question 1051

leak

Question 1052

leap

Question 1053

legacy

Question 1054

legend

Question 1055

legendary

Question 1056

legislation

Question 1057

legislative

Question 1058

legislature

Question 1059

legitimate

Question 1060

lenghty

Question 1061

lens

Question 1062

lesbian

Question 1063

lesser

Question 1064

lethal

Question 1065

liable

Question 1066

liberal

Question 1067

liberation

Question 1068

liberty

Question 1069

lifelong

Question 1070

lifetime

Question 1071

lighting

Question 1072

likelihood

Question 1073

likewise

Question 1074

limb

Question 1075

limitation

Question 1076

linear

Question 1077

lineup

Question 1078

linger

Question 1079

listing

Question 1080

liter

Question 1081

literacy

Question 1082

literally

Question 1083

literary

Question 1084

litter

Question 1085

liver

Question 1086

lobby

Question 1087

log

Question 1088

logic

Question 1089

logo

Question 1090

longstanding

Question 1091

longtime

Question 1092

loom

Question 1093

loop

Question 1094

lottery

Question 1095

loyal

Question 1096

loyalty

Question 1097

lyric

Question 1098

machinery

Question 1099

magical

Question 1100

magnetic

Question 1101

magnificent

Question 1102

magnitude

Question 1103

mainland

Question 1104

mainstream

Question 1105

maintenance

Question 1106

makeup

Question 1107

making

Question 1108

mandate

Question 1109

mandatory

Question 1110

manifest

Question 1111

manipulate

Question 1112

manipulation

Question 1113

manufacture

Question 1114

manufacturing

Question 1115

manuscript

Question 1116

marathon

Question 1117

march

Question 1118

margin

Question 1119

marginal

Question 1120

marine

Question 1121

marker

Question 1122

marketplace

Question 1123

martial

Question 1124

mask

Question 1125

massacre

Question 1126

mate

Question 1127

mathematical

Question 1128

mature

Question 1129

maximize

Question 1130

meaningful

Question 1131

meantime

Question 1132

mechanic

Question 1133

mechanical

Question 1134

mechanism

Question 1135

medal

Question 1136

medication

Question 1137

medieval

Question 1138

meditation

Question 1139

melody

Question 1140

membership

Question 1141

memo

Question 1142

memoir

Question 1143

memorable

Question 1144

memorial

Question 1145

mentor

Question 1146

merchant

Question 1147

mercy

Question 1148

mere

Question 1149

merely

Question 1150

merge

Question 1151

merger

Question 1152

merit

Question 1153

metaphor

Question 1154

methodology

Question 1155

midst

Question 1156

migration

Question 1157

militant

Question 1158

militia

Question 1159

mill

Question 1160

miner

Question 1161

minimal

Question 1162

minimize

Question 1163

mining

Question 1164

ministry

Question 1165

minute

Question 1166

miracle

Question 1167

miserable

Question 1168

misery

Question 1169

misleading

Question 1170

missile

Question 1171

mob

Question 1172

mobile

Question 1173

mobility

Question 1174

mobilize

Question 1175

mode

Question 1176

moderate

Question 1177

modest

Question 1178

modification

Question 1179

module

Question 1180

momentum

Question 1181

monk

Question 1182

monopoly

Question 1183

monster

Question 1184

monthly

Question 1185

monument

Question 1186

morality

Question 1187

moreover

Question 1188

mortgage

Question 1189

mosque

Question 1190

mosquito

Question 1191

motion

Question 1192

motivate

Question 1193

motivation

Question 1194

motive

Question 1195

moving

Question 1196

municipal

Question 1197

mutual

Question 1198

myth

Question 1199

naked

Question 1200

namely

Question 1201

nasty

Question 1202

nationwide

Question 1203

naval

Question 1204

navigation

Question 1205

nearby

Question 1206

necessity

Question 1207

neglect

Question 1208

negotiate

Question 1209

negotiation

Question 1210

neighboring

Question 1211

nest

Question 1212

net

Question 1213

neutral

Question 1214

newly

Question 1215

newsletter

Question 1216

niche

Question 1217

nickel

Question 1218

nobel

Question 1219

nod

Question 1220

nominate

Question 1221

nomination

Question 1222

nominee

Question 1223

nonetheless

Question 1224

nonprofit

Question 1225

nonsense

Question 1226

noon

Question 1227

norm

Question 1228

notable

Question 1229

notably

Question 1230

notebook

Question 1231

notify

Question 1232

notorious

Question 1233

novel

Question 1234

novelist

Question 1235

nowadays

Question 1236

nursery

Question 1237

nursing

Question 1238

nutrition

Question 1239

obesity

Question 1240

objection

Question 1241

oblige

Question 1242

observer

Question 1243

obsess

Question 1244

obsession

Question 1245

obstacle

Question 1246

occasional

Question 1247

occupation

Question 1248

occupy

Question 1249

occurrence

Question 1250

odds

Question 1251

offender

Question 1252

offering

Question 1253

offspring

Question 1254

ongoing

Question 1255

openly

Question 1256

opera

Question 1257

operational

Question 1258

operator

Question 1259

opt

Question 1260

optical

Question 1261

optimism

Question 1262

optimistic

Question 1263

oral

Question 1264

ochestra

Question 1265

organic

Question 1266

organizational

Question 1267

orientation

Question 1268

originate

Question 1269

outbreak

Question 1270

outfit

Question 1271

outing

Question 1272

outlet

Question 1273

outlook

Question 1274

output

Question 1275

outrage

Question 1276

outsider

Question 1277

outstanding

Question 1278

overcome

Question 1279

overlook

Question 1280

overly

Question 1281

overnight

Question 1282

oversee

Question 1283

overturn

Question 1284

overwhelm

Question 1285

overwhelming

Question 1286

ownership

Question 1287

oxygen

Question 1288

packet

Question 1289

pad

Question 1290

palm

Question 1291

panic

Question 1292

parade

Question 1293

parallel

Question 1294

parameter

Question 1295

parental

Question 1296

parliament

Question 1297

partial

Question 1298

partially

Question 1299

participation

Question 1300

partnership

Question 1301

part-time

Question 1302

passing

Question 1303

passionate

Question 1304

passive

Question 1305

password

Question 1306

pastor

Question 1307

patch

Question 1308

patent

Question 1309

pathway

Question 1310

patience

Question 1311

petrol

Question 1312

patron

Question 1313

pause

Question 1314

peak

Question 1315

peasant

Question 1316

peculiar

Question 1317

peer

Question 1318

penalty

Question 1319

pension

Question 1320

perception

Question 1321

perceive

Question 1322

permanently

Question 1323

persist

Question 1324

persistent

Question 1325

personnel

Question 1326

petition

Question 1327

pharmacy

Question 1328

philosopher

Question 1329

philosophical

Question 1330

physician

Question 1331

pill

Question 1332

pioneer

Question 1333

pipeline

Question 1334

pirate

Question 1335

pit

Question 1336

pity

Question 1337

placement

Question 1338

plea

Question 1339

plead

Question 1340

pledge

Question 1341

plug

Question 1342

plunge

Question 1343

pole

Question 1344

poll

Question 1345

pond

Question 1346

pop

Question 1347

portfolio

Question 1348

portion

Question 1349

portray

Question 1350

postpone

Question 1351

postwar

Question 1352

potentially

Question 1353

practitioner

Question 1354

preach

Question 1355

precede

Question 1356

precedent

Question 1357

precious

Question 1358

precise

Question 1359

precisely

Question 1360

precision

Question 1361

predator

Question 1362

predecessor

Question 1363

predictable

Question 1364

predominantly

Question 1365

preference

Question 1366

pregnancy

Question 1367

prejudice

Question 1368

preliminary

Question 1369

premier

Question 1370

premise

Question 1371

premium

Question 1372

prescribe

Question 1373

prescription

Question 1374

presently

Question 1375

preservation

Question 1376

preside

Question 1377

presidency

Question 1378

presidential

Question 1379

prestigious

Question 1380

presumably

Question 1381

presume

Question 1382

prevail

Question 1383

prevalence

Question 1384

prevention

Question 1385

prey

Question 1386

pride

Question 1387

primarily

Question 1388

principal

Question 1389

prior

Question 1390

privatization

Question 1391

privilege

Question 1392

probability

Question 1393

probabal

Question 1394

probe

Question 1395

problematic

Question 1396

proceed

Question 1397

proceeding

Question 1398

proceeds

Question 1399

processing

Question 1400

processor

Question 1401

proclaim

Question 1402

productive

Question 1403

productivity

Question 1404

profitable

Question 1405

profound

Question 1406

programming

Question 1407

progressive

Question 1408

prohibit

Question 1409

projection

Question 1410

prominent

Question 1411

promising

Question 1412

promotion

Question 1413

prompt

Question 1414

pronounced

Question 1415

propaganda

Question 1416

proportion

Question 1417

proposition

Question 1418

prosecute

Question 1419

prosecution

Question 1420

prosecutor

Question 1421

prospective

Question 1422

prosperity

Question 1423

protective

Question 1424

protein

Question 1425

protester

Question 1426

protocol

Question 1427

province

Question 1428

provincial

Question 1429

provision

Question 1430

provoke

Question 1431

psychiatric

Question 1432

psychological

Question 1433

publicity

Question 1434

publishing

Question 1435

pulse

Question 1436

pump

Question 1437

punch

Question 1438

punk

Question 1439

purely

Question 1440

pursuit

Question 1441

puzzle

Question 1442

query

Question 1443

quest

Question 1444

questionnaire

Question 1445

quota

Question 1446

racial

Question 1447

racism

Question 1448

racist

Question 1449

radar

Question 1450

radiation

Question 1451

radical

Question 1452

rage

Question 1453

raid

Question 1454

rail

Question 1455

rally

Question 1456

random

Question 1457

ranking

Question 1458

rape

Question 1459

rat

Question 1460

rating

Question 1461

ratio

Question 1462

rational

Question 1463

ray

Question 1464

readily

Question 1465

realization

Question 1466

realm

Question 1467

rear

Question 1468

reasonably

Question 1469

reasoning

Question 1470

reassure

Question 1471

rebel

Question 1472

rebellion

Question 1473

rebuild

Question 1474

reciever

Question 1475

recession

Question 1476

recipient

Question 1477

reckon

Question 1478

recognition

Question 1479

reconstruction

Question 1480

recount

Question 1481

recovery

Question 1482

recruit

Question 1483

recruitment

Question 1484

referee

Question 1485

referendum

Question 1486

reflection

Question 1487

reform

Question 1488

refuge

Question 1489

refugee

Question 1490

refusal

Question 1491

regain

Question 1492

regardless

Question 1493

regime

Question 1494

registration

Question 1495

regulate

Question 1496

regulator

Question 1497

regulatory

Question 1498

rehabilitation

Question 1499

reign

Question 1500

reinforce

Question 1501

rejection

Question 1502

relevance

Question 1503

reliability

Question 1504

relieve

Question 1505

relieved

Question 1506

reluctant

Question 1507

remainder

Question 1508

remains

Question 1509

remarkable

Question 1510

remarkably

Question 1511

remedy

Question 1512

reminder

Question 1513

removal

Question 1514

render

Question 1515

renew

Question 1516

renowned

Question 1517

rental

Question 1518

replacement

Question 1519

reportedly

Question 1520

reporting

Question 1521

representation

Question 1522

reproduce

Question 1523

reproduction

Question 1524

republic

Question 1525

resemble

Question 1526

reside

Question 1527

residence

Question 1528

residential

Question 1529

residue

Question 1530

resign

Question 1531

resignation

Question 1532

resistance

Question 1533

resolution

Question 1534

respective

Question 1535

respectively

Question 1536

restoration

Question 1537

restore

Question 1538

restraint

Question 1539

restrict

Question 1540

restriction

Question 1541

resume

Question 1542

resume

Question 1543

retail

Question 1544

retirement

Question 1545

retreat

Question 1546

retrieve

Question 1547

revelation

Question 1548

revenge

Question 1549

revenue

Question 1550

reverse

Question 1551

revision

Question 1552

revival

Question 1553

revive

Question 1554

revolutionary

Question 1555

rhetoric

Question 1556

ridiculous

Question 1557

rifle

Question 1558

riot

Question 1559

rip

Question 1560

risky

Question 1561

ritual

Question 1562

rival

Question 1563

rob

Question 1564

robbery

Question 1565

robust

Question 1566

rock

Question 1567

rocket

Question 1568

rod

Question 1569

romance

Question 1570

rookie

Question 1571

rose

Question 1572

roster

Question 1573

rotate

Question 1574

rotation

Question 1575

roughly

Question 1576

ruin

Question 1577

ruling

Question 1578

rumor

Question 1579

sacred

Question 1580

sacrifice

Question 1581

saint

Question 1582

sake

Question 1583

sanction

Question 1584

satisfaction

Question 1585

say

Question 1586

scandal

Question 1587

scare

Question 1588

scattered

Question 1589

scenario

Question 1590

scholar

Question 1591

scholarship

Question 1592

scope

Question 1593

scratch

Question 1594

screaming

Question 1595

screw

Question 1596

scrutiny

Question 1597

seal

Question 1598

secondly

Question 1599

secular

Question 1600

seeker

Question 1601

seemingly

Question 1602

segment

Question 1603

seize

Question 1604

seldom

Question 1605

selective

Question 1606

seminar

Question 1607

sensation

Question 1608

sensitivity

Question 1609

sentiment

Question 1610

separation

Question 1611

serial

Question 1612

settlement

Question 1613

settler

Question 1614

setup

Question 1615

severely

Question 1616

sexuality

Question 1617

sexy

Question 1618

shaped

Question 1619

shareholder

Question 1620

shatter

Question 1621

shed

Question 1622

sheer

Question 1623

shipping

Question 1624

shocking

Question 1625

shoot

Question 1626

shore

Question 1627

shortage

Question 1628

shortly

Question 1629

short-term

Question 1630

shrink

Question 1631

shrug

Question 1632

sibling

Question 1633

sidewalk

Question 1634

sigh

Question 1635

signature

Question 1636

significance

Question 1637

simulate

Question 1638

simulation

Question 1639

simultaneously

Question 1640

sin

Question 1641

situated

Question 1642

skeptical

Question 1643

sketch

Question 1644

skilled

Question 1645

skip

Question 1646

skull

Question 1647

slam

Question 1648

slap

Question 1649

slash

Question 1650

slavery

Question 1651

slogan

Question 1652

slot

Question 1653

smash

Question 1654

snap

Question 1655

soak

Question 1656

soar

Question 1657

so-called

Question 1658

socialist

Question 1659

sole

Question 1660

solely

Question 1661

solidarity

Question 1662

solo

Question 1663

somehow

Question 1664

sometime

Question 1665

sophisticated

Question 1666

sophomore

Question 1667

sound

Question 1668

sovereignty

Question 1669

spam

Question 1670

span

Question 1671

spare

Question 1672

spark

Question 1673

specialize

Question 1674

specialized

Question 1675

specification

Question 1676

specify

Question 1677

specimen

Question 1678

spectacle

Question 1679

spectacular

Question 1680

spectator

Question 1681

spectrum

Question 1682

speculate

Question 1683

speculation

Question 1684

spell

Question 1685

sphere

Question 1686

spice

Question 1687

spill

Question 1688

spin

Question 1689

spine

Question 1690

spite

Question 1691

spoil

Question 1692

spokesman

Question 1693

spokesperson

Question 1694

spokeswoman

Question 1695

sponsorship

Question 1696

spotlight

Question 1697

spouse

Question 1698

spy

Question 1699

squad

Question 1700

squeeze

Question 1701

stab

Question 1702

stability

Question 1703

stabilize

Question 1704

stake

Question 1705

stall

Question 1706

stance

Question 1707

standing

Question 1708

stark

Question 1709

starve

Question 1710

statistical

Question 1711

steadily

Question 1712

steam

Question 1713

steer

Question 1714

stem

Question 1715

stereotype

Question 1716

stemulate

Question 1717

stimulus

Question 1718

stir

Question 1719

storage

Question 1720

straight-forward

Question 1721

strain

Question 1722

strand

Question 1723

strategic

Question 1724

strengthen

Question 1725

strictly

Question 1726

striking

Question 1727

strive

Question 1727

strip

Question 1727

stun

Question 1727

stroke

Question 1727

strip

Question 1727

subscription

Question 1727

structural

Question 1727

stumble

Question 1727

substantial

Question 1728

submission

Question 1728

subsequent

Question 1728

stunning

Question 1728

subscriber

Question 1728

subsidy

Question 1728

subsequently

Question 1729

substantially

Question 1730

substitute

Question 1730

subtle

Question 1730

substitution

Question 1730

sue

Question 1730

suffering

Question 1730

sufficient

Question 1730

suburb

Question 1730

succession

Question 1730

suburban

Question 1730

successor

Question 1730

successive

Question 1730

suck

Question 1731

sufficiently

Question 1732

superintendent

Question 1732

super

Question 1732

supervise

Question 1732

suicide

Question 1732

suite

Question 1732

supportive

Question 1732

summit

Question 1732

supervision

Question 1732

superviser

Question 1732

superb

Question 1732

superior

Question 1733

supplement

Question 1733

supposedly

Question 1733

suppress

Question 1734

supreme

Question 1734

surge

Question 1734

surgical

Question 1734

survivor

Question 1734

suspend

Question 1734

surrender

Question 1734

suspicion

Question 1735

survival

Question 1735

surplus

Question 1735

surveillance

Question 1735

surgeon

Question 1735

sustain

Question 1735

suspicious

Question 1735

sword

Question 1735

swallow

Question 1735

sustainable

Question 1735

suspension

Question 1735

sympathetic

Question 1735

swing

Question 1735

syndrome

Question 1735

symbolic

Question 1736

synthesis

Question 1737

systematic

Question 1737

tactic

Question 1737

tag

Question 1737

teen

Question 1737

tactical

Question 1737

taxpayer

Question 1737

technological

Question 1737

temporarily

Question 1738

temple

Question 1738

tap

Question 1738

tackle

Question 1739

tempt

Question 1740

tenant

Question 1741

tendency

Question 1742

tender

Question 1743

tension

Question 1744

tenure

Question 1745

terminal

Question 1746

terminate

Question 1747

terms

Question 1748

terrain

Question 1749

terribly

Question 1750

terrific

Question 1751

terrify

Question 1752

territory

Question 1753

terror

Question 1754

terrorism

Question 1755

terrorist

Question 1756

testify

Question 1757

testimony

Question 1758

testing

Question 1759

textbook

Question 1760

texture

Question 1761

thankfully

Question 1762

theatrical

Question 1763

theology

Question 1764

theft

Question 1764

theoretical

Question 1765

therapist

Question 1766

thereafter

Question 1767

thereby

Question 1768

thesis

Question 1769

thorough

Question 1770

thoughtful

Question 1771

thoroughly

Question 1772

thought-provoking

Question 1773

thread

Question 1774

threshold

Question 1775

thrilled

Question 1776

thrive

Question 1777

thumb

Question 1778

tide

Question 1779

tighten

Question 1780

timber

Question 1781

timely

Question 1782

timing

Question 1783

tissue

Question 1784

tobacco

Question 1785

tolerance

Question 1786

tolerate

Question 1787

toll

Question 1788

top

Question 1789

torture

Question 1790

toss

Question 1791

total

Question 1792

tournament

Question 1793

toxic

Question 1794

trace

Question 1795

trademark

Question 1796

trading

Question 1797

tragedy

Question 1798

tragic

Question 1799

trail

Question 1800

trailer

Question 1801

trait

Question 1802

transaction

Question 1803

transcript

Question 1804

transformation

Question 1805

transit

Question 1806

transmission

Question 1807

transmit

Question 1808

transparency

Question 1809

transparent

Question 1810

trap

Question 1811

trauma

Question 1812

treaty

Question 1813

tremendous

Question 1814

treasure

Question 1815

tribal

Question 1816

tribe

Question 1817

tribute

Question 1818

trigger

Question 1819

trillion

Question 1820

trio

Question 1821

triumph

Question 1822

troop

Question 1823

trophy

Question 1824

troubled

Question 1825

trustee

Question 1826

tsunami

Question 1827

tuition

Question 1828

tumor

Question 1829

turnout

Question 1830

turnover

Question 1831

twist

Question 1832

ultimate

Question 1833

unacceptable

Question 1834

uncertainty

Question 1835

unconstitutional

Question 1836

undergo

Question 1837

undergraduate

Question 1838

underlying

Question 1839

undermine

Question 1840

undertake

Question 1841

undoubtably

Question 1842

unfold

Question 1843

unfortunate

Question 1844

unify

Question 1845

unite

Question 1846

unity

Question 1847

universal

Question 1848

unprecedented

Question 1849

unveil

Question 1850

upcoming

Question 1851

upgrade

Question 1852

uphold

Question 1853

urgent

Question 1854

usage

Question 1855

useless

Question 1856

utility

Question 1857

utilize

Question 1858

utterly

Question 1859

vacuum

Question 1860

vague

Question 1861

valid

Question 1862

validity

Question 1863

vanish

Question 1864

variable

Question 1865

variation

Question 1866

varied

Question 1867

vein

Question 1868

venture

Question 1869

verbal

Question 1870

verdict

Question 1871

verify

Question 1872

verse

Question 1873

versus

Question 1874

vertical

Question 1875

vessel

Question 1876

veteran

Question 1877

viable

Question 1878

vibrant

Question 1879

vice

Question 1880

vicious

Question 1881

viewpoint

Question 1882

violate

Question 1883

violation

Question 1884

virtue

Question 1885

visa

Question 1886

visible

Question 1887

vocal

Question 1888

voluntary

Question 1889

voting

Question 1890

vow

Question 1891

vulnerability

Question 1892

vulnerable

Question 1893

wander

Question 1894

ward

Question 1895

warehouse

Question 1896

warfare

Question 1897

warming

Question 1898

warrant

Question 1899

warrior

Question 1900

weaken

Question 1901

weave

Question 1902

weed

Question 1902

weekly

Question 1903

weird

Question 1904

welfare

Question 1905

well

Question 1906

well-being

Question 1907

whatsoever

Question 1908

wheat

Question 1909

whereby

Question 1910

whip

Question 1911

whoever

Question 1912

wholly

Question 1913

widen

Question 1914

widespread

Question 1915

widow

Question 1916

width

Question 1917

willingness

Question 1918

wipe

Question 1919

wisdom

Question 1920

wit

Question 1921

withdraw

Question 1922

withdrawal

Question 1923

wolf

Question 1924

workforce

Question 1925

workout

Question 1926

workplace

Question 1927

workshop

Question 1928

worm

Question 1929

worship

Question 1930

worthwhile

Question 1931

worthy

Question 1932

wrist

Question 1933

yell

Question 1934

yield