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Psychophysiology > First 10 Pages > Flashcards

First 10 Pages Flashcards

1
Q

A tonic, slow, fluctuating change in skin conductivity

A

Skin conductance level (SCL)

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2
Q

An EEG wave conducted from the scalp

A

Represents the summed synchronized synaptic potentials of neurons in multiple cortical columns

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3
Q

A PET measurement is most often used to detect:

A

brain glucose metabolism

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4
Q

The angular gyrus links the

A

Vision region and wernicke’s area

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5
Q

A technique for stimulating cortical neurons based on a brief current generated by a transient magnetic field

A

TMS

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6
Q

in most split brain humans, words presented to the left visual field

A

Cannot be repeated verbally

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7
Q

the cannon-bard theory of emotions would predict that people with severe spinal cord injuries would

A

experience the same emotions that others do

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8
Q

Abbreviation of an event-related potential

A

N170

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9
Q

a tract connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

A

Arcuate fasciculus (AF)

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10
Q

Best registered in the LA1 (SWS1) sleep phase

A

Theta activity

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11
Q

Brain area that plays a key role in inducing arousal

A

Brainstem reticular formation

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12
Q

Brain stimulation requires the following

A

Excitable cells, stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source

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13
Q

an entirely novel word, sometimes produced by a person with aphasia

A

neologism

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14
Q

Cerebral neurostimulation procedure

A

tDCS

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15
Q

Characteristic of epileptic activity is the

A

high degree of EEG synchronization

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16
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

is based on X-ray transmission

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17
Q

Connection between subcomponents of relevant stimuli results in this brief

A

Binding phenomenon and gamma synchronization

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18
Q

A class of drugs that block the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression

A

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

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19
Q

The phenomenon in which detection if stimuli at the former location of a cue is impaired for latencies of 200 ms or more

A

Inhibition of return

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20
Q

Duration of the hemodynamic response that can be recorded on MRI:

A

6 - 12 s

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21
Q

During TMS application above the primary visual cortex, the following can be triggered

A

phosphenes

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22
Q

Early evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called

A

exogenous evoked potentials

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23
Q

Functional localization recording method

A

PET

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24
Q

Gastric Pacemaker activity occurs in this area

A

Corpus

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25
Q

primates expressing decreased fear and aggression and increased sexual behavior likely have

A

klüver-bucy syndrome, due to bilateral removal of the limbic cortex

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26
Q

It is true for the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique

A

Most often neural circuits in the basal ganglia are perturbation with it

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27
Q

It is true for the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique

A

Can be used to determine the excitability threshold of the motor cortex

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28
Q

Brain stimulation requires the following

A

Excitable cells stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source.

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29
Q

Late evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called

A

Exogenous evoked potentials

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30
Q

Lesion Intervention

A

Tract disconnection

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31
Q

Name of a circumscribed brain injury

A

Lesion

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32
Q

Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI

A

Voxel

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32
Q

Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI

A

Voxel

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33
Q

Name of the procedure for examining fiber connections in MRI

A

Tractography

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34
Q

One of the elements of this complex evoked potential is the expectancy wave

A

CNV

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35
Q

Phasic shifts in the frequency of electrogastrographic (EGG) activity denotes.

A

Nausea

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36
Q

one of the two almond shaped archicortical clusters of nuclei located deep in the medial temporal lobe and considered as the core limbic structure of emotional processing and learning and decision making

A

amygdala

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37
Q

Polysomnographic Method means

A

Monitoring of several physiological parameters during sleep

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38
Q

Registration of single cell activity

A

Non-invasive brain testing method

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39
Q

SCL Hypoactivity is a typical symptom of

A

depression

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40
Q

Sequence used for functional MRI scans

A

T2* weighted (BOLD)

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41
Q

Standarized electrode positioning system for scalp EEG recording

A

International 10-20 system

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42
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus is usually not required for this technique

A

Scalp EEG registration

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43
Q

Technique for testing the electric resistance or conductivity of the skin

A

Measurement of exosomatic EDA

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44
Q

True to the P300 wave

A

Evoked by working memory processes

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45
Q

True for the positron emission tomography (PET)

A

its working principle is based on positron-electron annihilation

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46
Q

True to electrogastrography (EGG)

A

after eating, an increase in amplitude is observed in the signal

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47
Q

True to the alpha wave

A

synchronized sine wave-like brain activity

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48
Q

True to the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique

A

invasive neurophysiological technique

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49
Q

True to the delta waves.

A

appears during the LA3-4 phase of the hypnogram with the highest power

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50
Q

True to the hypnogram

A

It can separate the individual phases of slow-wave sleep (LA 1-4)

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51
Q

The basis of the EDA

A

sympathetic nerve activation

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52
Q

The EEG can be well used well in the clinical practice

A

for the diagnosis of epilepsy

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53
Q

According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load

A

decreases perceptual resources for unattended items

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54
Q

The EEG signal is suitable for

A

To objectively determine the level of vigilance

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55
Q

The following EEG electrode is located on the vertex

A

Cz

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56
Q

The highest density of sweat glands can be found

A

on the palms and fingers

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57
Q

The latency of the skin conductance response after a stimulus is typically

A

1-3 s

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58
Q

The SCR is a good indication of the contingency awareness of the rule in a Pavlovian conditioning task when the following stimulus is presented

A

CS+

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59
Q

Typical EEG activity in normogastria

A

3 cm

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60
Q

When evaluating the EEG recording, the raw signal is usually filtered in this range

A

1-100 Hz

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61
Q

What does the amplitude of a MEP directly reflect upon

A

Compound Muscle fiber action potentials

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62
Q

With this minimally invasive technique, based on the accumulation of a glucose analogue compound called 18FDG the metabolic status of a given brain area can be indirectly monitored

A

PET scanning

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63
Q

A hypothesis proposing the emotional processes (closely associated with sympathetic autonomic activation) guide or at least strongly influence behavior, particularly decision making

A

Somatic marker hypothesis

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64
Q

The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language

A

prosody

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65
Q

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

A

are used for communication

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66
Q

According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load

A

decreases perceptual resources for unattended items

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67
Q

A common movement disorder produced by antischizophrenia drugs, called
_______, may affect as many as one-third of patients taking those drugs.

A

tardive dyskinesia

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68
Q

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

A

Broca’s

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69
Q

A modern model of schizophrenia presented by Mirsky and Duncan emphasizes that
schizophrenia emerges from

A

the interaction of stress and genetics

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70
Q

A disease in which plaques and abnormalities (lesions) are formed in the walls of the arteries narrowing them and preventing blood circulation and resulting compensatory high blood pressure.

A

Atherosclerosis

71
Q

a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist

A

ketamine

72
Q

Anesthetizing the right hemisphere in a Wada test interferes with a subject’s ability to
recognize _______ in a picture that is a composite of the subject’s face and that of a
celebrity.

A

His or her own face

73
Q

An increase in blood flow to the _______, which has been observed in patients with
depression, persists even after alleviation of the depression.

A

Amygdala

74
Q

A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may

A

Develop schizophrenia like symptoms

75
Q

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has
poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from ____ aphasia

A

Wernike’s

76
Q

an individual whose corpus callsum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemispheres

A

Split-brain syndrome

77
Q

Apraxia is

A

A specific inability to execute sequences of movements

78
Q

A person suffering from Bell’s palsy would likely

A

Have trouble communicating his or her feelings

79
Q

A principle effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the

A

Postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors

80
Q

A subject whose medial forebrain bundle has been cut would most likely

A

Cease to demonstrate self stimulating behaviour

81
Q

Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual’s sensory orientation is
called

A

Overt attention

82
Q

the drug clozapine appears to extert it therapeutic effects via ____ receptors

A

Serotonin

83
Q

Cardiovascular measures (HR, BP) provide objective readout of

A

The level of motivation and effort

84
Q

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs known as

A

Phenothiazines

85
Q

Decorticate rage refers to

A

Sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by nonaggressive stimuli in animals whose cortex has been removed.

86
Q

Disarray of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been found in

A

Chronic Schizophrenics

87
Q

Disturbance in reading is called

A

Alexia

88
Q

Also called Wernicke’s aphasia. A language impairment characterized by fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension; related to damage in Wernicke’s area.

A

Fluent aphasia

89
Q

During respiratory movements what happens to the pressure in the thorax?

A

It decreases during inhaling and increases during exhaling

90
Q

Electrical stimulation of Broca’s area in humans produces

A

Speech Arrest

91
Q

Emotional stimuli will elicit:

A

Orienting reaction

92
Q

Eugen Bieuler claimed that one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia is a
condition that he termed

A

Dissociative thinking

93
Q

Exogenous attention is

A

both difficult to consciously repress and oriented to sensory events

94
Q

Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of
schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the

A

frontal cortex

95
Q

Genes encoding which of the following substances have been associated with
schizophrenia?

A

AKT1.
COMT.
YWHAE.
chromosome 22.

96
Q

Horizontal eye movements are usually measured with

A

The potential changes caused by the moving eyeball acting as a dipole

97
Q

In addition to showing changes in serotonin levels, suicide victims show high levels of
circulating

A

Cortisol

98
Q

In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, William Redican argued that the distinctive primate grimace is analogous to human.

A

fear or surprise

99
Q

family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

A

Schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives

100
Q

In early selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occur

A

after the attentional bottleneck

101
Q

It has been speculated that hippocampal cellular abnormalities seen in some patients
with schizophrenia may have resulted from

A

early cell developmental problems

102
Q

Inhibition of return refers to

A

Impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of the task relevant cue

103
Q

In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional
spotlight

A

Sustained Attention

104
Q

In the _______ task, subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location.

A

Symbolic Cueing

105
Q

One’s enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is
referred to as

A

The Cocktail Party Effect

106
Q

Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called

A

Neologisms

107
Q

Patients with Bell’s palsy

A

lose control over some facial muscles on one side, resulting in distorted
displays of emotion.

108
Q

Patients with damage to the amygdala

A

can feel and express a normal fear response to somatic but not visual stimuli.

109
Q

Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for
eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which emotions is not one of
those eight?

A

Lust

110
Q

PCP affect which type of postsynaptic receptor

A

NMDA

111
Q

People whose facial muscles have become paralyzed tend to experience

A

emotions less intensely than they did before the paralysis

112
Q

Phencyclidine produces

A

auditory hallucinations

113
Q

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?

A

Both endogenous and conscious

114
Q

Phonemes are the

A

Basic sounds of a language

115
Q

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

A

Recognize Faces

116
Q

Pupillary diameter changes during memory performance best correlate with

A

task engagement

117
Q

Pupillary diameter is usually measured with

A

Fast digital infrared camera

118
Q

Reflexive attention is also called

A

Exogenous Attention

119
Q

Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to
friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the

A

posterior cingulate and amygdala

120
Q

Split-brain patients can easily read and verbally communicate words projected to

A

The right visual field

121
Q

The sounds of turbulence cause by pulsating blood flow during blood pressure measurement are called:

A

Korsakoff sounds

122
Q

Stress in early life can cause long-term consequences due to

A

epigenetic changes in gene expression

123
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the maximum pressure value in the arterial system

124
Q

This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement:

A

Systolic Blood Pressure

125
Q

The ___ has been identified as a key structure in the mediation of fear conditioning

A

Amygdala

126
Q

The angular gyrus links the

A

visual region and Wernicke’s area

127
Q

The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the
time it takes for the premotor cortex to become activated and for the person to push
the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.

A

325

128
Q

The Duchenne-smile involves active contraction of the following muscles:

A

the cheek raiser (orbicularis oculi) and lip corner puller (zygomaticus major)

129
Q

The Einthoven-II ECG Projection

A

Shows the highest amplitude of the R waves

130
Q

The experience of having your attention suddenly captured by hearing your name
from across the room illustrates which attentional selection model?

A

Late-Selection

131
Q

The facial nerve innervates

A

the superficial muscles of facial expression

132
Q

The _______ facial muscle that wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrow is the
_______.

A

Superficial; frontalis

133
Q

The frontalis muscle of the right side of the forehead is controlled by

A

The right facial nerve

134
Q

The idea that conjunction searches involve sequential shifts of attention that help
coordinate multiple cognitive feature maps is referred to as

A

feature integration theory

135
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that each emotion is produced by

A

perception of a unique bodily change provoked by a stimulus

136
Q

The likelihood that the child of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is

A

13%

137
Q

The neurotrophic factor _______ has been implicated in bipolar disorder.

A

BDNF

138
Q

The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing

A

Late-selection

139
Q

The primary pacemaker area of the heart is the

A

Sino-Atrial Node

140
Q

The R wave reflects on

A

Ventricular Depolarization

141
Q

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the “rules” of language by the age of ____ months

A

7

142
Q

The right-ear advantage for speech sounds is evident with simultaneous presentation
of

A

Consonants

143
Q

The wada test involves

A

Injection of sodium amytal into the carotid artery

144
Q

This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement

A

Systolic Blood Pressure

145
Q

This component of the electrocardiogram reflects on the ventricular depolarization of
the heart

A

QRS Complex Wave

146
Q

The R wave reflects on

A

Ventricular depolarization

147
Q

Typically, human patients with bilateral damage the amygdalas show a marked
impairment in the ability to recognize expressions of _______ in other people.

A

fear

148
Q

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to
be related to

A

Decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue

149
Q

Vertical eye movements are usually measured with

A

electrooculography (EOG)

150
Q

Voluntary attention is also called _______ attention

A

Endogenous

151
Q

What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood

152
Q

What happens when we exhale (breathe out)?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards

153
Q

What happens when we inhale (breathe in)?

A

The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards
and outwards

154
Q

What percentage of the population is affected by depression at any one time?

A

13%-20%

155
Q

Which brain sites are included in the Papez circuit of emotion?

A

fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, posterior thalamus

156
Q

Which drug, when used at high doses, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid
schizophrenia?

A

Amphetamine

157
Q

Which influence has been proposed as an evolutionary pressure favoring
hemispheric asymmetry and specialization?

A

Differential use of the limbs

158
Q

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia

A

Connectionist

159
Q

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations

160
Q

an element (ion) that, when administered as a drug, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

A

Lithium

161
Q

Which of the following is NOT an attention-related component of an averaged ERP
waveform?

A

P0

162
Q

which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations

163
Q

Which phenomenon led to the discovery of a reward system in the brain?

A

Intracranial Self Stimulation (ICSS)

164
Q

Which researcher suggested that the papez circuit along wit the amygdala and othe
regions should be called the limbic system?

A

Paul MacLean

165
Q

Which stage of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the closed state of all heart
valves, the increasing tension of the ventricular wall, increasing pressure in the heart
and the constant value of the volume of blood in the ventricles?

A

Isovolumetric contraction (initial contraction)

166
Q

A brain circuit starting from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, that causes feelings of pleasure when it is activated by a positive outcome of the behaviour (eating, drinking, being in love).

A

Papez circuit

167
Q

Which statement about cross cultural observations of facial expressions is most true?

A

Facial expressions are subject to culture specific learned display rules.

168
Q

Which statement about the neural innervation of the facial muscles is true?

A

The facial muscles receive ipsilateral input from the facial nerve

169
Q

Which symptom is not associated with aphasic patients?

A

Confabulations

170
Q

The _____ nerve controls the muscle that moves the jaw

A

Trigeminal

171
Q

Which transmitter has been especially implicated as a reward signal?

A

Dopamine

172
Q

Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?

A

The bronchi

173
Q

Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals

A

comorbid

174
Q

Which type of cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target?

A

Valid

Psychophysiology (3 decks)

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