First 10 Pages Flashcards
A tonic, slow, fluctuating change in skin conductivity
Skin conductance level (SCL)
An EEG wave conducted from the scalp
Represents the summed synchronized synaptic potentials of neurons in multiple cortical columns
A PET measurement is most often used to detect:
brain glucose metabolism
The angular gyrus links the
Vision region and wernicke’s area
A technique for stimulating cortical neurons based on a brief current generated by a transient magnetic field
TMS
in most split brain humans, words presented to the left visual field
Cannot be repeated verbally
the cannon-bard theory of emotions would predict that people with severe spinal cord injuries would
experience the same emotions that others do
Abbreviation of an event-related potential
N170
a tract connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
Arcuate fasciculus (AF)
Best registered in the LA1 (SWS1) sleep phase
Theta activity
Brain area that plays a key role in inducing arousal
Brainstem reticular formation
Brain stimulation requires the following
Excitable cells, stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source
an entirely novel word, sometimes produced by a person with aphasia
neologism
Cerebral neurostimulation procedure
tDCS
Characteristic of epileptic activity is the
high degree of EEG synchronization
Computed tomography (CT)
is based on X-ray transmission
Connection between subcomponents of relevant stimuli results in this brief
Binding phenomenon and gamma synchronization
A class of drugs that block the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression
SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
The phenomenon in which detection if stimuli at the former location of a cue is impaired for latencies of 200 ms or more
Inhibition of return
Duration of the hemodynamic response that can be recorded on MRI:
6 - 12 s
During TMS application above the primary visual cortex, the following can be triggered
phosphenes
Early evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called
exogenous evoked potentials
Functional localization recording method
PET
Gastric Pacemaker activity occurs in this area
Corpus
primates expressing decreased fear and aggression and increased sexual behavior likely have
klüver-bucy syndrome, due to bilateral removal of the limbic cortex
It is true for the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique
Most often neural circuits in the basal ganglia are perturbation with it
It is true for the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique
Can be used to determine the excitability threshold of the motor cortex
Brain stimulation requires the following
Excitable cells stimulator, electrodes or magnetic coil, power source.
Late evoked brain potential components appearing after a stimulus are called
Exogenous evoked potentials
Lesion Intervention
Tract disconnection
Name of a circumscribed brain injury
Lesion
Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI
Voxel
Name of the minimum measurement volume defined for PET and fMRI
Voxel
Name of the procedure for examining fiber connections in MRI
Tractography
One of the elements of this complex evoked potential is the expectancy wave
CNV
Phasic shifts in the frequency of electrogastrographic (EGG) activity denotes.
Nausea
one of the two almond shaped archicortical clusters of nuclei located deep in the medial temporal lobe and considered as the core limbic structure of emotional processing and learning and decision making
amygdala
Polysomnographic Method means
Monitoring of several physiological parameters during sleep
Registration of single cell activity
Non-invasive brain testing method
SCL Hypoactivity is a typical symptom of
depression
Sequence used for functional MRI scans
T2* weighted (BOLD)
Standarized electrode positioning system for scalp EEG recording
International 10-20 system
Stereotaxic apparatus is usually not required for this technique
Scalp EEG registration
Technique for testing the electric resistance or conductivity of the skin
Measurement of exosomatic EDA
True to the P300 wave
Evoked by working memory processes
True for the positron emission tomography (PET)
its working principle is based on positron-electron annihilation
True to electrogastrography (EGG)
after eating, an increase in amplitude is observed in the signal
True to the alpha wave
synchronized sine wave-like brain activity
True to the deep brain stimulation (DBS) technique
invasive neurophysiological technique
True to the delta waves.
appears during the LA3-4 phase of the hypnogram with the highest power
True to the hypnogram
It can separate the individual phases of slow-wave sleep (LA 1-4)
The basis of the EDA
sympathetic nerve activation
The EEG can be well used well in the clinical practice
for the diagnosis of epilepsy
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
decreases perceptual resources for unattended items
The EEG signal is suitable for
To objectively determine the level of vigilance
The following EEG electrode is located on the vertex
Cz
The highest density of sweat glands can be found
on the palms and fingers
The latency of the skin conductance response after a stimulus is typically
1-3 s
The SCR is a good indication of the contingency awareness of the rule in a Pavlovian conditioning task when the following stimulus is presented
CS+
Typical EEG activity in normogastria
3 cm
When evaluating the EEG recording, the raw signal is usually filtered in this range
1-100 Hz
What does the amplitude of a MEP directly reflect upon
Compound Muscle fiber action potentials
With this minimally invasive technique, based on the accumulation of a glucose analogue compound called 18FDG the metabolic status of a given brain area can be indirectly monitored
PET scanning
A hypothesis proposing the emotional processes (closely associated with sympathetic autonomic activation) guide or at least strongly influence behavior, particularly decision making
Somatic marker hypothesis
The perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language
prosody
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
are used for communication
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
decreases perceptual resources for unattended items
A common movement disorder produced by antischizophrenia drugs, called
_______, may affect as many as one-third of patients taking those drugs.
tardive dyskinesia
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.
Broca’s
A modern model of schizophrenia presented by Mirsky and Duncan emphasizes that
schizophrenia emerges from
the interaction of stress and genetics
A disease in which plaques and abnormalities (lesions) are formed in the walls of the arteries narrowing them and preventing blood circulation and resulting compensatory high blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis
a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist
ketamine
Anesthetizing the right hemisphere in a Wada test interferes with a subject’s ability to
recognize _______ in a picture that is a composite of the subject’s face and that of a
celebrity.
His or her own face
An increase in blood flow to the _______, which has been observed in patients with
depression, persists even after alleviation of the depression.
Amygdala
A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may
Develop schizophrenia like symptoms
A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has
poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from ____ aphasia
Wernike’s
an individual whose corpus callsum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemispheres
Split-brain syndrome
Apraxia is
A specific inability to execute sequences of movements
A person suffering from Bell’s palsy would likely
Have trouble communicating his or her feelings
A principle effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the
Postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors
A subject whose medial forebrain bundle has been cut would most likely
Cease to demonstrate self stimulating behaviour
Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual’s sensory orientation is
called
Overt attention
the drug clozapine appears to extert it therapeutic effects via ____ receptors
Serotonin
Cardiovascular measures (HR, BP) provide objective readout of
The level of motivation and effort
Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs known as
Phenothiazines
Decorticate rage refers to
Sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by nonaggressive stimuli in animals whose cortex has been removed.
Disarray of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been found in
Chronic Schizophrenics
Disturbance in reading is called
Alexia
Also called Wernicke’s aphasia. A language impairment characterized by fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension; related to damage in Wernicke’s area.
Fluent aphasia
During respiratory movements what happens to the pressure in the thorax?
It decreases during inhaling and increases during exhaling
Electrical stimulation of Broca’s area in humans produces
Speech Arrest
Emotional stimuli will elicit:
Orienting reaction
Eugen Bieuler claimed that one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia is a
condition that he termed
Dissociative thinking
Exogenous attention is
both difficult to consciously repress and oriented to sensory events
Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of
schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the
frontal cortex
Genes encoding which of the following substances have been associated with
schizophrenia?
AKT1.
COMT.
YWHAE.
chromosome 22.
Horizontal eye movements are usually measured with
The potential changes caused by the moving eyeball acting as a dipole
In addition to showing changes in serotonin levels, suicide victims show high levels of
circulating
Cortisol
In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, William Redican argued that the distinctive primate grimace is analogous to human.
fear or surprise
family studies of schizophrenia reveal that
Schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives
In early selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occur
after the attentional bottleneck
It has been speculated that hippocampal cellular abnormalities seen in some patients
with schizophrenia may have resulted from
early cell developmental problems
Inhibition of return refers to
Impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of the task relevant cue
In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional
spotlight
Sustained Attention
In the _______ task, subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location.
Symbolic Cueing
One’s enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is
referred to as
The Cocktail Party Effect
Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called
Neologisms
Patients with Bell’s palsy
lose control over some facial muscles on one side, resulting in distorted
displays of emotion.
Patients with damage to the amygdala
can feel and express a normal fear response to somatic but not visual stimuli.
Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for
eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which emotions is not one of
those eight?
Lust
PCP affect which type of postsynaptic receptor
NMDA
People whose facial muscles have become paralyzed tend to experience
emotions less intensely than they did before the paralysis
Phencyclidine produces
auditory hallucinations
Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?
Both endogenous and conscious
Phonemes are the
Basic sounds of a language
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
Recognize Faces
Pupillary diameter changes during memory performance best correlate with
task engagement
Pupillary diameter is usually measured with
Fast digital infrared camera
Reflexive attention is also called
Exogenous Attention
Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to
friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the
posterior cingulate and amygdala
Split-brain patients can easily read and verbally communicate words projected to
The right visual field
The sounds of turbulence cause by pulsating blood flow during blood pressure measurement are called:
Korsakoff sounds
Stress in early life can cause long-term consequences due to
epigenetic changes in gene expression
Systolic pressure
the maximum pressure value in the arterial system
This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement:
Systolic Blood Pressure
The ___ has been identified as a key structure in the mediation of fear conditioning
Amygdala
The angular gyrus links the
visual region and Wernicke’s area
The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the
time it takes for the premotor cortex to become activated and for the person to push
the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.
325
The Duchenne-smile involves active contraction of the following muscles:
the cheek raiser (orbicularis oculi) and lip corner puller (zygomaticus major)
The Einthoven-II ECG Projection
Shows the highest amplitude of the R waves
The experience of having your attention suddenly captured by hearing your name
from across the room illustrates which attentional selection model?
Late-Selection
The facial nerve innervates
the superficial muscles of facial expression
The _______ facial muscle that wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrow is the
_______.
Superficial; frontalis
The frontalis muscle of the right side of the forehead is controlled by
The right facial nerve
The idea that conjunction searches involve sequential shifts of attention that help
coordinate multiple cognitive feature maps is referred to as
feature integration theory
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that each emotion is produced by
perception of a unique bodily change provoked by a stimulus
The likelihood that the child of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is
13%
The neurotrophic factor _______ has been implicated in bipolar disorder.
BDNF
The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing
Late-selection
The primary pacemaker area of the heart is the
Sino-Atrial Node
The R wave reflects on
Ventricular Depolarization
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the “rules” of language by the age of ____ months
7
The right-ear advantage for speech sounds is evident with simultaneous presentation
of
Consonants
The wada test involves
Injection of sodium amytal into the carotid artery
This blood pressure (BP) value is indicated by the fading out of sounds during
auscultation BP measurement
Systolic Blood Pressure
This component of the electrocardiogram reflects on the ventricular depolarization of
the heart
QRS Complex Wave
The R wave reflects on
Ventricular depolarization
Typically, human patients with bilateral damage the amygdalas show a marked
impairment in the ability to recognize expressions of _______ in other people.
fear
Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to
be related to
Decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue
Vertical eye movements are usually measured with
electrooculography (EOG)
Voluntary attention is also called _______ attention
Endogenous
What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?
Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood
What happens when we exhale (breathe out)?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards
What happens when we inhale (breathe in)?
The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards
and outwards
What percentage of the population is affected by depression at any one time?
13%-20%
Which brain sites are included in the Papez circuit of emotion?
fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, posterior thalamus
Which drug, when used at high doses, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid
schizophrenia?
Amphetamine
Which influence has been proposed as an evolutionary pressure favoring
hemispheric asymmetry and specialization?
Differential use of the limbs
Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia
Connectionist
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
an element (ion) that, when administered as a drug, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder
Lithium
Which of the following is NOT an attention-related component of an averaged ERP
waveform?
P0
which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Which phenomenon led to the discovery of a reward system in the brain?
Intracranial Self Stimulation (ICSS)
Which researcher suggested that the papez circuit along wit the amygdala and othe
regions should be called the limbic system?
Paul MacLean
Which stage of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the closed state of all heart
valves, the increasing tension of the ventricular wall, increasing pressure in the heart
and the constant value of the volume of blood in the ventricles?
Isovolumetric contraction (initial contraction)
A brain circuit starting from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, that causes feelings of pleasure when it is activated by a positive outcome of the behaviour (eating, drinking, being in love).
Papez circuit
Which statement about cross cultural observations of facial expressions is most true?
Facial expressions are subject to culture specific learned display rules.
Which statement about the neural innervation of the facial muscles is true?
The facial muscles receive ipsilateral input from the facial nerve
Which symptom is not associated with aphasic patients?
Confabulations
The _____ nerve controls the muscle that moves the jaw
Trigeminal
Which transmitter has been especially implicated as a reward signal?
Dopamine
Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?
The bronchi
Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals
comorbid
Which type of cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target?
Valid
