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AUD fall 18 Hearing Science > first 1/3 semester > Flashcards

first 1/3 semester Flashcards

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1
Q

acoustics

A

the study of sound

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2
Q

mass

A

what makes up all matter, it is the particles (atoms/molecules) and is commonly measured in kg

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3
Q

density

A

determined by the mass and spacing of particles (note sound travels faster in higher density

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4
Q

force

A

used to move a mass a distance; mass*acceleration

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5
Q

Newton

A

basic unit of force, it is the force required to accelerate 1kg of mass 1 meter per second/per second (kg m/s^2)

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6
Q

dyne

A

unit of force less commonly used than Newton, this is because we want to go back to our basic units: kg and m; (g cm/s^2); 1N=100,000dynes

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7
Q

work

A

applying force to move a mass for a distance

work= force*distance

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8
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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9
Q

distance vs displacement

A

distance=scalar meaning direction does not matter

displacement is vector meaning direction does matter

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10
Q

velocity

A

change is displacement over time

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11
Q

speed

A

change in distance over time

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12
Q

the three opposing forces

A

friction, inertia, elasticity

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13
Q

elasticity

A

the tendency of a solid material to return to its original shape after a force is removed

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14
Q

stiffness

A

the ability to resist change in shape or resistance to be set in motion

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15
Q

sound energy

A

energy that travels in a medium that has mass and stiffness; basically changes in pressure that causes perception of sound. Sound pressure is a force created by a chain reaction of high and low pressure zones

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16
Q

pressure

A

force/area; measured in Pascal or Barye; increased density increases pressure, increases heat increases pressure

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17
Q

Pascal

A

(N/m^2) and Barye= (dyne/cm^2); Pa=10Ba

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18
Q

Hz range humans can perceive

A

20-20,000Hz

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19
Q

decibel

A

expresses the intensity of sound; a logarithmic ratio of the measured and reference values. not an absolute value so 0 doesnt mean no sound, means its at reference level (measured in power or pressure)

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20
Q

dB power

A

scale is dB IL=Intensity level; refernece level is 10^-12w/m^2; humans can hear from 10^-12w/m^2 to 1w?m^2

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21
Q

dB pressure

A

scale is dB SPL= sound pressure level; reference is 20 microPa or 20x10^-6 Pa

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22
Q

double power

A

+3dB

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23
Q

doubling pressure

A

+6dB

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24
Q

inverse square law

A

deals with decrease in dB as distance from source is increased

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25
Q

dB change

A

the loss of sound intensity; 20log(original distance/new distance)

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26
Q

easiest way to add dB

A

in dB IL because power is always power but pressure changes with the wave. if adding in SPL, then you would have to calculate the phase of each wave and the amplitude at that time.

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27
Q

sine

A

opposite/hypotenuse

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28
Q

cosine

A

adjacent/hypotenuse

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29
Q

tangent

A

opposite/hypotenuse

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30
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

sound caused by vibrations that follow the mathematical shape of the sine wave

31
Q

simple harmonic motion produces a:

A

pure tone

32
Q

how are waves classified?

A

according to the direction of vibration of the medium relative to the direction the wave is moving

33
Q

transverse wave

A

particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

34
Q

longitudinal wave

A

particle displacement is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation

35
Q

speed of sound formula

A

square root of stiffness/density
+stiffness+speed, +density-speed
(frequency and intensity do not affect)

36
Q

wavelength

A

the distance covered in a full cycle

speed of sound/frequency (c/F)

37
Q

period (T)

A

how long does it take to complete 1 cycle (T=1/F)
measured in seconds or milliseconds
reciprocal of frequency

38
Q

complex sounds

A

most sounds in nature; made up of many frequencies occurring at varying intensity levels; pure tones mixed together

39
Q

beats

A

when two pure tones are close in frequency, a beating sensation occurs. when signals are in phase they will add, and when they are out of phase cancellations will occur.

40
Q

Fourier analysis

A

spectral analysis showing the individual component parts of sound (frequency, amplitude, and phase of complex sounds) (gives phase as imaginary #)

41
Q

polar plots

A

show freq, amplitude, and phase (phase is shown in an easier way than Fourier

42
Q

distortions

A

unintentional changes in sound due to inaccurate production; speaker producing loud sound or poor quality speaker

43
Q

harmonics

A

integer multiples of the lowest frequency (type of distortion)

44
Q

does a pure tone have harmonics?

A

no, harmonics would make it a complex signal

45
Q

non-linear distortions

A

combination tones, when two signals are presented together (a combination of tones causes different harmonics)

46
Q

square wave

A

odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 6dB per octave

47
Q

triangle wave

A

odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 12dB per octave

48
Q

sawtooth wave

A

even and odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 6dB per octave

49
Q

noise

A

is aperiodic meaning vibrations do not repeat, it has a random temporal pattern

50
Q

white noise

A

Gaussian noise; has equal energy at all frequencies averaged over time

51
Q

modulated signals

A

gradual change in amplitude or frequency

52
Q

envelope

A

shape of amplitude modulation

53
Q

modulation rate

A

how often this modulation occurs

54
Q

frequency modulation

A

a signal that had a bunch or frequencies that it goes through, they are not presented at the same time, but in sequence

55
Q

ramping

A

rise and fall time to introduce signal and limit distortion, used in audiometer

56
Q

tone burst

A

measured in milliseconds to rise

57
Q

tone pip

A

measured in cycles to rise

58
Q

types on envelopes from worst to best

A

triangular, cosine, Blackman

59
Q

filters

A

used to control the frequencies present in a signal

60
Q

cut off frequency

A

where you tell the filter, after this point we don’t need these, it is where power drops by 50% which is the same as a loss of 3 dB

61
Q

roll-off/ slope

A

how fast dB drops after cutoff frequency

62
Q

bandpass filter

A

will only allow certain range of frequencies through

63
Q

high pass filter

A

cut low frequencies and allow all high

64
Q

low pass filter

A

cut high frequencies and allow all low

65
Q

band reject filter

A

allows frequencies below and above cutoff and reject anything between

66
Q

diffract

A

wrap around a barrier

67
Q

reflect

A

bounce off a barrier

68
Q

sound going through an opening bigger than the wavelength

A

no significant diffraction and sound passes through

69
Q

sound going through an opening smaller than the wavelength

A

significant diffraction and the opening functions as a new sound source, sound passes through

70
Q

wavelength is longer than barrier

A

no sound shadow area

71
Q

wavelength is shorter than barrier

A

sound is diffracted around barrier, sound shadow area

72
Q

reverberation time

A

T sub 60; the interval in which the reverberating sound energy, due to decaying reflections, reaches one millionth of its initial value. Same as the time it takes for the reverb. level to drop by 60dB

73
Q

doppler effect

A

an approaching siren sounds high in pitch, then lower in pitch as it passes; movement of sound source pushes and pulls on wave, changing perceived frequency as source moves

AUD fall 18 Hearing Science (3 decks)

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