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AUD fall 18 Hearing Science > first 1/3 semester > Flashcards

first 1/3 semester Flashcards

1
Q

acoustics

A

the study of sound

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2
Q

mass

A

what makes up all matter, it is the particles (atoms/molecules) and is commonly measured in kg

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3
Q

density

A

determined by the mass and spacing of particles (note sound travels faster in higher density

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4
Q

force

A

used to move a mass a distance; mass*acceleration

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5
Q

Newton

A

basic unit of force, it is the force required to accelerate 1kg of mass 1 meter per second/per second (kg m/s^2)

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6
Q

dyne

A

unit of force less commonly used than Newton, this is because we want to go back to our basic units: kg and m; (g cm/s^2); 1N=100,000dynes

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7
Q

work

A

applying force to move a mass for a distance

work= force*distance

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8
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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9
Q

distance vs displacement

A

distance=scalar meaning direction does not matter

displacement is vector meaning direction does matter

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10
Q

velocity

A

change is displacement over time

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11
Q

speed

A

change in distance over time

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12
Q

the three opposing forces

A

friction, inertia, elasticity

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13
Q

elasticity

A

the tendency of a solid material to return to its original shape after a force is removed

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14
Q

stiffness

A

the ability to resist change in shape or resistance to be set in motion

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15
Q

sound energy

A

energy that travels in a medium that has mass and stiffness; basically changes in pressure that causes perception of sound. Sound pressure is a force created by a chain reaction of high and low pressure zones

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16
Q

pressure

A

force/area; measured in Pascal or Barye; increased density increases pressure, increases heat increases pressure

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17
Q

Pascal

A

(N/m^2) and Barye= (dyne/cm^2); Pa=10Ba

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18
Q

Hz range humans can perceive

A

20-20,000Hz

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19
Q

decibel

A

expresses the intensity of sound; a logarithmic ratio of the measured and reference values. not an absolute value so 0 doesnt mean no sound, means its at reference level (measured in power or pressure)

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20
Q

dB power

A

scale is dB IL=Intensity level; refernece level is 10^-12w/m^2; humans can hear from 10^-12w/m^2 to 1w?m^2

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21
Q

dB pressure

A

scale is dB SPL= sound pressure level; reference is 20 microPa or 20x10^-6 Pa

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22
Q

double power

A

+3dB

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23
Q

doubling pressure

A

+6dB

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24
Q

inverse square law

A

deals with decrease in dB as distance from source is increased

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25
dB change
the loss of sound intensity; 20log(original distance/new distance)
26
easiest way to add dB
in dB IL because power is always power but pressure changes with the wave. if adding in SPL, then you would have to calculate the phase of each wave and the amplitude at that time.
27
sine
opposite/hypotenuse
28
cosine
adjacent/hypotenuse
29
tangent
opposite/hypotenuse
30
simple harmonic motion
sound caused by vibrations that follow the mathematical shape of the sine wave
31
simple harmonic motion produces a:
pure tone
32
how are waves classified?
according to the direction of vibration of the medium relative to the direction the wave is moving
33
transverse wave
particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
34
longitudinal wave
particle displacement is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation
35
speed of sound formula
square root of stiffness/density +stiffness+speed, +density-speed (frequency and intensity do not affect)
36
wavelength
the distance covered in a full cycle | speed of sound/frequency (c/F)
37
period (T)
how long does it take to complete 1 cycle (T=1/F) measured in seconds or milliseconds reciprocal of frequency
38
complex sounds
most sounds in nature; made up of many frequencies occurring at varying intensity levels; pure tones mixed together
39
beats
when two pure tones are close in frequency, a beating sensation occurs. when signals are in phase they will add, and when they are out of phase cancellations will occur.
40
Fourier analysis
spectral analysis showing the individual component parts of sound (frequency, amplitude, and phase of complex sounds) (gives phase as imaginary #)
41
polar plots
show freq, amplitude, and phase (phase is shown in an easier way than Fourier
42
distortions
unintentional changes in sound due to inaccurate production; speaker producing loud sound or poor quality speaker
43
harmonics
integer multiples of the lowest frequency (type of distortion)
44
does a pure tone have harmonics?
no, harmonics would make it a complex signal
45
non-linear distortions
combination tones, when two signals are presented together (a combination of tones causes different harmonics)
46
square wave
odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 6dB per octave
47
triangle wave
odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 12dB per octave
48
sawtooth wave
even and odd harmonics, intensity of harmonics decreases by 6dB per octave
49
noise
is aperiodic meaning vibrations do not repeat, it has a random temporal pattern
50
white noise
Gaussian noise; has equal energy at all frequencies averaged over time
51
modulated signals
gradual change in amplitude or frequency
52
envelope
shape of amplitude modulation
53
modulation rate
how often this modulation occurs
54
frequency modulation
a signal that had a bunch or frequencies that it goes through, they are not presented at the same time, but in sequence
55
ramping
rise and fall time to introduce signal and limit distortion, used in audiometer
56
tone burst
measured in milliseconds to rise
57
tone pip
measured in cycles to rise
58
types on envelopes from worst to best
triangular, cosine, Blackman
59
filters
used to control the frequencies present in a signal
60
cut off frequency
where you tell the filter, after this point we don't need these, it is where power drops by 50% which is the same as a loss of 3 dB
61
roll-off/ slope
how fast dB drops after cutoff frequency
62
bandpass filter
will only allow certain range of frequencies through
63
high pass filter
cut low frequencies and allow all high
64
low pass filter
cut high frequencies and allow all low
65
band reject filter
allows frequencies below and above cutoff and reject anything between
66
diffract
wrap around a barrier
67
reflect
bounce off a barrier
68
sound going through an opening bigger than the wavelength
no significant diffraction and sound passes through
69
sound going through an opening smaller than the wavelength
significant diffraction and the opening functions as a new sound source, sound passes through
70
wavelength is longer than barrier
no sound shadow area
71
wavelength is shorter than barrier
sound is diffracted around barrier, sound shadow area
72
reverberation time
T sub 60; the interval in which the reverberating sound energy, due to decaying reflections, reaches one millionth of its initial value. Same as the time it takes for the reverb. level to drop by 60dB
73
doppler effect
an approaching siren sounds high in pitch, then lower in pitch as it passes; movement of sound source pushes and pulls on wave, changing perceived frequency as source moves

AUD fall 18 Hearing Science (3 decks)

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