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Endo > Firecracker Endo IV > Flashcards

Firecracker Endo IV Flashcards

1
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH use what kind of signaling mechanism?

A

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

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2
Q

CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH use what kind of signaling mechanism?

A

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

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3
Q

calcitonin, GHRH, and glucagon use what kind of signaling mechanism?

A

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

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4
Q 
Brain
RBCs
Intestines
Cornea
Kidneys
Liver
A

6 examples of cells / tissues which do not need insulin or GLUT-4

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5
Q

Extends across midline, overlying the aorta, left renal vein, splenic vein and the end of the inferior mesenteric vein.

A

Body of pancreas

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6
Q

epigastric pain, diarrhea, steatorrhea, vomiting

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

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7
Q

stimulate insulin secretion by causing the closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in β cells.

A

Sulfonylurea drugs such as tolbutamide or glyburide

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8
Q

GLUT-1 (insulin-independent) is constitutively expressed at high levels in cells with high glucose requirements, namely, [two cell types].

A

RBCs and brain

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9
Q

What effect does insulin have on renal sodium handling?

A

Insulin → ↑ Na+ retention by the kidneys.

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10
Q

In patients with Zollinger Ellison syndrome, where are the gastrinomas?

A

duodenum, pancreas

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11
Q

The [WHAT?] lies in the bed of the stomach behind the parietal peritoneum (secondarily retroperitoneal), except the tail, which lies within the splenorenal ligament.

A

pancreas

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12
Q

What duct drains the uncinate process and lower part of the head of the pancreas?

A

Accessory Pancreatic Duct

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13
Q

where does the Accessory Pancreatic Duct lead?

A

opens independently into the second part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.

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14
Q

What traverses the length of the pancreas and joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)?

A

Major pancreatic duct

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15
Q

What part of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum; traversed by the bile duct; hooklike uncinate process lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels?

A

Head

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16
Q

What part of the pancreas extends across midline, overlying the aorta, left renal vein, splenic vein and the end of the inferior mesenteric vein?

A

Body

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17
Q

What part of the pancreas entered the splenorenal ligament and terminates at the hilum of the spleen?

A

Tail

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18
Q

How does glucagon raise blood sugar levels?

A

↑ glycogenolysis

↑ gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

What part of the pancreas lies in curvature of the duodenum?

A

Head

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20
Q

_______ decreases the number of insulin receptors.

A

Obesity

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21
Q

_______ increases the number of insulin receptors.

A

Starvation

22
Q
  • Tachycardia
  • Tremor
  • Altered mental status
  • Altered vision
  • Sweating
  • Anxiety or agitation
A

symptoms of hypoglycemia

23
Q

At what serum [glucose] do symptoms of hypoglycemia generally appear?

A

<70 mg/dL

24
Q

Heart failure, arrhythmias, cerebral edema, Mucor sinusitis (rapid fatal fungal infection)

A

most severe consequences of DKA

25
Q
  • Peptide hormone consisting of an A chain and B chain

- The two chains are linked by two disulfide bonds.

A

structure of insulin

26
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary function?

A

Capillary involvement: hypothalamus releases stimulating/inhibiting hormones into capillaries that control anterior pituitary secretion

27
Q

Describe Kussmaul respirations

A

(rapid and deep breathing),

28
Q

Gastrin activates what cell types?

A

stomach parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells (secrete histamine)

29
Q

Flushing of skin
Secretory (watery, voluminous) diarrhea
Abdominal cramps with nausea and vomiting
Bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm → wheezing
Tricuspid insufficiency or pulmonic valve stenosis (TIPS)

A

Symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid neuroendocrine cells

30
Q

Can you name 2 vasoactive substances responsible for causing symptomatic discomfort in carcinoid syndrome?

A

serotonin, kallikrein

31
Q

1) Escaping hepatic degradation by virtue of its location (e.g. lung or liver)
2) Overwhelming the liver’s capacity to metabolize the vasoactive substance

A

2 mechanisms by which carcinoid tumors may become symptomatic

32
Q

1) ↑ uptake of glucose by target cells
2) ↑ glycogen synthesis, and
3) ↓ gluconeogenesis.

A

how Insulin → ↓ blood glucose concentrations

33
Q

DM is defined as 2hr oral glucose tolerance test over what measurement?

A

200

34
Q

What drugs inhibit thyroid peroxidase?

A

propylthiouracil and methimazole.

35
Q

MEN2b

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Mucosal neuromas/Marfanoid habitus

36
Q

sidebar: what is angioedema?

A

rapid swelling of nose, lips, tongue, mouth, and throat shortly after first dose of ace inhibitor

37
Q

treatment for prolactinoma

A

1) Bromocriptine or cabergoline: dopamine agonists.

2) Transsphenoidal surgical resection for large tumors

38
Q

why do dopamine antagonists (ex: antipsychotics) cause galactorrhea (loss of inhibition)?

A

Dopamine normally inhibits PRL release.

39
Q

bromocriptine can be used for prolactinoma and?

A

parkinson’s

40
Q
  • Fever
  • Painful thyroid
  • Painful cervical lymphadenopathy
A

acute thyroiditis

41
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia
Pancreatic endocrine tumor
Pituitary adenoma

A

MEN1

42
Q

What is a urinary degradation product of serotonin that is elevated in carcinoid syndrome?

A

5HIAA

43
Q

What anions inhibit the Na-I transporter of thyroid follicular cells?

A

thiocyanate and perchlorate

44
Q

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia

A

MEN2a

45
Q

Step 1 of insulin secretion: 1) Glucose enters the pancreatic β cell through WHAT receptor by facilitated diffusion.

A

GLUT2

46
Q

Step 2) of insulin secretion: Inside the cell, glucose is oxidized to ATP, which closes ATP-sensitive K channels on the plasma membrane. Closure of this K channel leads to membrane depolarization –>

A

, which then opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

47
Q

Step 3 of insulin secretion: ↑ intracellular [Ca2+] leads to

A

exocytosis of insulin storage vesicles.

48
Q
  • May induce remission by blocking new thyroid hormone production via inhibition of the organification and coupling steps of thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • PTU (not methimazole) also inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
A

mechanism of Thioamides — e.g., PTU (propylthiouracil), methimazole:

49
Q

What is the most common cause of renal papillary necrosis?

A

Diabetes mellitus (most common etiology of renal papillary necrosis)

50
Q

Where are insulin and c-peptide stored after production?

A

secretion granules

Endo (12 decks)

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