Firearms Flashcards
(337 cards)
1
Q
Who is the CFP administered by?
A
The RCMP
2
Q
What does CFP stand for?
A
Canadian Firearms Program
3
Q
What is the goal of the Canadian Firearms Program?
A
- the licensing of all firearm owners and businesses;
- the delivery of the Canadian Firearms Safety Courses;
- public education regarding safe storage, transport and use of firearms; and
- import and export controls.
4
Q
Where are Firearm Licensing, registration and other Program information recorded?
A
In the Canadian Firearms Information System
5
Q
What are the vital 4 ACTS?
A
A. Assume every firearm is loaded
C. Control the muzzle direction at all times
T. Trigger finger must be kept off the trigger and the trigger guard
S. See that the firearm is unloaded-Prove it safe
6
Q
Why do you have to control the muzzle at all times?
A
So you can:
* Identify the safest available muzzle direction.
* Keep the firearm pointed in the safest available direction.
* The muzzle of a firearm should not be pointed towards yourself or any other
person.
7
Q
Where does your trigger finger go when picking up a firearm?
A
- Do NOT put your finger on the trigger or inside the trigger guard when you pick
up a firearm.
8
Q
, How do you prove the firearm is safe and unloaded, along with ACTS and PROVE?
A
- Do not handle the firearm unless you can properly PROVE it safe.
- Check to see that both chamber and magazine are empty. Do this every time
you handle a firearm, for any reason. - Pass or accept only open and unloaded firearms. It is an essential rule to adopt
9
Q
How do you prove a firearm safe?
A
Point the firearm in the safest direction, remove all ammunition, observe the chamber (s), verify the feeding path, and examine the bore for obstructions (visually or with a rod).
10
Q
What happens when the firearm leaves the hands of the person who PROVED it safe?
A
It is no longer a safe firearm.
11
Q
What are some federal laws for firearm users and owners?
A
- All firearm owners need a valid firearm licence.
- If you are the holder of a valid Firearms Licence, you
must inform the Canadian Firearms Program within 30
days, when you change your address. - Persons holding a valid Possession Only Licence (POL)
may borrow the same class of firearm that he/she is
licensed to own. Persons holding a valid Possession
and Acquisition Licence (PAL) may borrow, buy, inherit
or otherwise acquire the same class of firearm that
he/she is licensed to own.
12
Q
What are some potential provincial laws for firearm users?
A
- Some provinces/territories may require anyone who
hunts with a non-restricted firearm to wear blaze
orange clothing. - Some restrict shooting across or within a certain
distance of roads or dwellings. - Some provincial/territorial laws may limit your use of
motorized vehicles while hunting or shooting.
13
Q
What are some potential municipal laws for firearm users?
A
- Some municipalities or counties may not allow the
discharge of a firearm under any circumstances within
their boundaries. - Some will regulate firing times and/or closeness to
dwellings.
14
Q
What are some good ideas when using a firearm?
A
- Keep an inventory of your firearms. Also keep any supporting documents
such as photographs and owner’s manuals. Store these documents in a safe
place. This will help you describe any firearm that may be stolen or lost. It will
also be easier for you to find your owner’s manual and records of service or
repair. - Keep informed. Changes may occur in laws and regulations from time to time.
This can happen at any level, whether at the federal, provincial/territorial or
municipal. - Avoid advertising about the firearms in your home. You may be inviting theft.
15
Q
What happens if someone points a firearm at another person, loaded or unloaded?
A
Every person commits an offence who, without lawful excuse, points a
firearm at another person, whether the firearm is loaded or unloaded, and is:
1. guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding five years; or
2. guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction (a fine of $5,000
and/or six months imprisonment).
Reference: Subsections 87(1) and (2) of Part III of the Criminal Code
They may also lose their firearm, lose their licence, receive a fine, receive jail time
and/or be prohibited from possessing a firearm for a period of time.
16
Q
What happens if someone does not store their firearm correctly?
A
Every person who stores, displays, transports or handles any firearm in a
manner contrary to the Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms
by Individuals Regulations is:
1. guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment,
* in the case of a first offence, for a term not exceeding two years, and
* in the case of a second or subsequent offence, for a term not exceeding five
years; or
2. guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction (a fine of $5,000
and/or six months imprisonment).
17
Q
Who were the first people to invent explosive powder?
A
The Chinese
18
Q
What did the Chinese use explosive powder for?
A
Fireworks and rockets
19
Q
Who used black powder to launch balls or projectiles from a cannon?
A
People from the middle ages.
20
Q
How did people launch balls or projectiles from a cannon?
A
By igniting explosive powder behind the ball or projectile.
21
Q
What happens when the explosive powder burns in a cannon?
A
The burning powder in the cannon produced rapidly expanding gas which forced the ball or projectile out of the open end of the barrel.
22
Q
What is Black powder?
A
Explosive powder
23
Q
Where is black powder used?
A
It is used in different types of firearms and for various purposes (e.g., hunting, target shooting).
24
Q
What was one of the earliest firearms?
A
The matchlock
25
When was the matchlock invented?
In the early 1400s
26
What did the matchlock allow users to do?
The matchlock made it possible for the user to aim and fire while holding the firearm with both hands
27
What are some downsides of a matchlock?
Rain or wind could put out the match/wick and the presence of incandescent particles near the powder could cause an incident.
28
What does incandescent mean?
Emitting light as a result of being heated
29
What two improved firearm systems were invented in the 1600s?
The wheel lock and the flintlock.
30
When were the wheel lock and the flintlock invented?
In the 1600s
31
How did the wheel lock work?
Like a modern-day cigarette lighter
32
How was the spring wound up in a wheel lock?
With a key.
33
What were some downsides of the wheel lock?
The wheel lock mechanisms
were complex and expensive to make. Also, winding was slow and the spring often failed.
34
How are the wheellock and the flintlock similar?
They both use an ignition system
35
How do flintlocks produce sparks?
By striking a flint against steel.
36
Why was the flintlock popular?
Because it was cheaper and simpler to make and it weighed less than other firearms.
37
What were the standard firearms for centuries?
Flintlocks
38
What was an improvement on the flintlock that was made?
The development of a more reliable ignition system.
39
When was the percussion cap invented?
In the 1800s
40
What is a percussion cap?
A small metal case (cap) containing material that would explode when struck.
41
What was the first hand-held muzzleloader?
The matchlock.
42
How did the matchlock work?
It used a serpentine mechanism to
plunge burning wick into the flash
pan
43
What were the second hand-held muzzleloaders?
Wheel lock and flintlock
44
What was a reliable factor of the flintlock?
It had a more reliable ignition system
45
What are the disadvantages of a wheel lock?
* mechanisms are
complex and
expensive to
make
* winding is slow
and springs often
fail
46
What are the disadvantages of a flintlock?
* flints wear out or
break
* springs can fail
47
What was the percussion cap's role in evolution?
It was the first step of the evolution to the first repeating firearms
48
What are the disadvantages of a percussion cap?
* cap separates
from powder and
bullet
49
What are the disadvantages of muzzle loaders?
But muzzleloaders were slow to reload. They were also limited to one shot per barrel.
50
What were all early firearms?
Muzzle loaders
51
How did muzzle loaders load?
They loaded through the muzzle
52
What were breech loaders?
Firearms that loaded from the back, not the muzzle.
53
What are the disadvantages of breech loaders?
Because expanding gases from the burning powder charge leaked back through the
breech parts.
54
How did metal-cased cartridge firearms work?
* Pulling the firearm trigger caused the firing pin to strike
the primer.
* Ignited the powder charge.
* Cartridge casing to expand.
* The expanding gas launched the projectile down the barrel.
55
What were the advantages of metal-cased cartridge firearms?
1. They were easily loaded into the breech.
2. The expanding case prevented gas leakage.
3. They were largely weatherproof.
4. They were more reliable.
56
Why were metal-cased cartridges invented?
For shotguns.
57
What do metal-cased cartridges contain?
These too contain
one or more projectiles, powder and primer in one container
58
What separates the powder from the projectiles?
A wad
59
What were metal-cased cartridges made of?
The cartridge casing may be made
from metals or other materials such as paper or plastic.
60
What are the advantages of metal-cased cartridges?
Metallic cartridges and shotgun shells were easy to manufacture. Loading
firearms also became simpler. This made repeating firearms practical.
61
What were people willing to give furs for?
Firearms and ammunition
62
What was hunting used for?
For providing food especially when the crops were low
63
What do people use firearms for?
Hunting, target shooting, and gun collectors.
64
What was the role of firearms in the development of Canada?
65
What is the role of the percussion cap in the firing sequence?
66
What is the name of the similar mechanism used in both the flintlock and the
wheel lock?
67
What is Fg black powder?
Very coarse granules of powder. Used in larger bore muskets.
68
What is FFg black powder?
Finer granules than the Fg. Used in muzzleloading shotguns, bigbore rifles and single-shot pistols of .45 calibre and up.
69
What is FFFg black powder?
Finer granules than the FFg and the most common type. Used in
nearly all cap and ball revolvers.
70
What is FFFFg black powder?
The finest granules, also called priming powder. Used only in the
priming pans of flintlocks. Never use this type of powder as
powder charge.
71
What should you follow for info about powder types?
It is emphasized that all individuals follow the manufacturer’s
instructions regarding powder types and safe loads.
72
What are all muzzle loaders based on?
Older muzzle loaders
73
How are muzzle loaders loaded?
Through the muzzle
74
How are muzzle loaders loaded with ammunition?
A measured amount of powder
is poured through the muzzle into the barrel, followed by a patch and ball, bullet
or shot.
74
How do muzzle loaders work?
A measured amount of powder
is poured through the muzzle into the barrel, followed by a patch and ball, bullet
or shot. A hole located at the rear of the barrel just above the trigger allows a
flash or spark to enter the barrel through the priming port and ignite the powder,
firing the charge.
74
How do flintlock muzzle loaders work?
The igniting spark is the result of the flint, held by the
cock, hitting the frizzen.
74
How do percussion muzzle loaders work?
On percussion muzzleloaders, the flash is produced by
the hammer striking a percussion cap.
75
What type of powder do muzzle loaders use?
Muzzleloading firearms use black powder or black-powder substitutes
76
What is black powder classified as?
Black
powder is classified as an explosive and is easily ignited by heat, friction, static
electricity or a sharp blow and must be handled with extreme care. It is strongly
recommended that individuals interested in muzzleloading seek additional
training from qualified specialists in the field.
77
What should be done to older firearms?
Older firearms should be inspected by a qualified gunsmith to be sure
they can be fired safely.
78
What makes a muzzle loader safer to handle?
If a muzzleloader is not primed to fire
79
How do you make sure a muzzle loader is not primed to fire?
1. Point the muzzle in the safest available direction and keep finger off the
trigger and out of the trigger guard.
2. Check that the hammer is not in full-cock position.
3. Check for a percussion cap or see if the priming pan is primed.
4. If the firearm is primed, remove cap or priming powder.
80
What is a difficult part of a muzzle loader?
It is difficult to tell if there is already a charge loaded in the barrel of a
muzzleloader.
81
How do you make sure a muzzle loader is not charge loaded in the barrel?
Experienced shooters mark the firearm's ramrod at a level that
shows the bore depth when the bore is empty (Figure 9). When the marked
ramrod is inserted into the barrel, it shows whether or not the firearm is loaded.
82
What should you do if wondering about the loading and unloading process of a muzzle loader?
Check with the manufacturer
for specific safety features and information regarding the loading and unloading
process.
83
If the ramrod is at the 3rd line what does it mean?
That the firearm is hunting loaded
84
If the ramrod is at the 2nd line what does it mean?
That the firearm is target-loaded
85
If the ramrod is at the 1st line what does it mean?
THat the firearm is unloaded.
86
What do you have to do when cleaning a muzzleloader?
ACTS and PROVE.
87
What does moisture cause?
Rust
88
What is attracted to moisture?
Black powder
89
What is black powder?
Very corrosive
90
How do you clean black powder?
Use either commercial black-powder cleaning solvent or hot, soapy water
91
What do you need when cleaning a muzzleloader?
A ramrod
92
What do you use to soften dried black powder?
Wet patches
93
What are the do's of muzzleloaders?
Do have old muzzleloading firearms dismantled, examined and declared safe by
a qualified gunsmith before using them.
* Do handle the muzzleloader with the same respect due all firearms.
* Do use ONLY black powder or black-powder substitutes (e.g., Pyrodex) in your
muzzleloader.
* Do keep black powder far away from all cigarettes, matches/wicks or anything
with an open flame, embers or anything that may cause sparks or heat.
* Do always use a powder measure to pour powder directly into the muzzle. Never
use the powder horn or flask.
* Do carefully follow the manufacturer's recommendations for maximum powder
charge.
* Do mark your ramrod to indicate when the barrel is empty and when it is loaded.
* Do wipe the bore clean of oil and excess grease before you load.
* Do make sure the ball or bullet is seated firmly on the powder charge.
STUDENT HANDBOOK – 2014
44
* Do treat a misfire as a hangfire that could fire at any second. Wait at least 60
seconds with the firearm pointed in a safe direction.
* Do wear safety glasses and hearing protection during the firing sequence.
* Do reseat your second charge after firing and reloading a single barrel on a
multiple-barrel black-powder firearm. Recoil can move the charge forward.
94
What are the don't's of muzzleloaders?
Don't lean over or stand in front of the muzzle at any time.
* Don't load one barrel of a double-barrelled-muzzleloading shotgun unless the
percussion cap on the nipple of the other barrel has been removed.
* Don't store a muzzleloader with powder in it.
95
What type of powder is safe to use in muzzleloaders?
Black powder
96
Is it safe to pour powder into a muzzleloader directly from a powder horn?
Never pour powder directly from the horn or flask into the muzzle, because this could cause an explosion and backfire into the container.
97
What are the 3 main parts of a modern firearm?
The barrel, the action and the stock
98
What is the barrel?
The barrel is a tube, typically made of metal. The bullet or shot travels down this tube when the firearm is fired.
99
What is a data stamp?
Cartridge information that is required for that firearm
on the barrel
100
What is the muzzle?
The opening at the end of the barrel from which the bullet or shot emerges
101
What are in the firearm action?
* Chamber the cartridge
* Fire the ammunition
* Ejects the unfired cartridges and fired cartridge/shell casings. And Triggers, safeties and magazines
102
What does the trigger do?
The trigger releases the hammer or firing pin that fires the cartridge
103
What is a trigger guard?
A rigid loop around the trigger made to protect it and prevent anything
from unintentionally touching the trigger.
104
What are safeties?
Safeties usually block some part of the action to prevent firing. Some firearms do
not have safeties.
105
What position should safeties be in?
The safety should be ON / SAFETY POSITION whenever a firearm is loaded. It
should only be moved to OFF / FIRING POSITION when required.
106
What can not be depended on for not firing a firearm?
Never rely on safety to prevent firing. A loaded firearm with a safety
ON could still fire. All mechanical devices can fail— safeties can wear down and
may not operate properly.
107
What is a magazine?
The magazine is a device that holds cartridges in repeating firearms. The
location of the magazine depends on the make and model of the firearm.
108
What are the 2 types of magazines?
Fixed and removable
109
What is the stock?
The stock is the handle of the firearm. Most are made of wood or a synthetic material.
110
What are stocks designed for?
Stocks are designed to automatically align your finger with the trigger when you
pick up the firearm. You must be ever cautious not to put your finger into the
trigger guard or on the trigger of a firearm that you are picking up.
111
What is the modern firing sequence?
1. A squeeze on the trigger releases the firing mechanism. This results in the firing
pin striking the primer of the cartridge.
2. When struck by the firing pin, the primer explodes. This projects a flame into the
cartridge body.
3. The flame from the primer ignites the powder. The powder burns and produces
rapidly expanding gases.
4. The high-pressure gas drives the bullet or shot forward down the barrel.
112
How are firearms designed?
Depending on their purpose. Some are made for target
shooting. Others are used for hunting birds or small game. Still others are for hunting big game.
113
What are the 2 common non-restricted firearms?
* Shotguns
* Rifles
114
What are the modern basic actions?
* Muzzleloader (percussion cap and flint) action
* Hinge (or break) action
* Bolt action
* Lever action
* Pump action
* Semi-automatic action
115
What type of firearms have multiple barrels?
Typically, shotguns or
combination shotguns/rifles.
116
What are the classifications of firearms?
* Non-restricted
* Restricted
* Prohibited
Prohibited firearms are subject to the most stringent controls, restricted
firearms are controlled to a lesser extent and non-restricted firearms are the least
regulated of the three classes.
117
What applies to all classes of firearms?
The Vital Four ACTS of Firearm Safety and PROVE apply to all classes of
firearms.
118
All air, spring or gas firearms must be treated like firearms and must apply
ACTS/PROVE. True or false?
TRUE
119
How many hours a day are you responsible for your firearms and ammunition?
All firearms and ammunition under your control are your responsibility 24 hours a
day
120
Where are firearms safer to be stored?
Firearms are safer when stored and transported under lock and key. Examples
include trigger or cable locks, and securely locked containers.
121
What are you required to do with your firearm before putting it away?
You are required by law to have your firearm unloaded and properly
locked.
122
What do you have to do when transporting firearms and why?
Keep firearms and ammunition out of sight during transport and storage. This will
reduce the chances of theft. It will also prevent unqualified or unauthorized persons
from using them.
123
What must be kept away from children?
Ammunition and firearms must be kept away from unsupervised children. Unlawful
storage of firearms is a criminal offence that can lead to tragedy and serious
consequences for the person found to be responsible.
124
How do you store firearms and ammunition?
Lock the firearm and the ammunition separately when
storing them or lock them in a secure container, receptacle or room that cannot be
easily broken into.
125
When should a firearm be loaded?
A firearm should be loaded only when you intend to use it and where it can be safely
and legally discharged. At all other times, it should be unloaded.
126
Where do you load and unload your firearm at a firing range?
At the firing range, load a firearm only when you have reached the shooting area
and you are ready to shoot. Completely unload the firearm before you leave the
shooting area.
127
What do you have to do when giving someone a firearm?
Always make sure a firearm is unloaded before you pass it to anyone or anytime it
leaves your hands. Whenever possible, leave the action open.
128
What do you not accept from someone?
Never accept a loaded firearm from anyone.
129
What can't you do with a firearm?
-Never run with a loaded firearm. -Never climb or cross an obstacle with a loaded
firearm.
-Never jump a ditch with a loaded firearm.
-Never toss or drop a firearm across a ditch or fence.
-Do not lean loaded firearms against a vehicle, tree or wall. They could fall over and discharge.
130
How should you transport firearms?
Transport only unloaded firearms by vehicle or boat. Many incidents occur as firearms are being stored or removed from a vehicle. The motion of the vehicle or boat can make you stumble or drop the firearm. Either way, it can fire unintentionally
if it is loaded. Transport only unloaded firearms by vehicle or boat. Many incidents occur as
firearms are being stored or removed from a vehicle. The motion of the vehicle or
boat can make you stumble or drop the firearm. Either way, it can fire unintentionally
if it is loaded.
131
What do you have to do before you shoot?
* Always examine the bore for obstructions before loading.
* Always check that you are using the right ammunition. Use only the
ammunition for which the firearm was designed. Carry only the type of
ammunition you intend to shoot.
* Never rely on the firearm's safety. Safeties wear down and may not work
properly. A loaded firearm may fire even with the safety on. All mechanical
devices can fail.
132
What do you do to check your target?
* Positively identify your target. Make sure it is exactly what you want to shoot.
* Do not shoot when in doubt. Never fire at a movement, a colour, a sound or a
shape.
* Check that you have a clear field of fire.
* Check that the area behind your target is safe before shooting.
* Never use a scope as a substitute for binoculars to identify persons, animals
or objects.
133
Where are some places where you should not shoot?
* Never shoot if your bullet may hit a hard surface or water. Both can cause a
bullet or fragments to ricochet in unsafe directions.
* Never shoot at a target near a building.
* Never shoot at a target on top of a hill.
* Only shoot when you are sure no one is ahead of you.
134
What is a secure locking device?
Secure locking devices prevent a firearm from being fired. To work
effectively, they must be installed properly. Please note that not all secure locking
devices are compatible with each firearm. The most common
are key and combination trigger locks, and chain or cable locks. All of these locks
block operation. Check with a firearms dealer for a locking device best suited for
your specific firearm.
135
Should you use a scope to glass the terrain, locate and identify your target?
No, use binoculars
136
Is it best practice for three friends with different caliber rifles to transport their
ammunition on the dash of a pickup truck?
No, because the ammunition could get mixed up and used in the wrong firearm.
137
What ammunition should you carry?
You should only carry ammunition that suits the firearm that you are
using and the target that you intend to shoot.
138
What are rifled barrels?
Rifled barrels have a series of spiral grooves inside the barrel. The ridges of
metal between the grooves are called lands. The lands and grooves together
make up the rifling.
139
What do rifled barrels do?
Rifling makes the bullet spin as it leaves the barrel so that it will be stable in
flight, thus making the bullet more accurate.
140
How are rifled firearms sized?
Rifled firearms are sized by calibre. A calibre is a measurement of bore diameter
in either thousands of an inch (Imperial) or in millimeters (Metric). Inch
dimensions are usually measured from land to land, while metric dimensions are
measured from groove to groove.
141
Where should you get the name of your ammunition from?
Always consult the data stamp on the barrel of your firearm to find out
the exact name of the ammunition that it fits.
142
What is a cartridge?
The ammunition used in a rifle or a handgun.
143
What are the 2 different types of cartridges?
Rim-fire and Centre-fire
144
What do Rim-fire and Centre-fire describe?
These terms describe
where the primer is located at the base of the cartridge casing. They also
describe where the firing pin strikes
145
What should you always do with the head stamp and data stamp?
Manufacturers produce firearms of many calibres. Always make sure the
cartridge name on the “head stamp” matches the information on the data
stamp, if available, on the barrel of the firearm (Figure 20). This is the most
important point to remember when selecting ammunition. Then, choose the right
type of ammunition for your firearm and target. The right shape or weight of the
bullet is an example. If in doubt, consult a firearms or ammunition vendor.
146
What should you do if your firearm does not have a data stamp?
If there is no data stamp, take the firearm to a qualified individual. They can
measure the chamber and advise on proper ammunition.
147
What should you do when buying used firearms?
Some firearms may not have
a data stamp, or they may have an incorrect stamp. Some firearms may have
been altered and the existing data stamp may be incorrect. They should be
checked by a qualified individual before use.
148
What is the case?
The case holds all the other ammunition parts. It is
usually made of brass. It could also be made of steel,
copper, aluminum, or plastic in the case of shotgun shells.
148
What do you have to do if you are reloading your own ammunition?
If you are re-loading your own ammunition, you must strictly follow the
instructions and procedures outlined in the manuals provided for this process.
Visually inspect all cartridge components for defects before loading.
148
Why do people reload their own ammunition?
Many firearm owners load their own centre-fire ammunition. This allows them to
save money and create a high quality product made specifically for their firearm
and shooting conditions. If you load your own ammunition, you must rigorously
follow the instructions and procedures indicated in the relating manuals.
148
What can incorrectly loading your ammunition do?
Incorrectly loaded ammunition may cause the firearm to malfunction or jam.
Malfunctions could lead to an incident. The firearm could explode and injure the
shooter. Do not accept or use reloaded cartridges unless you know that they
were made and reloaded correctly
148
What is a bullet?
The bullet is the projectile at the front end of the
cartridge. It is propelled from the firearm when the powder
burns. Usually, the bullet is made of lead, lead alloy or
other dense material. It may also be covered by a jacket
of a harder metal. When the nose of the bullet is covered
in this manner, it may be referred to as a full-metal jacket,
hard point or ball ammunition. If the lead is exposed at the
front of the bullet, it is referred to as a jacketed soft point.
Copper, gilding metal or steel are commonly used as
jacket material.
149
What is the powder charge?
The powder charge is a chemical compound inside the
case. It is ignited to propel the bullet through the barrel.
150
What is the primer?
The primer works in much the same way as a cap in a
toy pistol. It contains a chemical mixture that explodes
when the firing pin strikes it. This explosion ignites the
powder charge.
150
What is a rim fire cartridge?
Rim-fire ammunition's priming chemical fills the space inside the bottom rim of a
thin brass or copper cartridge casing. The soft rim dents when struck by the firing
pin. This crushes the priming compound. It explodes, and this ignites the powder
150
What is a centre fire?
Centre-fire ammunition (Figure 22) is used for higher power firearms. The primer
is located at the centre of the base of the cartridge case. The firing pin strikes the
primer. This explodes the priming compound. This in turn ignites the powder
charge.
150
How were cartridges named previously?
Historically, cartridge names contained their approximate calibers. Calibre refers
to the diameter of the bore. Calibre may be measured in thousands of an inch or
in metric.
150
How are cartridges named?
Currently, modern firearms include the length of the cartridge casing in the
description of the cartridge to identify the name of the ammunition that the
firearm is designed to use. This is done to tell the difference between cartridges
having the same calibre but different cartridge casings. For example, cartridges
with different names are not interchangeable (.303 Savage and .303 British,
7-mm Mauser and 7-mm Remington Magnum, .300 Savage and .300 Win
Mag).
151
What does the head stamp tell you?
*The cartridge name
* the calibre
* the manufacturer
* whether the ammunition is regular or magnum and any other relevant details
152
What slugs are mostly used in modern firearms?
The use of smooth slugs, rifled slugs, and slugs contained in a sabot or plastic
sleeve, is becoming more common in modern shotguns (Figure 28). This allows
shotguns to fire single projectiles (bullets).
153
How are chokes changed on modern shotguns?
Modern shotguns
are made with interchangeable choke tubes. On these models, the choke can be
changed simply by unscrewing a removable tube at the muzzle of the barrel and
replacing it with another tube with a different choke.
154
What barrel is becoming more popular?
The rifled barrel is becoming popular. The rifled barrel provides the options of
using a smooth slug, a rifled slug or a sabot slug. The rifled barrel is designed to
make the projectiles spin as they leave the muzzle. This makes them more like a
normal rifle bullet, increasing accuracy and useful distance.
155
Why are rifled barrels used? And what are they like?
Rifled shotgun barrels are identical to a normal rifle barrel except that they have
the bore diameter of the gauge of the shotgun. This has resulted in better
accuracy and new uses for shotguns.
156
What is a gauge?
Gauge is an older system of
measurement and is calculated by the number of lead balls (each having the same
diameter as the bore) that weigh one pound. In other words, if it took 12 balls with the
same diameter as a bore to make one pound, a shotgun with that bore would be called
a 12-gauge shotgun. One exception to this rule is the .410-cal. shotgun. It is measured
as a calibre because it was developed later.
157
How many inches is a 10 gauge?
.775 in
158
How many inches is a 12 gauge?
.725 in
159
How many inches is a 16 gauge?
.665 in
160
How many inches is a 20 gauge?
.615 in
161
How many inches is a 28 gauge?
.545 in
162
How many inches is a .410 calibre?
.410 in
163
What is a choke?
Except in the case of a rifled barrel, the bore of a shotgun barrel is usually
smooth and may be narrowed at the muzzle end. This narrowing is called the
choke.
164
Why are chokes useful?
The choke of a shotgun barrel helps control the spread of the shot after it is fired.
This is very much like the way the nozzle of a garden hose controls the spray of
water.
165
What does a full choke provide?
* Full choke produces a tight pattern
166
What does a modified choke provide?
* Modified choke produces a more open pattern.
167
What does an improved cylinder provide?
* Improved cylinder produces a more open pattern.
168
What does a cylinder bore provide?
* Cylinder bore produces the most open pattern
169
What is a cylinder bore?
A shotgun barrel which has no choke or narrowing at the end of the barrel is
called a cylinder bore. It is often used for larger pellet sizes such as buckshot or
slugs.
170
What is shotgun ammunition?
Shotgun ammunition is centre-fire. The casing or hull has a thick, solid base. The
primer is located in a separate cup in the centre bottom of the casing. The firing pin strikes the primer. This explodes the priming compound and ignites
the powder. The shot charge is usually a number of pellets. It can also be a
single slug.
171
Components of a shotgun shell?
Shot, wads, power charge, hull, and primer
172
What is a shot?
Shot is the name for the charge of pellets fired from a shotgun. Shot may be
either lead, steel, bismuth or tungsten-iron pellets. Historically, shot was
primarily made of lead. However, because of environmental concerns, use of
other materials is increasing:
173
What are wads?
The wad is made of paper,
fibre or plastic. It separates the powder charge from the shot or slug. This
prevents hot gas from damaging the shot and seals the gases behind
174
What is a power charge?
The powder charge is a chemical compound in the body of the hull. It is
ignited to propel the shot through the barrel.
175
What is the hull?
The hull contains all the other ammunition components. The hull is commonly
made of a combination of brass, plastic or paper
176
What is the primer?
The primer contains a chemical mixture that explodes when the firing pin
strikes it. This ignites the powder charge.
177
What is stamped on many modern shotgun barrels?
* Gauge-
* Maximum shell/chamber length
* Type of choke
178
What should you never do with ammunition?
Use ammunition that is to big or small for your firearm
179
What is ballistics?
The study of projectiles in flight.
180
What is trajectory?
Is the path a discharged shot or bullet takes during flight. Several
factors affect this path; examples include, but are not limited to, gravity, air resistance, velocity, and mass.
181
What is mass?
The weight of the bullet.
182
What is gravity?
Pulls the bullet down toward the ground as it is travelling forward.
This results in a downward curved path.
183
What is air resistence?
Holds back the passage of the bullet. This slows its flight
184
What is velocity?
The speed at which a bullet travels, in a given direction
185
What shooting recommendations should you follow?
* Only fire at targets within the effective range.
* Consider how far the shot or bullet may travel beyond the target.
* You are responsible for where the bullet stops.
186
What is a misfire?
A misfire is a cartridge that does not fire. Misfired cartridges should not be reused in
the firearm and must be disposed of properly. Muzzleloading firearms may also
misfire.
187
What is a hangfire?
A hangfire is a delayed fire in which the firing pin strikes the primer but it does not
create enough flame to ignite the powder instantly. If the muzzle is not pointed in a
safe direction when the cartridge eventually fires, it may result in an injury. If the
cartridge is removed from the chamber and then discharges, the explosive rupture of
the case may also cause injury. Muzzleloading firearms may also have a hangfire.
188
What is a primer pop?
A primer pop (squib load) happens when the cartridge does not contain any
gunpowder. The firearms will discharge the primer without the usual noise or recoil.
This may have enough force to push the bullet out of the case, but the bullet may
lodge in the barrel. If another bullet is fired, the barrel may rupture and possibly
cause injury
189
What should you do if the trigger is pulled and there is no noticeable discharge?
Wait 60
seconds while pointing the muzzle in a safe direction. If there is no hangfire
within 60 seconds, open the action and unload the firearm. PROVE the firearm
safe to ensure there is no blockage lodged in the barrel.
190
What are the rules for ammunition?
* Ammunition must be stored out of children’s reach. It must be kept away from
flammables.
* Ammunition for a non-restricted firearm may only be stored in a place where it is not
within easy access to the firearm, unless the ammunition is stored, together with or
separately from the firearm, in a securely locked container or receptacle that cannot
be easily broken open or into.
* Ammunition for a non-restricted firearm must not be displayed with the firearm or be
within easy access to the firearm from which it can be discharged.
* All ammunition should be stored in a cool, dry place, preferably in a vented
container. This will reduce the chance of corrosion or breakdown of the ammunition
components that could cause the firearm to jam or misfire.
191
What do you have to heat when loading and discharging a firearm?
Safety glasses and hearing protection
192
What is a muzzle loader?
A muzzleloader is loaded through the muzzle with black powder or black-powder
substitutes. Ignition is created by the flash produced by the hammer striking a
percussion cap.
193
What is a hinge action?
A hinge (or break) action opens near the breech and is usually single- or double-barreled.
194
What is a bolt action?
A bolt action is similar to a door bolt and can be single or multiple shot.
195
What is a lever action?
A lever action has a metal handle that opens the action. It can be single or multiple
shot.
196
What is a pump action?
A pump action works by pumping the fore-end of the stock back and forth and is
normally multiple shots.
197
What is a semi-automatic action?
A semi-automatic action extracts and ejects empty casings and inserts another
cartridge in the chamber automatically, each time you pull the trigger.
198
What does the safety block?
The safety blocks one or more of the trigger, sear, hammer or firing
pin.
199
What are some common safeties on non-restricted firearms?
Slide/tang,
pivot/lever/rocker, wing, trigger block/lever, and cross-bolt or button safety
200
What is the slide/tang safety common on?
This safety is common on shotguns and rifles. It is usually on the right side
of the receiver on rifles, and the top of the receiver on shotguns. It blocks the firing
mechanism. Some modern lever actions also have slide- or button-type safeties located in the action area.
201
Where is the pivot, lever, or rocker safety found on?
This safety is commonly found on modern firearms as well as on older military firearms. It is often located above the trigger area on the left or right side of the bolt.
202
What is the wing safety usually used on?
The wing safety is frequently used on the bolt of a bolt-action firearm. It is
often located above the trigger area on the left or right side of the bolt.
203
What is the trigger block or lever safety used on?
This safety is used on some lever action firearms. It is a mechanism that
ensures the lever-action firearm will not fire unless the lever action is pressed firmly
against the stock.
204
What are the 3 hammer positions?
Full forward, half cock and full cock.
205
What is the full forward hammer position?
When the hammer is fully forward resting on the firing pin, a sudden blow on the
hammer may discharge the firearm.
206
What is the half cock hammer position?
When the hammer is part-way-back or in half-cock position— on firearms so
designed— the safety is considered to be ON.
207
What is the full cock hammer position?
When the hammer is all-the-way-back on such firearms, it is in full-cock position
and the safety is considered to be OFF.
208
What is the cross-bolt safety?
The cross-bolt safety is a push-button type of safety. It is common on
many types of firearms. It works by blocking the trigger mechanism or hammer.
209
How do you find the safety position on a cross-bolt safety?
* Safe and fire
* ON and OFF switch
* Red means that the safety is OFF, and the firearm can be fired.
*However, there is not one standard rule for indicating the safety position, and
sometimes none of the above positions can be found on the firearm. If this is the
case, ensure that the firearm is unloaded and pointing in a safe direction
BEFORE checking the safety operation in the manufacturer’s manual.
210
What are action releases?
Most firearms have some type of mechanism that must be moved to allow an action to
be opened or closed. The location of the action release mechanism depends on the
make and model of the firearm.
211
What do you have to do to the barrel before loading?
Always check the barrel and chamber for
obstructions before loading. Whenever possible, this should be done by looking
through the barrel from the BACK or breech end. If you cannot, be certain that the
firearm is unloaded and the action is open and the chamber empty BEFORE looking
down the barrel from the muzzle end. Some shooters prefer to use a bore light
inspection aid or run a rod with a patch through the barrel before loading rather than
looking down the barrel. Use normal cleaning procedures to remove an obstruction, or
take the firearm to an expert.
212
What are the only firearms you should load?
Ones you are planning to use and where they can safely and legally be discharged
213
How should you prepare a firearm for loading?
1. Prepare the firearm for loading by going through the complete unloading
procedure ACTS-PROVE it safe.
2. Clear any obstructions from the chamber(s) and bore(s). Clean if required.
3. Point the firearm in the safest available direction throughout the loading and
chambering procedure.
4. Make sure that nothing touches the trigger throughout this process.
5. Put the safety ON, if it can be left on during the loading process.
6. Where possible, with the action open, select and load the correct ammunition by
matching the data stamp on the firearm with the head stamp on the
cartridge/shell or ammunition box.
7. Close the action.
8. Put the safety ON, if it is not already on.
214
What does a loaded firearm require?
It requires continuous care and
attention until it is unloaded.
215
What do you have to do before putting any firearm away?
ACTS AND PROVE
216
What should you do with a firearm you are uncomfortable with?
Do not to handle it
217
How do you unload a hinge action?
The hinge (or break) action firearm opens or “breaks” near the breech like
the movement of a door hinge. The safety mechanism is usually located on top of the
action above the trigger area. It is often a slide/tang safety or exposed hammer which
must be completely down or on half cock to be safe.
218
What should you be sure of when shooting at a target?
You are shooting for the target and beyond.
219
What is a bolt action like?
A door bolt
220
Where are bolt actions usually used?
On rifles because they are strong
221
Where is the safety mechanism located on a bolt action?
The safety mechanism is usually located on top of the action above the trigger
area on the left or right side of the bolt. This is often a lever safety but can also
be a slide/tang located directly behind the bolt
222
What should you do after ACTS and PROVE when loading a single-shot bolt action firearm?
2. Select and place the correct ammunition into the magazine by matching the data
stamp on the firearm with the head stamp on the cartridge or ammunition box.
3. Put the safety ON, if it can be left on during the loading process.
4. Close the actions by moving the bolt handle forward and down, locking the
cartridge into the chamber.
5. Put the safety ON, it if is not already on
223
What are the most common repeating firearms?
* Bolt action
* Lever action
* Pump action
* Semi-automatic action
224
Where is the extra ammunition usually stored in a repeating firearm?
The extra ammunition in a repeating firearm is usually contained in some kind of
magazine. Magazines are located in different places depending on the make,
model and action of the firearm
225
What are the two common types of magazines?
-Box
-Tubular
226
How are box magazines removed?
Some box magazines
may be removed by depressing a button or latch. Some are not removable.
227
Where are tubular magazines usually found?
* Under the barrel; or
* In the stock.
228
How should you unload tubular magazines?
1. Many tubular magazines consist of a removable inner magazine tube (which
should be removed when unloading the firearm).
2. To unload tubular magazines, remove the inside tube and let the ammunition
drop out of the end of the fixed-tubular magazine or the loading port. If the inner
tube is not removable, close and open the action several times to be sure that
there is no ammunition in the magazine. Take extra care in performing this
procedure because when doing so, the firearm is in the ready-to-fire position.
229
Why does ammunition sometimes hang up on tubular magazines?
Ammunition could hang-up in the tubular magazine, due to dirt, rust or
dents. Always be sure you can feel or see the magazine follower to confirm that
all the ammunition is out.
230
Where is the safety mechanism usually located on a bolt action?
The safety mechanism is usually located on top of the action above the trigger
area on the left or right side of the bolt. This is often a lever type safety but can
also be a slide/tang located directly behind the bolt
231
What ammunition should you use in your firearm?
The ammunition that matches the data
stamp on the firearm with the head stamp on the cartridge or the ammunition
box.
232
What do lever action firearms have?
A metal handle located just behind the trigger
233
What are lever actions usually on?
Rifles
234
What is the safety considered when is half-cock?
When the hammer is in halfcock position, the safety is considered to be ON.
235
What is the safety considered when is full-cock?
In full-cock position and the safety is considered to be OFF.
236
What is a pump action?
It permits rapid reloading with a simple movement of the firearm supporting hand without moving the muzzle away from the target.
237
What are pump actions usually used on?
Shotguns
238
What magazines are used on a pump-action?
Box or tubular
239
Where is the safety mechanism on a pump-action firearm?
The safety mechanism on most modern pump actions is either a slide/tang or
cross-bolt/button safety located in the action area. The button is usually at the
front or rear of the trigger guard. The slide/tang is frequently on top of the action.
The action release is also found at the trigger guard
240
What are semi automatic action usually on?
Rifles and shotguns
241
How do semi automatic firearms work?
With each pull of the trigger, the semi-automatic action uses part of the energy of
the expanding gas from the burning powder to extract the empty cartridge case
and to reload the chamber. In other words, no hand movement is needed to load
another cartridge into the firing position; each time a cartridge is fired, another is
loaded into the chamber
242
What types of safety mechanisms are usually on a semi automatic?
Cross-bolt/button and slide/tang types. Occasionally, internal safeties
such as a magazine disconnect are used. These prevent the firearm from firing
when the magazine is not in place.
243
What are some typical range commands?
* “The range is active”
* “Cease-fire”
* “The range is no longer active”
244
Where do range commands and signals vary?
Range commands and signals vary between shooting sports, ranges and
jurisdictions.
245
What do you have to wear when firing a firearm?
Sight and hearing protection
246
247
What type of sight protection should you wear?
To avoid these hazards, shooters should wear safety glasses made of impact resistant glass or polycarbonate plastic with side shields
248
Why do you need to wear sight protection?
There is a risk of eye injury in shooting. Shooters going through thick brush can
be injured by twigs and branches. Target shooters also risk eye injury. This can
come from ejected cartridge casings. It can also come from cartridge casing
fragments and other debris ejected during firing
249
Why do you need to wear hearing protection?
Continued unprotected exposure to shooting noise will cause hearing loss. The
noise level of a gunshot is similar to that of a jet engine taking off at close range.
The need for hearing protection is obvious
250
What types of hearing protection should you use?
b. Several types of hearing protection are available. On the firing range, shooters
should always wear headphone-type hearing protectors (Figure 56). These
protectors provide reasonable sound protection. They can also be used for years
with minimum maintenance.
c. Earplugs are available in several types. Disposable earplugs are made of foam
or wax, but they can only be used once.
d. There are also reusable earplugs made of rubber available in several sizes. They
require care and cleaning after use.
e. For maximum hearing protection, it is highly recommended that both earplugs
and headphone-type hearing protectors be worn.
251
What is the first thing you should do after falling with a firearm in your hands?
Control the muzzle
252
What should you do to avoid falling while carrying a firearm?
c. In the field, pick out the safest trail. Do not depend on surrounding branches to
support your weight. Do not cross streams on wet logs or wobbly stones with a
loaded firearm.
d. Wearing deep tread high boots will reduce the possibility of slips. They will also
protect your ankles and legs from cuts and scrapes.
e. It is recommended that you wear blaze orange when hunting. Some provinces
require this by law.
f. Beware of cumbersome clothing like bulky jackets or wading boots. They can
cause you to get tangled. They can also interfere with the safe handling of your
firearm.
253
What are the standard range rules?
* The muzzle must always be pointed down range.
* The action of any firearm must be open at all times, except when actually shooting.
* Firearms must only be loaded, unloaded, and discharged at the firing line.
* No firearm is loaded until the command to load is given by the Range Officer.
* Fingers must be kept out of the trigger guard and off the trigger until the firearm is
pointed down range.
* Upon the command “cease-fire,” all firing stops at once. Firearms are unloaded.
Actions are opened. Firearms are laid on the mat or on the table. Their muzzles
point in a safe direction down range. The shooter steps back from the firing line,
behind the “cease-fire” line.
* The Range Officer will inspect each firearm before allowing anyone to go forward of
the firing line.
* During a “cease-fire,” no one will handle firearms or ammunition or return to the firing
line. At this point, wait for further range commands before any further activity.
Persons not engaged in changing targets down range should stand well behind the
cease-fire line.
* Use hearing and sight protection
254
What are some common sense rules for range shooting?
* Minors and guests, who do not have a valid Firearms Licence, must be under direct
and immediate supervision while shooting. Check with your range for any further
restrictions.
* Firearms should be checked by the Range Officer on the “cease-fire.” This is to be
sure that all actions are opened and no cartridges are in the breech.
* Unloaded firearms not in use are to be placed in the designated area with the action
open or kept in a case. They should be moved with the muzzle pointed in the safest
available direction or cased at the firing line.
* Never allow horseplay, careless handling of firearms or any other distraction while
shooting is in progress.
* Make sure that you are using the correct ammunition for your firearm, and as
approved by the range.
* Never shoot at target holders or other range equipment.
* Do not discharge firearms outside of designated range property or posted range use
times.
255
What is some range courtesy?
* There should be a safety briefing before starting.
* Sign in to the firing range upon arrival, if required.
* Avoid interrupting or distracting others when they are shooting.
* Do not smoke on the firing line.
* Ask the owner’s or shooter’s permission before handling that person’s firearms or
equipment.
* Leave enough space between you and others to ensure safety.
* If firing particularly smoky firearms, shoot from downwind of other shooters on the
firing line. Black-powder firearms are especially smoky.
* Do not fire on other people’s targets, targets not directly down range from yourself or
any target that may disturb others.
* Those firing semi-automatic firearms should take a firing point where other people
will not be disturbed by ejected casings.
* Rapid firing may disturb shooters sighting-in or doing deliberate target work.
* When the line is clear, clean up after shooting, pick up cartridge casings and take
down targets.
* Put away any range-owned equipment you have used, i.e. sandbags or bench rests
256
What does vehicle refer to?
The word vehicle may include boats, cars, recreational vehicles, snowmobiles,
sleds, private aircraft, and/or all-terrain vehicles, depending on your particular
jurisdiction.
257
What rules do you have to follow while handling firearms around a vehicle?
1. Never have a loaded firearm in or on any vehicle unless you are allowed
to shoot from that vehicle. Unload before entry. Load only after leaving.
2. It is especially difficult to control muzzle direction when entering or leaving
vehicles. Take extra care to point the muzzle in the safest available direction
at such times.
3. When a firearm is in a vehicle, it must be placed in a secure position where it
will not be dislodged or stepped upon.
258
What rules should you follow when handling firearms outside?
a. Always remember that people or livestock you cannot see may be close enough
to be injured. Be aware of the dangerous range of your firearm and ammunition.
b. Control the muzzle direction at all times. Keep the safety ON until you are
ready to use the firearm.
c. Under all circumstances, protect the trigger and safety while carrying your
firearm. A twig or branch may catch the trigger, put the safety off, or swing the
muzzle around.
d. When carrying a firearm, remember that you can slip and fall causing a
discharge. Plan how to protect the firearm and control its direction if you fall, and
if possible, unload it before crossing uneven ground or ice.
e. Always be sure of your target and beyond. Don’t shoot at game near the top
of a hill. People or livestock may be in the line of fire over the hill. Never shoot
near a building without permission. Someone may be using it as a shelter.
f. Water, rocks or flat surfaces may cause the bullet to break up or ricochet. Use
caution.
g. When you cross a fence or other obstacle, unload your firearm and leave the
action open. The same goes for areas that are slippery, rocky or uneven.
h. When crossing a fence alone, unload the firearm and place the firearm under the
fence. Make sure the firearm is flat on the ground with the action open and the
muzzle pointed away from where you are crossing.
i. If you are in a group, one person should stand away from the crossing point. This
person should hold the unloaded and open firearms while the others cross the
obstacle.
j. When hunting alone from a pit or blind, unload your firearm and place it outside
before entering. Then enter and bring the unloaded firearm into the pit or blind
after you.
k. Remember to check your firearm for dirt if you lay it on the ground. This is
especially important for the muzzle.
259
What should you use to see something more clearly?
Use binoculars if you need to see something more clearly. Never use a
scope mounted on a firearm as a substitute for binoculars to identify persons,
animals or objects.
260
How do you cross a fence with a firearm alone?
1. Unload and leave action open
2. Place under fence
3. Cross well away from muzzle direction.
261
How do you cross a fence with a firearm with someone?
1. Unload and leave action open
2. Cross obstacle
3. Pass unloaded firearms
262
What rules should you follow when firing in a group?
1. Appoint someone as the Range Officer. This person will be responsible for
supervising all of the following steps.
2. Follow the normal range commands and procedures.
3. Set up a firing line. Firearms may only be uncased, handled and loaded at this
firing line. This must be done under the Range Officer’s direction.
4. Be sure that the appointed Range Officer explains the procedures to everyone in
the group.
5. Decide on a safe shooting zone for each shooter. Make sure there is a safe
backstop. This will be the only direction in which muzzles can be pointed and
firearms fired.
263
What is important for all firearm carries?
Muzzle direction
264
What is the The two-hand or ready carry?
The two-hand or ready carry is the safest
carry for shooters. It gives you the best
control of the firearm and muzzle and
also allows you to get into shooting
position quickly.
265
What is the Cradle carry?
The cradle carry is a safe carry when
shooting alone. However, in this carry,
the muzzle points to one side. The
other person has to walk on the
opposite side of the muzzle.
266
What is the Elbow or side carry?
Elbow or side carry
The elbow or side carry is safe when
walking in open terrain. However, do
not use the side carry when walking
through bush. Branches can get
tangled around the firearm and push
the barrel towards you. Do not use the
side carry when others are ahead of
you.
267
What is the Trail carry?
The trail carry is best used when you
are alone or standing still. Otherwise, it
is not recommended.
268
What is the Shoulder carry?
The shoulder carry is the least safe of
all carries. In a fall there is poor
muzzle control. It must not be used for
loaded firearms. Special care must be
taken to keep the muzzle pointed
upward. Do not use this carry when
others are with you.
269
What is the sling carry?
The sling carry leaves both the hunter's
hands free. However, do not use this
carry when walking in dense bush. Your
firearm may get caught in brush and be
pulled off your shoulder. Also, twigs and
other debris may fall into the upright
barrel. If the hunter bends sharply
forward, this carry is dangerous to those
in front.
270
What is Marksmanship?
Marksmanship is the ability to hit your mark or target. Good marksmanship is
important for safe shooting.
271
What does Marksmanship depend on?
Marksmanship depends on many factors, including anticipation, shooting
position, aim, trigger control, controlled breathing and follow-through.
272
What do you have to think about when using a firearm?
you must always be thinking about the possible situations and
shots that may occur
273
What are the 4 rifle shooting positions?
1. Standing position
2. Kneeling position
3. Sitting position
4. Prone position
274
What is the standing position?
a. The standing position is the least stable shooting position from which to fire.
b. To shoot from the standing position, first, turn your body approximately 45° to
the right of the target. Place your feet shoulder width apart. Support the rifle
with your left arm and hand. Hold the left arm against your body for extra
support where possible. Hold the stock firmly against your shoulder with the
right hand. Keep holding the rifle firmly but not tightly.
c. If there is too much movement, do not shoot. Rest or support the rifle on a
stable object such as a tree or large rock. In such situations, padding beneath
the firearm is recommended. Using a sling will help steady your shot.
275
What is the kneeling position?
a. The kneeling position is better than the standing position but not as steady as
either the prone or the sitting positions.
b. Turn to about a 45° angle to the target. Kneel on your right knee and place
your left foot slightly forward. Sit on the heel or the side of the right foot.
Place the left elbow near you but not on the bony part of the left knee, as far
under the rifle as you can.
276
What is the sitting position?
a. The sitting position is one of the steadiest shooting positions.
b. Sit solidly on the ground, with your legs crossed or open, and your body
positioned about 30° to the right of the line of aim.
c. Place your left elbow near, but not on, the bony part of the left knee. Tuck the
elbow as far under the rifle as possible. Place the right elbow on or near the
right knee.
d. Hold the rifle firmly but do not grip it tightly. If bracing your body against a tree
or rock to steady your aim, be careful that the recoil will not force you against
the support
277
What is the prone position?
a. The prone position is the steadiest shooting position.
b. It is good for firing accurate long distance shots if tall grass or dense brush
does not obscure the line of sight to the target.
c. Lie on your stomach with your body angled slightly to the left of the line of
aim. Keep your back straight and legs in a relaxed position. The right leg
should be bent slightly. Both elbows should be bent and your shoulders
curved slightly forward to form a solid upper-body position. The upper body
and arms support the rifle weight.
d. When shooting, you can use a rifle sling for extra support. Hold the rifle grip
with the trigger hand. Place your opposite arm through the sling as far as it
will go. Swing your arm in an outward circular motion, ending with your hand
under the fore-stock of the rifle and the sling across the back of your hand.
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What is the difference between shooting a rifle and a shotgun?
With a rifle you aim
precisely. With a shotgun you point at the target. Some shotguns are
equipped with adjustable sights and are primarily used to fire slugs.
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How should you shoot a shotgun?
stand like a boxer:
feet spread apart, well-balanced, arms and body free to swing right or left. This
position allows rapid movement.
c. When firing, shift your body weight to the leading leg. The leading hand holds the
shotgun fore-stock and points naturally to the target area. Point the shotgun at
the target and slap the trigger. With moving targets, continue to follow through as
you fire. Otherwise, the shot will miss behind the target
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When does the shotgun stance not apply?
When hunting with a rifled barrel
281
What are sights used for?
Their purpose is to
help the shooter aim accurately.
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What are the 4 main types of sights?
* Open sights
* Peep sights
* Telescopic sights
* Electronic sights
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What is sight alignment?
Open sights require you to physically line up both rear and front sights
with the target.
284
What is sighting a picture?
When you aim any sight
at a target
285
What are some downsides of scope sights?
Scope sights have a very narrow field of view, so you might not see a
person or object coming into the path of your shot. Never use a mounted scope
as a substitute for binoculars to identify persons, animals or objects.
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Where do you point a shotgun when firing?
With a shotgun, you point at the target. When a shotgun is fired,
the shot pellets spread out after leaving the barrel and hit a larger area than a
single bullet. Therefore, precise aiming is not as necessary as with a rifle.
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What should your eyes do when pointing a shotgun?
When using a shotgun, keep both eyes open. Focus on the moving target, not on
the firearm barrel or the bead sight. While watching the target, place the shotgun
to your shoulder and point it toward the target area. Be sure to place the stock
against your cheek first, then against your shoulder. This positions the firearm in
exactly the same position each time you shoot
288
What do some shotguns have?
Some shotguns are equipped with adjustable sights and are primarily used to fire
slugs. For this type of shotgun, use the same aiming techniques as you would for
a rifle
289
What breath phase should you shoot at?
The natural pause in the breathing cycle. We breathe in, we breathe out. There is a natural pause at the bottom of each
exhale. It is this natural pause (2.5 seconds) that the shot must be released in. In
order to lengthen this natural pause, the shooter has to breathe in deep, force the
breath out deeper than normal, breathe in deep again, this time let the breath out
normally. The natural pause in the breathing cycle has just been increased to
approximately 8.5 seconds. That is plenty of time to confirm sight picture and
release the shot, if not, just repeat the process. Breathe in deep, force it out,
breathe in deep again, let it out NATURALLY and squeeze the shot off.
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How should you control the trigger of a rifle?
When the sights are aligned on the target, squeeze the trigger slowly and
steadily. Avoid yanking or pulling. Anything other than a smooth squeeze will
cause the firearm to move and send the shot off target. Relax before the firearm
fires to allow each shot to happen almost as a “surprise”.
291
How should you hit the trigger on a shotgun?
Shotgun triggers are slapped instead of squeezed. The trigger slap is similar to
the action of striking a typewriter key. Slap the trigger quickly, but not hard.
292
What do you have to do after shooting?
Follow through. This means maintaining your sight picture and/or shooting position, after discharging the
firearm. If you do not follow-through, it is more likely that your shot will be “off target.”
293
What are acceptable targets?
* A target that is positively identified
* A target that is safe to shoot at
* A target that can be lawfully shot
294
What are unacceptable targets?
* A target that you are not sure of, cannot clearly see and cannot identify
* A target that cannot be shot safely
* A target that is not legal to shoot
295
What do you have to do before cleaning your firearm?
ACTS and PROVE
296
What are the 2 cleaning firearm threats?
Rust caused by moisture and condensation
* Excessive build-up of residue or rust in the firearm
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How often should the barrel be cleaned?
The barrel of a firearm should be cleaned after every use. This will protect its
finish. It will also help keep it in good working order. For instructions on cleaning
the rest of the firearm, consult your owner’s manual.
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What firearms should be cleaned before use?
Any firearm that has been stored for a long time must be cleaned thoroughly
before use. Cleaning before using is required when the firearm has been
exposed to moisture or dirt.
299
What do you need to clean you firearm?
* A cleaning rod or a pull-through and attachments (be sure to use the right
size for the firearm), such as:
o A bore brush,
o Tips to hold cloth patches;
* Patches,
* Powder solvent (also called “bore cleaner”),
* Gun oil, and
* A soft cloth.
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Which way should you clean your firearm?
breech toward the muzzle. Avoid cleaning
from the muzzle toward the breech. However, you may have to clean some types from the muzzle end. In this case,
lock the breech open. This permits the passage of the cleaning rod completely
through the barrel. You will find a pull-through cleaning device helpful. Avoid
rubbing the cleaning rod on the muzzle. Damage to the muzzle may occur. It is
beneficial to insert a cloth into the open action to collect residue, to prevent dirt
from entering the action, and to prevent damage to the firearm.
300
How should you clean a bolt action?
When cleaning a bolt action, remove the bolt, if possible. Clean the firearm from
the breech end. Some firearms are easier to clean if you remove the barrel first.
301
Rules to follow while cleaning you firearm;
* Make sure no ammunition is nearby during cleaning.
* Never allow a loaded firearm in any building or living area.
* Always give cleaning your firearm your full attention. Never clean a firearm
while during something else, like watching television.
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Steps to clean a firearm;
1. ACTS and PROVE it safe.
2. Attach the bore brush to the cleaning rod. Apply bore cleaner to the brush.
3. Run the brush through the bore of the firearm barrel several times. Be sure that
the brush sticks out from the barrel completely. Then, draw it back through the
barrel (Figure 78).
4. Remove the bore brush from the cleaning rod. Attach a patch-holder tip and a
proper size cloth patch. Pour solvent on the cloth patch. Run it through the bore
several times. Remove the cloth patch from the rod tip.
5. Next, run a clean, dry patch through the bore several times.
6. If the patch comes out dirty, repeat the first four steps. Do this until a patch finally
comes through clean.
7. Next, run a lightly oiled patch through the bore. Use only light gun oil.
8. Wipe the outside of the firearm with a clean cloth and apply a light coat of gun oil
or rust preventative to the metal surfaces. You should also maintain the condition
of the stock by applying the appropriate treatment (consult the owner’s manual).
9. Always store your firearm properly.
10.Don’t forget to clean your magazine
11.Remember, before the next firing of the firearm, run a dry patch through the
barrel to remove any oil.
12. Wash hands
303
How should ammunition be kept?
Ammunition should also be kept clean and dry. Oil, sand or dirt on the cartridge
or shell can damage the firearm. It could also cause jamming of the action.
304
What should you not do to your ammunition?
Avoid exposing your ammunition to heat and vibration. Powder can decay and
become unpredictable if exposed to excessive heat and long-term vibration.
305
What should you do if you see signs of risk with firearms?
a. You can sometimes anticipate violent situations before they happen. Remember,
these events can happen in our own homes, those of friends or neighbours.
b. When these situations seem to be developing, it is good practice to remove all
firearms. This is true even when firearms are properly stored. Consider storing
the firearms at an alternate location, and if necessary, notify the police of the
situation.
c. Consider notifying your Chief Firearms Officer through the concern line at 1-800-
731-4000.
d. You would not hesitate to prevent a friend or relative from drinking and driving.
Do not hesitate to prevent the misuse of firearms.
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What do you have to do if your firearm is lost or been taken?
Owners of firearms are required under the Criminal Code to report the loss or theft of
their firearms. Local police service, and;
the Canadian Firearms Program at 1-800-731-4000.
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How should you secure your firearms?
a. Secure storage is the best way to limit theft and deliberate misuse of firearms. It
should not be easy for unauthorized individuals to gain access to firearms and
ammunition.
b. Do not leave the key or combination to the firearm storage area or container lying
around. Do not give them out to others. Also, do not let it become widely known
that you have firearms.
c. Locking up firearms and ammunition is important and is required by the Firearms
Act and its Regulations. If you require more information, please refer to it.
d. Make access to firearms and ammunition difficult. If firearms and ammunition are
difficult to get, there may be a delay in acting on the impulse to do harm. This
delay may be enough to make the impulse decrease or go away
e. Secure storage of firearms and ammunition may act as a deterrent to easy theft
by criminals. Remember: you are legally and morally responsible for your
firearms 24 hours a day. By law, you must store them safely and securely when
you are not physically in control of them. This may cause some inconvenience,
but it may also save a person from death or serious injury
308
Store all firearms and ammunition properly;
Keep your firearms and
ammunition properly secured and out of sight.
309
Explain firearms safety to all family members;
Everyone in a home where
firearms are kept should know the safety rules. Firearms are no different than
dangerous tools or poisons in the home. Proper use and handling of firearms
and ammunition must be taught to the entire family. The key or combination
number to secure locking devices should be kept away from and out of the
reach of children and unauthorized adults.
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Remove firearms from situations of potential violence.;
You may become
aware of a situation where violence or tragedy could occur. In such cases, it
is wise to go beyond the safe storage of firearms. Completely remove
firearms that may be present. If this is not possible, at least notify the police of
the situation
311
Act sensibly and carefully while around firearms;
Always pay close
attention to what you and others around you are doing. Make sure that
everyone is acting safely and responsibly.
312
Never consume drugs or alcoholic beverages when around firearms
Do
not go shooting with anyone who has. Alcohol and drugs can affect your
mental or physical reactions. Both prescription and non-prescription drugs
can affect your alertness, senses and balance. Some types of allergy
medicines are a good example. Always stay fully alert when around firearms.
313
Always get permission before shooting on someone else’s property;
Make sure that you are welcome and permitted before you shoot anywhere.
Do this whether the land belongs to the crown, to a local club, or to a private
citizen. Make sure that you can shoot there safely. For example, someone
else may be shooting there at the same time. Check with local authorities.
314
Avoid firing near buildings or roads;
Respect the rights of others to safe
travel and undisturbed use of their property. Only shoot near buildings with
authorized permission, and only if it is legal and safe
315
What should you do to stay safe?
Know and respect firearms regulations and local by-laws.
316
Wear safety equipment;
Encourage others to do the same. Safety
equipment may include, but should not be limited to, sight and hearing
protection, gloves, caps and proper clothing.
317
What is ammunition?
Is a cartridge containing a projectile designed to be discharged from a firearm. This
includes caseless cartridges and shot shells.
318
What is the law with prohibited ammunition?
Individuals cannot acquire prohibited ammunition; i.e. tracer rounds, because they could
start a fire.
319
What is the law with prohibited devices?
Individuals cannot acquire prohibited devices; i.e. high-capacity magazine (except for
rim fire cartridges), silencer
320
How do you store a non-restricted firearm?
1. It is unloaded by the ACTS and PROVE it safe, and either:
* Rendered inoperable by using a secure locking device or
* By removing the bolt or bolt-carrier or
* Stored in a securely locked opaque container, receptacle, or room that
cannot be easily broken open or into and
2. It is not within easy access to ammunition, unless the ammunition is stored,
together with or separately from the firearm, in a securely locked container or
receptacle that cannot be easily broken open or into.
321
When may a firearm be unlocked?
b. In areas where it is legal to discharge a firearm, a non-restricted firearm used for
predator control may be stored temporarily unlocked, and out in the open, as
long as it is unloaded, and not readily accessible to ammunition.
c. In a remote area where hunting might reasonably occur, a non-restricted firearm
may be stored unlocked, out in the open and accessible to ammunition as long
as the firearm is unloaded
322
How can a non-restricted firearm be displayed?
1. It is unloaded, and
* Rendered inoperable by using a secure locking device or
* Stored in a securely locked container, receptacle or room that cannot be
easily broken open or into and
2. It is not displayed with and not within easy access to ammunition that can be
discharged from it
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Laws about transporting a firearm;
a. A non-restricted firearm must be transported unloaded.
b. However, loaded-muzzleloading firearms may be transported between hunting
sites if the percussion cap or flint is removed— subject to provincial/territorial
regulations.
c. You may leave a non-restricted firearm in an unattended vehicle if it is unloaded
and placed in a locked trunk or a similar compartment of the vehicle.
d. If the unattended vehicle does not have a trunk or a similar compartment, lock
the vehicle or the part of the vehicle that contains the non-restricted firearm and
leave the non-restricted firearm inside, unloaded and out of sight.
e. In a remote area when hunting might reasonably occur, you may leave a nonrestricted firearm in an unattended vehicle that has no trunk or compartment that
can be locked (i.e. canoe, snowmobile), if it is out of sight. The non-restricted
firearm must be unloaded and rendered inoperable by a secure locking device
unless you require it for predator control.
f. If you live in a rural area and need reasonable access to your non-restricted
firearm for predator control, you may be exempted from some of the storage and
transportation requirements. Check with a local firearms officer, a wildlife or
conservation officer to confirm that provincial or municipal laws allow storage on
a temporary basis.
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How should you buy and carry a firearm home?
a. Before obtaining a firearm, think about how you will carry it home and where you
will keep it. Remember, when you leave the seller or dealer’s shop, you will be
carrying your firearm in a public place. It is recommended that all firearms be
carried in a case or opaque container to avoid display in public (Figure 85).
Consult your local authorities for details.
b. There are locations where having or discharging a firearm violates federal or
provincial/territorial Acts and Regulations, or municipal bylaws. It may also be an
offence to load or handle firearms in these places. You may load a firearm or
handle a loaded firearm only in a place where it is lawful to discharge it.
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