Financial Planning Flashcards
What is a Static Budget?
Budget targeted for a specific segment of a company.
What is a Master Budget?
Budget targeted for the company as a whole
Includes budgets for Operations and Cash Flows
Includes set of budgeted Financial Statements
How do Fixed Costs affect budgeting?
Costs independent of the level activity within the relevant range
Property Tax is the same whether you produce 100-000 units or zero units
However - Fixed Costs per unit vary given the amount of activity
If you produce fewer units- fixed costs per unit will be greater than if you produce more units - i.e. less units to spread the cost over
How do Variable Costs affect budgeting?
The more Direct Materials or Direct Labor used- the more Variable Costs per unit
However - Variable Costs per unit don’t change with the level of activity like Fixed Costs per unit
How are Material Variances calculated?
SAM:
Standard Material Costs
- Actual Material Costs
= Material Variance
How are Labor Variances calculated?
SAL
Standard Labor Costs
- Actual Labor Costs
= Labor Variance
How are Overhead Variances calculated?
OAT
Overhead Applied
- Actual Overhead Cost
= Total Overhead Variance
How does Absorption Costing compare to Variable Costing?
Absorption Costing - External Use- Cost of Sales- Gross Profit- SG&A
Variable Costing - Internal Use- Variable Costs- Contribution Margin- Fixed Costs
How is Contribution Margin calculated?
Sales Price (per unit)
- Variable Cost (per unit)
= Contribution Margin (per unit)
How is Break-even Point (per unit) calculated?
Total Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin (per unit)
= Break-even Point Per Unit
Assumption: Total Costs & Total Revenues are LINEAR
What is the focus in a Cost Center?
Management is concerned only with costs
What is the focus in a Profit Center?
Management is concerned with both costs and profits
What is the focus in an Investment Center?
Management is concerned with costs- profits- and assets
What is the Delphi technique?
Forecasting technique where Data is collected and analyzed
Requires judgement/consensus
What is Regression Analysis?
A forecasting technique where Sales is the dependent variable.
Simple Regression - One independent variable
Multiple Regression - Multiple independent variables
What are Econometric Models?
Forecast sales using Economic Data
What are Naive Forecasting Models?
Very Simplistic
- Eyeball past trends and make an estimate
How does a Moving Average compare to Exponential Smoothing?
Both project estimates using average trends from recent periods
Difference: Exponential Smoothing weighs recent data more heavily
What are the characteristics of Short-term Cost Analysis?
Uses Relevant Costs Only
Ignore Sunk Costs
Opportunity Cost is a Must
What is a sensitivity analysis?
It reveals how sensitive expected value calculations are to the accuracy of the initial estimate. “what if” questions
A trial and error method (by compute software). Example is capital budgeting.
What is a simulation analysis?
It represents a refinement of standard probability theory done by compute. Very expense, unless project is very large and expensive, a full-scale simulation normally not worth it.
What is a Monte Carlo Technique?
used in simulation to generate individual values for a random variable. if done a large number of times, the distribution of results from the model will be obtained.
What is a simple Interest ST Loan?
Int Exp Formula?
Is one in which the interest is paid at the end of the loan term.
Int Exp = Principal of loan x stated rate
How do you calculate the eff int rate of a loan?
the ratio of the amount the company must pay to the amount the company gets use of (loan - origination fee).
Eff Int Rate = Int Expense / usable funds (net proceeds)
