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Undeleted > Financial Management > Flashcards

Financial Management Flashcards

BEC

1
Q

What is the primary focus of working capital management?

A

Managing inventory & receivables (current assets & liabilities)

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2
Q

How is Net Working Capital calculated?

A

NWC : Current Assets - Current Liabilities

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of effective Working Capital Management?

A

Shorten the cash conversion cycle

Don’t negatively impact operations

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4
Q

What is the Inventory Conversion Period?

A

Average time needed to convert materials into finished goods and sell them

Average Inventory : (BI + E) / 2

Inventory Conversion Period : Average Inventory / Sales Per Day

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5
Q

What is the Receivables Collection Period?

A

Average time needed to collect A/R

RCP : Average Receivables / Credit Sales Per Day

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6
Q

What is the Payables Deferral Period?

A

Average time between materials and labor purchase and their A/P payment

Average Payables : (BP + EP) / 2

Payables Deferral Period : Average Payables / (COGS/365)

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7
Q

What is the Cash Conversion Cycle?

A

Amount of time it takes to receive a cash inflow (Customers) after making a cash outflow (Vendors)

Inventory Conversion Period
+ Receivables Collection Period
- Payables Deferral Period
: Cash Conversion Cycle

(Inventory Really (-Pays) Cash)

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8
Q

What traits should Cash and Short-Term Investments have?

A

Liquid

Safe

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9
Q

For what are Letters of Credit used?

A

Used for importing goods.

Issued by importer’s bank.

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10
Q

What is the advantage of using Trade Credit?

A

No interest cost if paid timely.

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11
Q

What is a Lockbox System? What are the advantages?

A

Customer Payments are sent to a bank-managed PO box.

Employees don’t have access to cash.
Deposits are more timely.
Interest income from deposits should pay for the Lockbox fees (if they don’t- lockbox is not beneficial)

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12
Q

What is float?

A

Time it takes to mail a payment and have it clear your bank account

Maximize float on cash payments

Minimize float on cash receipts

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13
Q

What are Zero Balance Accounts?

A

Regional bank sends enough cash to cover daily checks

Advantages:
Checks take longer to clear -more float
Low amounts of cash tied up for compensating (minimum) balances

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14
Q

What is the difference between Treasury Bills- Notes and Bonds?

A

Treasury Bills: Short term (less than one year) Think: $1 Bill

Treasury Notes: Medium term (less than 10 years- more than 1)

Treasury Bonds: Long term (greater than 10 years) Think: government is in long-term bondage to you; they owe you money

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15
Q

What is commercial paper?

A

Similar to T-Bill- but issued by corporations instead of Government

Greater than 9 Months Maturity

Unsecured

Issued by large firms

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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Commercial Paper?

A

Advantages: Financing at less than Prime. No compensating balances required.

Disadvantages: Unpredictability of markets. Credit crisis emerges and large insurance/investment companies aren’t lending.

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17
Q

What is Economic Order Quantity?

A

The order quantity that minimizes inventory costs.

EOQ : Square Root of (2DO/C)

D : Unit Demand (Annual)
O : Order Cost
C : Cost of Inventory

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18
Q

What is Carrying Cost?

A

The cost of keeping inventory.

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19
Q

What is Order Cost?

A

Cost of executing an order and starting product production.

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20
Q

What is inventory reorder point?

A

How low inventory should get before it should be re-ordered.

IOP : Average Daily Demand x Average Lead Time

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21
Q

What is a Just In Time (JIT) system?

A

Orders inventory so that you get it just in time for when it’s needed

JIT is valuable when Order Cost is low and Cost of Carrying Inventory is high

22
Q

What is Factoring of receivables?

A

Receivables are sold to a financing company where they pay less than the value of the receivables due to a discount related to risk of non-collection

23
Q

What is a Trade Discount?

A

Buyer saves if paid early

Example: 1/10 Net 30

1% Discount if paid within 10 days

If not- bill is still due in 30 days

24
Q

What is the cost of forgoing a discount?

A

(Discount % x 365) / ((100% - Discount) x (Pay Period - Discount Period))

25
Q

What is the Prime Rate?

A

A benchmark used for lending only to the best customers

Most customers will be charged Prime + 3%- for example

If the lending institution and the customer are not in the same country- the LIBOR rate is often used

26
Q

What is the Nominal (Face- Coupon- Stated) Rate?

A

Interest rate stated on the face of a bond.

27
Q

How is Current Yield calculated?

A

CY : Interest Payment / Bond Price

28
Q

What is the Effective (YTM- Market) Rate?

A

PV of Principle + Interest : Bond Price

29
Q

What is a Zero Coupon Bond?

A

No interest payments made

Bond sold at a discount

Interest reflected when Bond matures

30
Q

What are the characteristics of a Junk Bond?

A

High interest rate

High default risk

31
Q

What are debenture bonds?

A

Bonds unsecured by collateral

32
Q

What are subordinated debentures?

A

Debenture Bonds that will be repaid if any assets are left after liquidation of a company

33
Q

What are Redeemable Bonds?

A

Provision in Bond contract allows demand of Bond payment under certain circumstances

34
Q

What is a Callable Bond?

A

Borrower can pay off debt early

35
Q

What is a Convertible Bond?

A

Lender can demand payment via company stock instead of money

36
Q

What is a Sinking Fund?

A

Borrower deposits regular sums into an account that will eventually pay off the debt

37
Q

What is the disadvantage of Common Stock in comparison to bonds?

A

Common Stock is more expensive to issue than debt.

Why? Investors demand a greater ROI than debtors (bondholders)

38
Q

What is the advantage of Preferred Stock?

A

Hold dividend priority over common stock

39
Q

What is Weighted Average Cost of Capital?

A

A company uses this to determine the true cost of their capital

Example:
Debt costs 5%; 40% of Cap.
Equity costs 12%; 60% of Cap.
(5% x 40%) + (12% x 60%)
WACC : 9.2%
40
Q

What is CAPM?

A

A stock’s expected performance is based on its beta (risk) compared to that of the stock market.

More risk : more expected return.

41
Q

How is Cost of Debt calculated?

A

(Interest Expense - Tax Benefit) / Carrying Value of Debt

42
Q

Return on Investment formula

A

Profit Margin X Investment Turnover

43
Q

Profit margin formula

A

Income/Sales

44
Q

Investment Turnover formula

A

Sales/Invested Capital

45
Q

Return on Assets formula

A

Net Income / Average total assets

46
Q

ROI/ROA method issues

A
  1. Net Book Value-Skewed age & method
  2. Gross Book Value-Ignores method of Depr.
  3. Replacement Cost-Ignores age & method
  4. Liquidation Value
47
Q

Economic Order Quantity model Definition?

A

Attempts to minimize both ordering and carrying costs. Tradeoff between carrying costs and ordering costs. For Example, if inventory costs are low, then carrying costs are low, but inventory must be ordered MORE frequently to meet demand, which increases ordering costs.

48
Q

Just-In-Time Inventory Models definition?

A

JIT

Pull Approach

Developed to reduce the lag time between inventory arrival and inventory use. JIT ties delivery of components to the speed of the assembly line. JIT reduces the need of manufacturers to carry large inventories, but requires a considerable degree of coordination between manufacturer and supplier.

49
Q

Kanban Inventory Control defined

A

Kanban Inventory control technique gives visual signals that a component required in production must be replenished. Prevents oversupply or interruption of the entire manufacturing process due to lack of a component.

50
Q

Materials Requirements Planning(MRP) defined

A

MRP systems extend the idea of computerized inventory control to manufacturing operations. Generally computer based and are designed to control the usage of raw materials in the production process.

51
Q

The Determination of safety stock depends on?

A 
1. Sales Forecasts 
            OF
2. C-ustomer dissatisfaction 
3.  O-ut of inventory
4. T- ime lead
5. S-easonal Demand

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