Finals Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Tutankhamen (King Tut) (Ancient Egypt)
A
- Mostly known for his tomb being discovered in the 1922.
- 12th leader of Egypt, dies very young (19) after serving 10 years as a King.
- Various items, such as precious rings and bracelets collars, were in his coffin.
2
Q
Hatshepsut (Ancient Egypt)
A
longest reigning female pharaoh
3
Q
Ramses II (Ancient Egypt)
A
He expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
4
Q
Draco/Draconian law (Ancient Greece)
A
Draco developed a legal code based on citizens’ equality.
5
Q
Emperor Trajan (Ancient Rome)
A
Good emperor (98-117)
- Empire reached its greatest extent
- Undertook vast building program
- Enlarged social welfare
6
Q
First Triumvirate (Ancient Rome)
A
Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
7
Q
Colossus of Rhodes (Ancient Greece)
A
- One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
- It stood over 100 feet tall and was made out of bronze.
- Destroyed by an earthquake.
8
Q
Lighthouse of Alexandria (Ancient Greece)
A
enormous stone lighthouse called Pharos
9
Q
Church of Latter-day Saints
A
- Found in 1830 by Joseph Smith
- 15 million members today
- HQ at Salt Lake City, Utah (USA)
- one of the fastest growing religions in the world.
- Believes that Jesus Christ was born in the USA
- Mandatory to donate to Church
- Caffeine is not allowed
- Believes that the trinity was three separate beings
10
Q
Fertile Crescent
A
a crescent-shaped fertile land in the Middle East
11
Q
Hammurabi’s Code
A
- Hammurabi, one of the most prominent Babylonian leaders, created it.
- 282 laws total, engraved on stone and made public.
- Punishments differed depending on social class and gender.
12
Q
Xerxes I (Assyria, Persia)
A
- Great King of Persia, suppressed a revolt in Egypt.
- Fought the Greeks in the Persian War, winning in Thermopylae and suffering defeat at Salamis.
13
Q
Atomism (Ancient Greece)
A
- Starts with Leucippus and Democritus
- Everything happens occurring to natural laws
- No purpose to the universe
- Nothing happens at random, everything happens out of reason and by necessity
14
Q
Protagoras (Ancient Greece)
A
- Greek philosopher who questioned the existence of Greek Gods.
- Famous quote: “Man is the measure of all thing”.
15
Q
Hieroglyphics (Ancient Egypt)
A
type of writing Egyptians used
16
Q
Indus valley civilization
A
- Indus and ganges rivers provided water
- Mt. Everest: protection
- started around 7000BC
- planned city (main city: Harappa)
- built on mid-brick to protect itself from flooding
- grid system
- 400 letter writing system, cannot be deciphered
- no social classes
- religion: priests closely linked to the rulers. Hinduism
Problems
- monsoon: seasonal winds
- unpredictable flooding
- draughts, floods
17
Q
Anthropologists
A
study the cultures of ancient peoples using artifacts
18
Q
Archaeologists
A
learn about the earliest people by excavating their earliest settlements (bones, artifacts)
19
Q
Paleontologists
A
study fossils
20
Q
Parthenon (Ancient Greece)
A
a building that was built by Greeks to honor Athena
21
Q
Zeus (Ancient Greece)
A
king of Greek gods
22
Q
Aristotle
A
- One of Plato’s brightest students.
- Opened his own school in Athens called Lyceum
- Once stated, “He who studies how things originate… will achieve the clearest view of them”.
- His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today.
- Tutored a 13-year-old prince who would become Alexander the Great.
- Contributed towards the work in science, especially Biology.
- Infamously made several mistakes in philosophy as well, such as “Some men are born to become slaves”.
23
Q
Dorians (Ancient Greece)
A
- Replaced Mycenaeans around 1200 B.C.
- no written records.
24
Q
Siddhartha Guatama
A
a
25
Abraham
- Born in Ur, 1800BC
- Creates a covenant with god that if he leaves his house, god would provide him with a nation.
- First one to spread monotheism. Until then, polytheism was the main belief.
26
Nineveh (Assyria, Persia)
- Capital of Assyria, established by King Sennacherib
- Largest city of its day
- World’s largest libraries
- King Ashurbanipal collected over 20,000 clay tablets to their library.
27
Sennacherib (Assyria, Persia)
- Assyrian king, very brutal
- Conquered 89 cities, 820 villages
- Assyrian art and architecture reached its peak
- Assassinated by his oldest son
28
Cyrus the Great (Assyria, Persia)
- Persian King.
| - A hero among the Hebrews because he allowed them to temporarily go back to Jerusalem to rebuild temples.
29
Satrap (Assyria, Persia)
- governors of Persian empire's provinces
| - they collected tributes, administered justice, raised taxes for the army, led the army in their provinces
30
Chess (Assyria, Persia)
it started in India, but it was later adopted by Persian empire.
31
Zoroaster (religion) (Assyria, Persia)
- Earth is a battlefield where great struggle is fought between the spirit of good and evil
- Belief in one god, Ahura Mazda, who will judge everyone at the end of time
- Continue to observe religion traditions, in India and Iran,
followers called Parsis
7th century: replaced by Islam
32
Scientology
- Started in 1954 by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard.
- Recognized as an official religion in USA, but
considered a dangerous cult in most of Western Europe.
- The church constantly uses litigation against critics.
- Cult-like aspects: very expensive fee to be part of the church, forcing people to not speak to people who left the church even if they are family members.
33
Rastafarianism
- Starts in the 1930s in Jamaica by Marcus Garvey.
- Rastafarians believed a mix of the bible and old African tales.
- They believe Ethiopia is the promised land.
- They are vegetarians and find nature to be an important
part to their spirituality.
- They smoke marijuana as part of their religion.
- Around 100,000 Rastafarians today.
34
King Nabuchadnezzar
a Babylonian king who built the hanging garden
35
Persepolis (Ancient Greece)
Persian capital burnt to the ground by Alexander the Great
36
Atilla the Hun (Ancient Rome)
- Leader of a nomadic group from Asia. Huns would go on to attack 70+ cities of Ancient Rome
- 452: attacks Rome, famine and disease prevents victory
37
Constantinople (Ancient Rome)
Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, which was later renamed to Constantinople, city of Constantine
38
Ides of March (Ancient Rome)
- March 15, 44BC: Dictator Caesar was assassinated by a group of a senators.
- The senators were worried that Caesars dictatorship would lead into a tyrannical government.
- Although the assassination was successful, instead of being the "liberators of the people" as the senators hoped, people turned against them. Many were punished for their contribution in the Ides of March.
39
Denarius (Ancient Rome)
common coin utilized by the Romans to make trade easy
40
Consul (Rome)
2 consuls. 1 for government, 1 for army
41
Hercules (Ancient Rome)
- A Roman Mythical God.
- Symbol of Romans adopting Greek myths.
- Several temples built in his name.
- Emperor Commodus liked to depict himself as Hercules.
- Commodus would go on to rename the month of September and October as Menis Hercules, although this was later changed when Commodus stepped down.
42
Scipio (Ancient Rome)
Rome defeats the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars. Scipio leads the Romans to victory and would go on to burn down the city of Carthage.
43
Delian League (Ancient Greece)
an alliance of ancient Greek city states, dominated by Athens, that joined in 478–447 BC against the Persians.
44
Brutus and Cassias (Ancient Rome)
two main conspirators of the Ides of March
45
Marcus Aurelius (Ancient Rome)
last emperor of Pax Romana (lasts until 180 A.D.)
46
Ancient Sumerians
There is a major city, Uruk, with a population of over 100,000.
The people in Sumer had specialized jobs such as farmers, merchants and priests.
Formal governments existed with religious priests at the top.
Complex institutions such as temples existed (known as ziggurats to the Sumers).
Scribes existed who took record of the civilization.
The technology in Sumer was cutting edge at the time using technology such as bronze and copper to create weapons and tools. (Wheels, Cuneiform)
47
Homo erectus
Vaguely translates to “upright man”.
Some anthropologists suggest that the Homo erectus was more advanced than the Homo habilis.
- They migrated from Africa
- First to use fire
- May have developed the first spoken language.
48
Homo sapiens
The Homo erectus would eventually develop into what human beings are today, Homo sapiens.
- Means “wise men”
- Physically very similar to the Homo erectus, however, has a much larger brain.
- Physically, almost identical to the cromagnons.
49
The Caste system (Hinduism)
- a system in which people are born into certain classes (lover, jobs chosen)
- Brahmins (priests)
- Kshatriyas (warriors)
- Vaisyas (merchants)
- Sudras (unskilled workers)
- Pariah/Harijans (untouchables)
50
Polytheism
believing in many gods
51
Monotheism
believing in only one god
52
Slash and burn agriculture
- Clear land by cutting and burning trees.
| - Moved on to new soil once every 1-2 years, since it is not a sustainable method of farming.
53
Epic of Gilgamesh
epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia. first great work of literature
54
Philip II (Ancient Greece)
- Father of Alexander the Great, and former King of the Macedonians
- Created the League of Corinth and was assassinated by one of his body guard at a daughters wedding.
55
Socrates (Ancient Greece)
- A Greek philosopher.
- He believed in questioning, self-examination of values, actions
- Convicted of corrupting young people and questioning the cities gods; sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
- He died by drinking hemlock, a slow-acting poison at the age of 70.
- There is no hard-proof of his existence, because he did not write. His existence predicates upon the writing of Plato being accurate.
56
Tribunes (Rome)
They represented common people of Rome.
57
Etruscans (Ancient Greece)
Early on the Latins, Greeks and Etruscans competed for control over the Ancient Rome region. Around 600 B.C. Etruscans would become the primary tribe to live in Ancient Rome.
58
Gallic Wars (Ancient Rome)
- 58~50 BC
- Allowed Rome to secure access to Rhine river
- Many Gauls killed
- Battle of Alesia: turning point. Romans 60,000 vs. 180,000 still defeat Gauls
- His great popularity among people and soldiers worried Pompey in Rome
- 50 BC: senators took Pompey’s advice and ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home.
59
Plato (Ancient Greece)
- A student of Socrates; writes The Republic—an ideal society.
- In 387 B.C., establishes Athens school the Academy; lasts 900 years.
- His writings dominated European philosophy for 1,500 years.
- He believed in the importance of constant questioning.
60
Phalanx (Ancient Greece)
feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields
61
King Leonidas (Ancient Greece)
He was a king of the Sparta until his death at the Battle of Thermopylae against the Persian army in 480 B.C. Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice because he sent most of his army away when he realized that the Persians had outmaneuvered him. Three hundred of his fellow Spartans stayed with him to fight and die.
62
Herodotus (Ancient Greece)
- Father of history
- Wrote “The Histories”
- First historian
- Criticized for being the “Father of Lies”; he used many secondhand, thirds handed sources
63
Archimedes (Ancient Greece)
found value of pi
64
Epicureanism (Ancient Greece)
- Epicurus founded the school of thought called Epicureanism. He taught that gods who had no interest in humans ruled the universe. Epicurus believed that only real objects were those that the five sense perceived.
- Epicurus believed that the main goal for humans was
to achieve harmony of body and mind.
65
Darius I (Ancient Greece)
- Darius the Great: Persia’s leader
- Involved in several military conquests
- Conquered the western region of the Indus valley
- Failed conquest of Ionia
- Prepared a second attack, but never succeeded
66
Themistocles (Ancient Greece)
- Prominent Athenian tactician
- Key character to protect Ancient Greece from Persian threats.
- His idea to defend Athens by attacking the Persians at sea, forcing them to fight in narrow waters.
67
Direct Democracy (Ancient Greece)
- State ruled by citizens
- Rule is based on citizenship
- Majority rule decides vote
- Practiced in Athens by 500BC
68
The Republic (Ancient Greece)
Plato wrote “The Republic” - an ideal society.
69
Greek Tragedy
stories of heroes downfall, usually about love, hate and war
70
Battle of Chaeronea (Ancient Greece)
Phillip II: leads Macedonians to defeat Greeks
- In this battle, Alexander proves his worth
- At the end of the war, League of Corinth (Hellenic league was created => used by Macedonians to fight Persians)
71
Gladiators (Ancient Rome)
- A person engaged in a fight to the death as public entertainment for ancient Romans (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
- Some gladiators were there based on free will and some were forced into becoming one.
72
Heliocentric/Geocentric
Heliocentric: having the sun as the center
Geocentric: having the earth as the center
73
Ice Man
Neolithic Ice man: found in Germany, had been there for over 5000 years
74
A.S.C.R.A
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Advanced Cities
Specialized Workers
Complex Institutions
Record Keeping
Advanced Technology
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75
Pericles (Ancient Greece)
- Leads Athens during golden age
- Great support from public and pursued 3 goals: strengthen Athenian democracy, keep the empire strong, leave a legacy of the glorious city
- Persuades Athenians to let Spartans come and they would fight behind city walls (strategy of waiting)
76
Tyrant
a ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly
77
Inflation (Ancient Rome)
a drop in value of money and rise in prices
78
Virgil (Ancient Rome)
wrote epic Aeneid (modeled from Homer’s Greek epics)
79
Pax Romana (Ancient Rome)
the Roman Republic's 200+ year period of peace and prosperity
80
Second Triumvirate (Ancient Rome)
Marc Antony, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus
81
Tiberius & Gaius (Ancient Rome)
two tribunes who were killed for trying to help the poor
82
Hannibal (Ancient Rome)
Carthaginian general. He surprises Romans with elephants (died due to cold). He was defeated by Scipio.
83
Aqueducts (Ancient Rome)
structures used to bring water into cities, towns
84
Romulus Augustulus (Ancient Rome)
the last Roman Emperor
85
Nero (Ancient Rome)
Roman Emperor who had the reputation of strong persecution of Christians
86
Ziggurat (Sumer)
The main temples within Sumer society. Each city had a ziggurat in its city-center, and it was used not only as a temple, but as a meeting place for government officials to make major decisions.
87
Ra (Sun God)
Sun god of Ancient Egypt
88
Paleolithic Age/ Neolithic Age
Paleolithic: the old stone age
Neolithic: the new stone age
