Finals Study Sem 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Identifying the Problem (Purpose)

A

Ask Questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Research

A

Gather background information about the topic from many different sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess or a prediction of the outcome of a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that is manipulated. The CAUSE or answers the question: What did we change?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable that changes in response to the independent variable. The EFFECT or answers the question: What can I measure after the change?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conclusion

A

Based on the results of the experiment. Describes whether the experimental data supports the hypothesis or not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biology

A

Study of life; living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(G)rowth

A

The process of becoming larger and more complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Development

A

Changes an organism undergoes in its lifetime before reaching its adult form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(R)eproduction

A

The process of producing offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(A)daptation

A

Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change in a species over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adjustment

A

Individual’s functional alteration or adaptation to the immediate environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(C)ells

A

The smallest functional unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multicellular

A

Made up of more than one cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(E)nergy

A

The ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process in which plants use light energy from the sun to create their own sugar (glucose).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

agri-

A

Field, soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

atmo-

A

Vapor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

anti-

A

Against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

auto-

A

Self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

bio-

A

Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

chromo-

A

Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

con-

A

Together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

di-

A

Double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

endo-

A

Within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

exo-

A

Outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hetero-

A

Different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

homo-

A

Same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hydro-

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

inter-

A

Between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

iso-

A

Equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

kilo-

A

Thousand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

macro-

A

Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

micro-

A

Small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

photo-

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

trans-

A

Across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

-logy

A

Study of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

-meter

A

Device for measuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

-scope

A

Instrument for seeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

-sphere

A

Round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

-stasis

A

Stationary condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

-synthesis

A

The forming or building of a more complex substance or compound from elements or simpler compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

-therm

A

Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

-troph

A

Nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

-ology

A

Study of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of a species that live together in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Limiting Factors

A

Any part of an ecosystem that prevents population growth ( Biotic and Abiotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Living parts of an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Nonliving parts of an ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Population Size

A

How many individuals make up a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Population Density

A

Measurement of population per unit area or unit volume (# of individuals/unit of space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Population Dispersion

A

Describes the spacing of organisms relative to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Exponential Growth

A

When resources are unlimited (J shaped curve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Logistic growth

A

When resources are limited (S shaped curve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Clumped Dispersion Pattern

A

A pattern in which the individuals of a population are aggregated in patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Random Dispersion Pattern

A

A pattern in which the individuals of a population are spaced in an unpredictable way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Uniform Dispersion Pattern

A

A pattern in which the individuals of a population are evenly distributed over an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Immigration

A

Migration to a new location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Emmigration

A

Movement of individuals out of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Natality (birth rate)

A

Ability of a population to increase; reproductive rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Mortality (death rate)

A

The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

r-strategist

A

Reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

k-strategist

A

Reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

survivorship curve

A

Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations

77
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

The variations in ecosystems within a geographical location

78
Q

Habitat

A

The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

79
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number of different species that are represented in a given community

80
Q

Niche

A

The role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces

81
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

The variation in the amount of genetic information within and among individuals of a population, a species, or a community.

82
Q

Diversity (Simpson’s) Index

A

A numerical measure of species diversity in a given area. The scale ranges from 0-1, with 1 representing the lowest biodiversity.

83
Q

species richness

A

The number of individuals species in a given area

84
Q

species evenness

A

Relative abundance of each species

85
Q

Hotspots

A

Biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.

86
Q

Extinction Rates

A

The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct

87
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

88
Q

tundra biome

A

Extremely cold and dry biome; known for its permafrost, mosses, lichens, caribou, and snowy owl

89
Q

Desert Biome

A

A biome that has little or no plant life, long periods without rain, and extreme temperatures; usually found in hot climates

90
Q

Forest Biome

A

High precipitation, little evaporation; dominated by trees; found in tropics, subarctic

91
Q

freshwater biomes

A

Lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands

92
Q

grassland biome

A

Land biome characterized by moderate rainfall, fields of grasses, and few trees

93
Q

marine biome

A

Covers 70% of earth’s surface; largest biome; temperatures vary from region to region; algae and plankton form the base of the food chain

94
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

95
Q

Community

A

All the different species that live together in an area

96
Q

Producer

A

Use energy from sunlight to form food molecules by photosynthesis

97
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

98
Q

Primary Consumer

A

A herbivore that feeds directly on producers

99
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

An organism that eats primary consumers

100
Q

Tertiary Consumer

A

A carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds only on secondary consumers

101
Q

Food Chain

A

A series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.

102
Q

Food Web

A

Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

103
Q

Omnivore

A

An animal that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

104
Q

Carnivore

A

An animal that obtains energy by eating only other animals

105
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that obtains energy by eating only plants

106
Q

Energy Pyramid

A

Shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another

107
Q

What % of Earth’s water ready for human use?

A

Less than 1%

108
Q

oceans, atmosphere, solid Earth and the biosphere

A

The four places water is stored on Earth

109
Q

Evaporation

A

Water falling from clouds in the form of rain, sleet, hail, or snow.

110
Q

Transpiration

A

The movement of liquid water through a plant to the atmosphere

111
Q

Condensation

A

Clouds are an example of which step in the water cycle?

112
Q

Where does the water cycle get its energy from?

A

The Sun

113
Q

When ice melts into water, is energy added or removed?

A

Energy is added

114
Q

Sublimation

A

The process in which a solid changes states directly to a gas

115
Q

Deposition

A

the laying down of sediment carried by wind

116
Q

When water freezes, is energy added or removed?

A

Energy is removed

117
Q

Precipitation

A

Which part of the water cycle is shown in the image?

118
Q

water conservation

A

Careful use and protection of water resources

119
Q

Aquifer

A

An underground formation that contains groundwater

120
Q

Adhesion

A

An attraction between molecules of different substances

121
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

122
Q

surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

123
Q

specific heat

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

124
Q

Carbon

A

An element that is in all living things, or things that were once living. It’s referred to as the ‘building block of life’

125
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

The organic circulation of carbon between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of an ecosystem.

126
Q

Atmosphere

A

Thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

127
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Coal, oil, natural gas, remains of dead plants and animals

128
Q

H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

129
Q

Coal

A

a combustible black or dark brown rock made from dead plants and animals that once lived on land.

130
Q

Petrol

A

A highly flammable fossil fuel formed by the decayed remains of ancient organisms

131
Q

Carbon is found in which four macromolecules necessary for life?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

132
Q

Soil Respiration

A

When terrestrial microbial communities release CO2 back into the atmosphere (Process 8)

133
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. Ex carbonic acid from rain dissolving rocks on the Earth’s surface

134
Q

Sedimentation

A

the action or process of forming or depositing sediment

135
Q

Subduction

A

The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench, melting carbonic rock.

136
Q

Volcanic Activity

A

the formation and eruption of volcanoes which returns carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere.

137
Q

N2

A

Nitogen Gas

138
Q

NO3

A

Nitrate

139
Q

NH4

A

Ammonium

140
Q

5 Process of the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Assimilation, Denitrification

141
Q

How can nitrogen enter water?

A

Leaching

142
Q

What is phosphorus needed for?

A

Cell membranes, DNA, ATP, teeth and bones

143
Q

Where is phosphorus not found?

A

Atmosphere

144
Q

Where does phosphorus cycle through?

A

Soil and oceans

145
Q

What happens when water runs over rocks containing phosphorus?

A

It erodes rock and releases phosphorus into water

146
Q

How do decomposers contribute to the phosphorus cycle?

A

Release phosphorus into soil from dead matter

147
Q

Where is most phosphorus stored?

A

In rock

148
Q

What two organic molecules are built using phosphate absorbed by plant roots?

A

ATP and DNA

149
Q

What is the phosphorus cycle?

A

The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.

150
Q

How do animals get phosphorus?

A

By eating plants and other animals that contain phosphorus

151
Q

What is mineralization?

A

The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds

152
Q

What is leaching?

A

Process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and which eventually empty into bodies of water.

153
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

154
Q

What is weather?

A

The daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure wind and moisture

155
Q

What is climate?

A

Patterns of atmospheric conditions over long periods of time

156
Q

What are anthropogenic changes?

A

Changes in the environment caused by humans

157
Q

How do scientists study ancient climate change?

A

By examining fossils, tree rings (dendrochronology), ice cores, and sunspots

158
Q

Which type of ground cover reflects the highest amount of the sun’s energy?

A

Ice or snow

159
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

160
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Natural situation in which heat is trapped in Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

161
Q

What is global warming?

A

Refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature, which in turn causes changes in the global climate.

162
Q

What are the effects of an increase in global average temperature on the Earth?

A
  1. Global Temperatures will Rise
  2. Melting Ice
  3. Changing Ocean Currents
  4. Drought
  5. Loss of Flora and Fauna
  6. Ocean Acidification
  7. Extreme Weather
163
Q

What is drought?

A

A long period without rain

164
Q

What is ocean acidification?

A

When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which prevents shell growth in marine animals

165
Q

What human activities produce greenhouse gases?

A
  1. Burning fossil fuels
  2. Cutting or burning forest land
  3. Raising livestock
  4. Production of Waste
166
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A simple, basic building block

167
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large molecule (such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids or carbohydrates) built up from smaller chemical structures

168
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Used for short term energy storage and structure. Examples: sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

169
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple sugar that is the basic building block of a carbohydrate

170
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together.

171
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A large sugar molecule made of a long chain of monosaccharides.

172
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Used by cells as long term energy storage. Examples: fats, oils, waxes

173
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Building blocks of lipids

174
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple sugar or monosaccharide that is an important source of energy.

175
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.

176
Q

What type of lipid acts as a water repellant?

A

Waxes

177
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Store and transmit genetic information. Examples: DNA & RNA

178
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The basic building block of nucleic acids

179
Q

What is a protein?

A

Involved in movement, structure, the immune system and enzymes

180
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The basic building block of proteins

181
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

182
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

183
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

184
Q

What are steroids?

A

Steroids are a class of lipids that have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings and include cholesterol, vitamin D, and a variety of hormones.

185
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

186
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

187
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

188
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom