Finals Study Questions Flashcards
Choanocytes are a feature of the _____________.
Porifera
The term for the formation of a coelom from the outpocketing of the cell wall.
Enterocoely
This group is characterized by differentiated cell types, but a lack of true tissues or organs.
Porifera (sponges)
The term for animals without a coelom.
Acoelomates
What two purposes does the movement of the flagellum serve in choanoflagellates?
1) Locomotion
2) Feeding: as the choanoflagellate moves, it catches bacteria on a “collar” where they flagellum connects to the cell body.
In spiral cleavage, how do cells divide relative to the animal-vegetal axis?
Cells divide at an oblique angle.
Ecdysis is a synapomorphy of what group?
The ecdysozoans.
A(n) ______________ or 2-way gut is present in the MRCA of _____________, _______________ and ______________
The incomplete gut is present in the MRCA of cnidaria, protostomes and deuterostomes.
Metazoans have a general trend going from (internal/external) fertilization in more ancestral groups to (internal/external) fertilization in more derived groups.
Tend to go from internal fertilization to external fertilization.
What kind of symmetry does porifera have?
Porifera is asymmetrical.
Where is radial symmetry thought to have appeared? Where is it thought to have been lost?
In the MRCA of cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes. It is thought to have been lost in the MRCA of protostomes and deutertostomes.
Among metazoans, there is a general trend towards (extracellular/intracellular) digestion in more derived groups.
General trend towards extracellular digestion in more derived groups.
In animals, the zygote undergoes cleavage to form the ________, the second stage in the early development of animals.
Blastula
Monocots have __________ cotyledon(s), while dicots have __________ cotyledon(s).
Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two cotyledons.
Spicules are a synapomorphy of the __________.
Porifera (Poriferata, sponges)
Why is the hedgehog gene important in linking the animals to their sister group?
The hedgehog gene is only present in the choanoflagellates and the metazoa, but not in other non-metazoan taxa.
In ___________ cleavage, cells accumulate in even, symmetrical layers.
Radial
What three groups comprise the diploblastic metazoans?
Cnidarians, ctenophores, and placazoans.
The multiple cells resulting from the cleavage of the zygote early in development are called __________.
Blastomeres
Development where the blastopore becomes the anus.
Deuterostomes
Marine metazoans tend to undergo (internal/external) fertilization while terrestrial metazoans tend to undergo (internal/external) fertilization.
Marine animals tend to undergo external, terretrial animals tend to undergo internal.
What are three additional features seen in the body plans of bilaterally symmetrical animals?
1) Distinct anterior and posterior ends
2) Cephalization
3) Segmentation
A dependant gametophyte is a feature of the ______________.
Angiosperms
Where do the placazoans fall on the phylogeny of metazoans?
Placazoans are sister to all eumetazoans.
These are also known as “seed leaves”.
Cotyledons
A dorsal, hollow nerve cord is a synapomorphy of the ______________.
Chordates (Chordata)
These cell junctions are distinct to metazoans.
Septate junctions
What are some of the similarities that gnetophytes share with angiosperms?
1)Loss of swimming sperm 2)Loss of archegonia (some Gnetophytes) 3)Double fertilization 4)Presence of vessels
The differentiation of the anterior end of an animal into a head with a concentration of sensory organs.
Cephalization
The skeletal elements present in sponges are called __________.
Spicules
The presence of collar cells, similar structure of the mitochondria, and presence of the hedgehog gene are features shared by the ___________ and ____________.
Shared by the metazoans and the choanoflagellate protists.
Where do cnetophores fall on the phylogenetic tree of metazoans?
Ctenophores are placed sister only to cnidarians.
What is a diplontic life cycle?
Life cycle where the main form of the organism is diploid, with only the gametes being haploid.
Porifera and cnidarians undergo __________ cleavage.
Irregular cleavage
Bilateral symmetry evolved in the common ancestor of __________ and ___________, but was lost in the _____________.
Evolved in the common ancestor of deuterostomes and protostomes but was lost in the echinodermates.
What is the common name for porifera?
Sponges
Which of these characterizes nematodes? A)Enterocoely B)Schizocoely C)Acoelmoates D)Pseudocoelomates
D)Psuedocoelomates; nematodes do not have a true coelom, so A) nor B) apply. However, they do have a psuedocoelom, so C) also does not apply.
Arthropoda, nematoda, annelida, and mollusca comrpise the _____phyletic group called _________.
The comprise the monophyletic group called protostomes.
In the water vascular system of sponges, water flows out of outcurrent pores called ____________.
Oscula
Of the following characteristics, which are unique synapomorphies of animals and which are non-unique?
- Collagen
- Multicellularity
- Diplontic life cycle
- Septate junctions
- Spermatazoa
- Blastula
Spermatazoa: b/c other organisms do not possess these distinct male gametes.
Collagen: not present in the extracellular matrix of other organisms.
Blastula: not a stage of development in other organisms.
Septate junctions: not present in the cell junctions of other organisms.
The skeletal elements of sponges, called _________ are composed of __________ or ___________.
Skeletal elements called spicules are composed of silica or calcium carbonate.
The distinctive male gametes of metazoans are called ___________.
Spermatazoa
The term for a cavity between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Pseudocoelom
Cnidocytes are a feature of the _____________.
Cnidarians
Absorptive heterotrophy is a synapomorphy of the __________.
Fungi
Porifera show what kind of symmetry?
Porifera (sponges) are asymmetrical.
Sponges have branched water canals called a(n) _______________.
Aquiferous system
Which sponges have skeletal elements composed of silica? Which have skeletal elements composed of calcium carbonate?
Glass sponges and demosponges have spicules made silica, calcareous sponges have spicules composed of calcium carbonate.
Chitin in their cell walls is a synapomorphy of ________.
Fungi
T/F?
The blastula is a stage in the development of all metazoans.
True
All animals go through a blastula stage in early development.
Protostomes are comprised of ____________ and ______________.
Ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoa.
It is thought that lungs in terrestrial animals evolved from the _____________ in marine animals.
Swim bladders
The in-pocketing of the ____________ leads to the formation of the _____________, later leading to the formation of cell layers.
Inpocketing of the blastula leads to formation of the gastrula.
Sponges undergo asexual reproduction through a process known as ________ or ____________.
Budding or fragmentation.
Type of lateral gene transfer where DNA is released from one bacterium into the environment, is taken up directly through the cell surface of another, and is incorporated into the recipient’s genome.
Transformation
In ____________ animals, two cell layers called the ____________ and the ____________ are formed from the inpocketing of the blastula.
Diploblastic animals have an endoderm and an ectoderm from the inpocketing of the blastula.
The _________, __________, and ___________ make up the group opisthokonts, with __________ sister to ___________ and __________ sister to both.
Fungi, animals and choanoflagellate protists make up the opisthokonts with animals sister to chonoflagellate protists and fungi sister to both.
Small group of aquatic heterotrophic eukaryotes. Sister to animals.
Choanoflagellates
Deuterostomes include the groups _____________ and _____________.
Chordata and echinodermata.
The presence of a gut characterizes the _______________.
Eumetazoans, all animals except sponges.
The cells of porifera are arranged in a gelatinous mix called a ___________.
Mesohyl
The ctenophores and cnidarians (as a clade) are sister to the _____________.
Bilaterians
In sponges, water moves through the animal by the movement of ___________ of many _____________.
Water is propelled by the movement of flagella by many choanocytes.
A diploblastic gastrula is thought to have arisen in the MRCA of what two groups?
The placazoans and eumetazoans.
All metazoans with bilateral symmetry undergo (monoblastic/diploblastic/triploblastic) development.
All bilaterally symmetric animals undergo triploblastic development.
What are the four reasons that ______________ are thought to be sister to animals?
Choanoflagellates are thought to be sister to animals for four reasons:
1) Collar cells: these are shared between choanoflagellates and sponges
2) Mitochondria structure
3) DNA sequencing data
4) Choanoflagellates have homologues of metazoan cell signaling in adhesion genes
What is the animal-vegetal axis?
The longitudinal axis that develops in animals as a result of cleavage.
What groups comprise the ecdysozoans?
Arthropoda and nematoda.
An orchid’s flower has multiple __________, but just one __________.
Has multiple whorls, but one floret.
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall is a feature of which of these three groups?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
Bacteria and archaea
Monocots have their floral parts in multiples of __________. Dicots have their floral parts in multiples of __________.
Monocots have their floral parts in x3. Dicots have their floral parts in x4-5.
Trocophore larvae are a synapomorphy of the ______________.
Lophotrochozoans (Lophotrochozoa)
Porifera develop by (monoblastic/diploblastic/triploblastic) development.
Monoblastic
Deuterostomes develop by ________, __________ cleavage.
Deuterostomes develop by radial, regulative cleavage.
The hollow space inside of the blastula before it undergoes gastrulation called the ____________.
Blastocoel
A single, posterior flagellum (if present) is a synapomorphy of the ____________.
Opisthokonts
Name for an organism that can shift its metabolism between aerobic and anaerobic as needed.
Facultative anaerobe
What groups compise the lophotrochozoans?
Annelida and mollusca.
The __________ is the characteristic structure of the basidiomycota where spores are stored.
Basidium
The term for the formation of a coelom from the splitting of the mesoderm.
Schizocoely
The blastula is a synamoporphy of the _____________.
Metazoans; all animals have one in development!
Paired setae are a feature of the ___________.
Annelids (Annelida)
All bilaterians are:
- Monoblastic
- Diploblastic
- Triploblastic
All bilaterians are triploblastic.
Why are the chytrids important to understanding the development of fungi?
They are the only fungi with a swimming spore stage; this infers that this feature was ancestral, then lost.
A water vascular system is a synapomorphy of the _____________.
Echinodermates (Echinodermata)
Porifera have what kind of gut?
Porifera (sponges) do not have a gut!
The gastrula is thought to have appeared between the ___________ and ___________.
Porifera and cnidaria.
These short stretches of RNA are involved in gene regulation; some are animal-specific.
microRNAs or miRNAs
Digestion done in a gut is considered (intracelular/extracellular) digestion.
Extracellular; however, cnidarians undergo extracellular in their gut and then complete it with intracellular.
Name three features that justify the placement of charales as sister to land plants.
- Use chlorophyll a & b
- Use starch for energy storage
- Retain eggs before fertilization (but they are not embryophytes!
The xylem transports ____________ and (does/does not) require energy input from the plant.
Xylem transports water and does not require energy input from the plant.
The __________ is the characteristic structure of the ascomycota where spores are stored.
Ascus
The cell structure of choanoflagellates is similar to the structure in the _____________ of sponges.
Structure similar to the choanocytes of sponges.
This group is characterized by pharyngeal slits and is sister to the echinoderms. Why is the presence of pharyngeal slits important?
Hemichordates; the presence of pharyngeal slits is important b/c it implies that they were lost in the echinoderms.
In angiosperms, _____________ have secondary growth while it is absent in ______________.
Dicots have secondary growth while monocots do not.
How do cells divide relative the animal-vegetal axis in radial cleavage?
They divide parallel or at a 90 degree angle.
What structures are present in nearly all viruses?
1) Nucleic acid
2) Protein capsid
The formation of cell layers by invagination (in-pocketing) of the blastula to form a “pocket” is called ___________.
Gastrulation
In ___________ animals, three cell layers are formed called the _______________, _______________, and ___________ as a result of inpocketing of the blastula.
Triploblastic animals have three cell layers called the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm from the inpocketing of the blastula.
Radula are a feature of the ______________.
Molluscs (Mollusca)
All metazoans are characterized by this type of life cycle.
Diplontic
In the water vascular system of sponges, water flows into incurrent pores called ____________.
Ostia
______________, ________________ and ____________ all have segmentation. Therefore, this would be an example of (convergent/divergent) evolution.
Arthropoda, annelida, and chordata all have segmentation. This would be an example of convergent evolution.
The entrance to the “pocket” formed following the in-pocketing of the blastula is called the _____________ (i.e. not the “pocket” itself).
Blastopore
The bifacial vascular cambium appeared in the MRCA of ________________ and ______________, but was lost in the _____________.
Appeared in the MRCA of gymnosperms and angiosperms, but was lost in the monocots.
Cyanobacteria use chlorophyll (a/b) and release __________ during photosynthesis.
Use chlorophyll a and release oxygen during PS.
Animal development follows the progress of a ___________ to a _____________, then to a ____________.
The zygote develops into a blastula, which develops into a gastrula.
Demosponges have ____________, a complex network of collagen but lack the skeletal elements seen in other sponges.
Demosponges have spongin; other sponges have spicules.
Cleavage of the zygote leads to the ____________ stage. Further cleavage leads to formation of the ____________.
Cleavage of the zygote until the eight-cell stage. Further cleavage leads to formation of the blastula.
Pentaradial symmetry is seen in the _______.
Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
The phloem transports ____________ and (does/does not) require energy input from the plant.
Phloem transports sugars and does require energy input from the plant.
The ctenophores, cnidarians, and bilaterians comprise this group of animals.
Eumetazoans
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease that can be transmitted from humans to animals and from animals to humans.
The inpocketing of the blastula is called _____________, and leads to the formation of the _____________, a “pocket” in the blastula. The inner layer of this “pocket” is called the ____________, and the outer, outside layer of the rest of the blastula is called the ________________.
The inpocketing of the blastula is called gastrulation which leads to the formation of the gastula. The inner layer of the gastrula is called the endoderm and the outer layer of the blastula now called the ectoderm.
This presence of this fibrous protein within the extracellular matrix characterizes metazoans.
Collagen
Arthropods, nematodes, annelids, and molluscs all undergo what kind of cleavage?
Spiral, mosaic cleavage
Explain the relationship between the # of cell layers (e.g. monoblasty, diploblasty, triploblasty) and gut development.
Monoblasty is associated with lack of a gut. Diploblasty is associated with an incomplete or two-way gut, and triploblasty is associated with a complete or one-way gut.
In __________ cleavage, cells divide at an oblique angle to the animal-vegetal axis, and new cells furrow between existing ones.
Spiral
Amoeboids move by extending ___________ formed from “flowing” their _____________ in a certain direction.
Extend pseudopods by flowing their cytoplasm in a certain direction.
Gastrulation always leads to the formation of what structure in adult metazoans?
Gut
Archaea and (eukaryotes/bacteria) are sister groups, with (eukaryotes/bacteria) being sister to both.
Archaea and eukaryotes are sister, bacteria is sister to both.
Ascomycota and basidiomycota comprise what group?
Dikarya
Seeds are a feature of the ____________ and _____________.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
A complete or _______ gut first evolved in the common ancestor of the ____________ and the _____________.
One-way gut first evolved in the common ancestor of the protostomes and deuterostomes.
All protostomes undergo _______, _________ cleavage.
Protostomes undergo spiral, mosaic cleavage.
The presence of a __________ allows for secondary growth.
Cambium
The coelom arises in a process known as ____________ in the protostomes and _____________ in the deuterostomes.
Schizocoely in the protostomes and enterocoely in the deuterostomes.
Development where the blastopore becomes the mouth.
Protostomes
To what group do platyhelminthes belong? (Hint: annelids and mollusks also belong to this group)
Lophotrochozoans
What are the four major synapomorphies of chordates?
- Notochord
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Postanal tail
- Pharyngeal slits (at least in the embryonic stage)
The rasping, tonguelike organ used for feeding is called a __________. It is a synapomorphy of the ___________.
Called a radula, a synapomorphy of the mollusks.
These leaves are characterized by a single vascular strand, and a narrow structure.
Microphylls
Type of cleavage where cells, instead of depending on cell-cell interactions, are determined by cytoplasmic factors within the cell itself. These cells will form a given structure even if moved to a new location and exposed to cell-cell interactions and signals that differ from their original position.
Mosaic cleavage
Type of cleavage where the cells have no “predetermined” fate, i.e. they can be transplanted to another part of the embryo and form whatever structure belongs in that area instead of the structure that it would have originally formed.
Regulative clevage
Gram-(positive/negative) bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer surrounded by two membranes. This tends to make them (more/less) resistant to antibiotics.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer; however the two lipid layers surrounding it tend to make it more resistant to antibiotics.
Gram-(positive/negative) bacteria have a very thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This tends to make them (more/less) resistant to antibiotics.
Gram-positive bacteria have a very thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. This tends to make them less resistant to antibiotics.
A sexually produced spore that buds from the surface of a basidium is a(n) ______________.
Basidiospore
Class of molluscs with a closed circulatory system and three hearts.
Cephalopods
Mosses are (heterosporous/homosporous).
Mosses are heterosporous.
___________ is used to insert new genes into a plant cell.
Biolistics
Morphologically, whisk ferns resemble ____________ because of their ___________________________.
Whisk ferns resemble rhyniophytes due to a lack of true leaves and roots.
If whisk ferns morphologically resemble the ______________, why are they now placed with the _____________?
Even though whisk ferns resemble rhyniophytes, they are now placed with the monilophytes due to their chloroplast DNA inversion.
Describe the three key steps in the “life cycle” of all viruses:
1) Virus enters host
2) Virus replicated within host
3) Virus moves to a new host
T/F?
All eukaryotes have a mitochondria.
False; plants are eukaryotes and do not have a mitochondria.
Bristle or hairlike structures present in many invertebrates. Paired in annelids.
Setae
In plants, the integuments develop into the _________________.
Seed coat
What hornwort trait supports their placement as sister to the vascular plants?
Indeterminate growtih of sporophyte
What are two features of all eukaryotic sexual life cycles?
- Meiosis of diploid cells
- Fusion of haploid gametes ot produce a diploid zygote
Which two groups of plants have vessels?
Gentophytes and angiosperms
Along with arthropods and nematodes, three other groups comprise the ecdysozoans. What are they?
- Priapulids
- Kinorhynchs
- Loriciferans
This is a group of species-poor marine animals.
Ecdysozoans
Members of this group have thin cuticles that are periodically molted.
Ecdysozoans
Members of this group of animals are cylindrical, unsegmented, and wormlike.
Priapulids
T/F?
Segmentation is a synapomorphy of the ecdysozoans.
False; some ecdysozoans, including priapulids, are unsegmented.
Members of this group have a three-part body plan consisting of a proboscis, trunk, and caudal appendage.
Priapulids
Members of this group have a rigid exoskeleton as well as paired & jointed appendages.
Arthropods
Arthropods are an ancestrally aquatic group of animals. How did terrestrial members of this group prevent dessication?
Chitin waterproofs the arthropods, which helps prevent dessication.
Name four major clades of arthropods.
- Crustaceans
- Myriapods
- Hexapods
- Chelicerates
This group of animals was recently found to be more closely related to arthropods than annelids.
Onychophorans
This group of animals is characterized by soft, unjointed appendages and claws that may have made them similar in appearance to the ancestors of arthropods.
Onychophorans
- This extinct group of animals had the first jointed appendages, a segmented body, and a heavy exoskeleton which readily fossilized, helping us identify them today.
- What group are they thought to be related to? Why?
- Trilobytes
- Arthropods due to:
- First jointed appendages
- Segmentation
- Exoskeleton
What are the three parts of the body plan of hexapods?
- Head
- Thorax
- Abdomen
Same as crustaceans.
What are the three parts of the body plan of crustaceans?
- Head
- Thorax
- Abdomen
Same as hexapods.
This group of arthropods had a two-part body plan consisting of a head and a trunk.
Myriapods
Centipedes and millipedes are examples of this group.
Myriapods
____________ and ____________ feature a well-formed head, a long, flexible, segemented trunk, and lots of legs.
Centipedes and millipedes.
- Centipedes have _________ pair(s) of legs per segment, whereas millipedes have ________ pair(s) of legs per segment.
- Given the above, how many individual legs does each have per segment?
- Centipedes have one pair of legs/segment, millipedes have two pairs of legs/segment.
- Centipedes = 2 legs/segment, millipedes = 4 legs/segment
_____________ scavenge & forage for plants, wheras _____________ prey on insects & animals.
Millipedes scavenge & eat plants, centipedes prey on insects & animals.
In (centipedes/millipedes) two segments have fused into one segment.
Millipedes (this is why they have two pairs of legs/segment!)
Members of this group feature 2 pairs of modified appendages that form mouthparts, and four pairs of walking legs.
Chelicerates
What are the three major groups of chelicerates?
- Pynogonids
- Horseshoe crabs
- Arachnids
This group of small chelicerates is poorly known.
Pynogonids
This group of chelicerates is mostly carnivorous, but some eat algae.
Pynogonids
This group is considered a “living fossil” and is often mistaken as a crustacean.
Horseshoe crabs
- (“mistaken as a crustacean” b/c they are called “crabs” although they are more closely related to arachnids)
Chelicerates, pycnogonids, myriapods and horseshoe crabs are all (protstomes/deuterostomes).
All of these belong to the arthropods, which are protostomes.
This group features a developed nervous system and paired setae.
Annelids
The cuticle of this group is shed four times.
Nematodes
This group features a water vascular system and tube feet.
Echinoderms
In cnidarians, the polyp stage is considered the (sexual/asexual) life stage and the medusa is considered the (sexual/asexual) stage.
This group of plants features apical cells along the filament, leading to the growth of a branched filament.
Chara
In what group did a stomata first appear in the sporophyte?
Mosses
Microphylls first appeared in the ____________.
Lycophytes
Enclosed structure in which spores are formed.
Sporangium (plural sporangia)
Male plants produce pollen by leaf homologues called _____________.
Microsporophylls
Female plants produce ovules by leaf homologues known as ______________.
Megasporophylls
Features of this plant group include sporangia in strobili at stem tips, whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls and a hollow stem.
Equisetum
Describe three important characteristics of equisetum.
- Whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls
- Sporangia in strobili at stem tips
- Whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls
Describe three important features of Psilotum.
- Sporangia within strobili at stem tips
- Leaves lost or extremely reduced
- Dichotomus branching of stem
Which group of plants feature parallel veination?
Monocots
Which group of plants features netted veinetion?
Dicots
Term for plants whose male and female strobili are on separate plants.
Dioecious
Which two groups of plants that you learned about are dioecious?
Gnetophytes and cycads
In what group of plants did the gametophyte become dependant upon the sporophyte?
In the seed plants.
The term for a spore-bearing leaf.
Sporophyll
- These cells are present in the phloem, have no nucleus but help in transport of sugars.
- What is the other type of cell that helps the one mentioned above?
- Sieve element cells
- Companion cells
Which two groups of plants have both an independant gametophyte and an independant sporophyte?
Lycophytes and monilophytes.
Which plant groups have lost swimming sperm?
Angiosperms and some gymnosperms (some of the gnetophytes)
What groups comprise the gymnosperms?
- Conifers
- Cycads
- Ginkgo
- Gnetophytes
- What is the function of gemmi cups?
- What plant group features them?
- Organ for asexual reproduction; holds gametes that disperse with rain
- Present in liverworts
This fungi in the clade of ascomycota is a parasite of insects that modifies behavior.
Cordyceps
This group of basal fungi is an intracellular obligate parasite.
Microsporidia
_______ rot fungi remove cellulose and hemicellulose.
Brown rot fungi remove cellulose and hemicellulose.
_________ rot fungi remove cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
White rot fungi remove all three components of wood.
“Dry rot” is a type of (brown/white) rot fungi.
Brown rot fungi
The ascus of ascomycota hold (how many?) spores from performing meiosis (how many times?).
Ascus holds eight spores from performing meiosis twice.
The basidium of basidiomycota hold (how many?) spores from performing meiosis (how many times?).
Basidium holds four spores from performing meiosis once.
What are the two types of mycorrhizae taught in class?
Ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae.
This type of mycorrhizae penetrates the cell of plant roots but not the cell membrane.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
This mycorrhizae has evolved only once.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
This type of mycorrhizae has evolved many times.
Ectomycorrhizae
This type of mycorrhizae penetrates the roots of plants, but not the cell.
Ectomycorrhizae
Present in the outermost whorl of flowers; enclose & protect the rest of the bud stage.
Sepal
These structures are present in the second-outermost whorl; their purpose is to attract pollinators.
Petals
Stamens are present in the ________ whorl of flowers (from the outside going inwards).
Third
The stamen consists of two parts, a stalk called the ________, which is topped by the __________.
Stalk called the filament which is topped by an anther.
Flower structure whose purpose is to produce pollen.
Anther
The innermost whorls of a flower consist of one or more units called __________.
Carpels
Hollow structure made of one or multiple fused carpels. Produces ovules internally.
Ovary
These structuers on flowers are megasporangia, and they in turn produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes.
Ovules
What three structures compose the pistil of a flower?
- Ovary
- Style
- Stigma
This sticky structure at tip of the pistil is the receptor of pollen.
Stigma
This supportive stalk structure in flowers becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma.
Style
This group of molluscs lacks a radula; examples include oysters, scallops, and clams.
Bivalves
