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Forest Statistics > Finals Reviewer > Flashcards

Finals Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

is the actual amount of board feet sawn out of the log at the mill.

A

Milly Tally

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2
Q

T/F The higher the percentage, the less efficient the log rule is.

A

True

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3
Q

It is the most accurate way of estimating the volume of stem where you submerge the stem section in a basin with water and measure the displaced volume of water

A

Xylometric process

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4
Q

an abnormality or irregularity occurring in or on the wood which is responsible for its strength reduction, lowering durability, lowering utility, poor appearance and decay.

A

Log defects

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5
Q

provide a map to the interior quality to the tree

A

External log defect

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6
Q

responsible for reducing wood’s economic value, lowering its strength, durability and usefulness, marring its appearance, and in some cases, causing its decay.

A

Defects

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7
Q

Causes of defects

A

1.Natural forces
2. Fungi
3. During Seasoning
4. During conversion
5. Insects

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8
Q

defects in the inner or central part of logs

A

Interior defect

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9
Q

Includes all defects except butt rot, usually found at the center whether in the form of a rot or an opening and is either regular or irregular.

A

Center rot

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10
Q

found at / or near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. This characterized by the abnormal brittleness (easily broken), low density, torn grain and lighter- colored heartwood.

A

Brash center

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11
Q

same as center rot but affects only a certain portion of the log length and characteristically tapering

A

Butt rot

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12
Q

found near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. It is characterized by the tangential separation of the wood fibers following the growth rings

A

Heart shake

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13
Q

A crack appearing at the end of the log in the form of complete or partial circle.

A

Heart Shake

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14
Q

radial cracks emanating from the center of the log

A

Heart check

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15
Q

defects occurring at the outer portion of the log

A

Side effects

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16
Q

Separation of the wood fiber mainly caused by improper seasoning

A

Splits

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17
Q

Cracks due to effects of drying which extends to the surface towards the center of the log.

A

Sun or season checks

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18
Q

Characterized by an exposed portion of log surface due to the injury or destruction of the bark from fire and other mechanical agents of deterioration.

A

Cat face

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19
Q

Decayed branch base or decayed knot. Rot entering through a knot may extend towards

A

Rotten knot

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20
Q

Damage caused by grub holes or the large borers. Outside shell of the log is attacked by grub worms.

A

Wormy

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21
Q

refers to the rot or decay found on the sapwood

A

Unsound sap

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22
Q

abrupt bend or curvature of logs.

A

Form defects

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23
Q

an abrupt bend confined to a certain portion of the log

A

Single crook

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24
Q

two abrupt bends in one log

A

Double crook

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25
Q

gradual curvature extending over the entire length of a log

A

Sweep

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26
Q

composed of wood products of smaller dimensions, usually less than 8 feet that are assembled in stacks.

A

Stacked wood

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27
Q

e small pieces of wood that are assemble in stack.

A

Bolts/ sticks

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28
Q

a pile of stocked wood containing 128 cubic feet of air and wood.

A

Cord

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29
Q

a rick of that measures 4’ * 4’ * 8’= 128cu. ft

A

Standard cord

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30
Q

a rick of that measures 4’ * 4’ * 8’= 128cu. ft

A

Standard cord

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31
Q

Standard cord

A

4’* 4’* 8’

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32
Q

measures 8 feet long and 4 feet high and is made of pieces longer than 4 feet

A

Long cord

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33
Q

is a unit smaller than the standard cord and usually used to measure fuelwood that is cut less than 4 feet long.

A

Short/face cord

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34
Q

a rick that measures 1m * 1m * 2m= 2 cu. m

A

Talaksan

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35
Q

T/F In cord and talaksan, the measured volume includes wood, bark, sizable voids or air spaces, thus it is more of an indication of space occupied than actual wood measure.

A

True

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36
Q

Thy typical proportion of the gross volume of a
cord is ranging from BLANK

A

50% TO 75%

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37
Q

This simply implies that the solid wood content of standard talaksan is ranging from BLANK

A

1 cu m. to 1.75 cu. m

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38
Q

What is the main objective of volume table?

A

Estimate the average volume of standing trees

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39
Q

A table of a particular species is defined as a table showing the average volume of trees, logs, or sawn timber for one or more given characteristics such as DBH alone or DBH and height or DBH, height and form or taper.

A

Volume table

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40
Q

The volume is based on the actual volume measurements of blank

A

40 to 50 trees

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41
Q

In this method, 40-50 individuals of a particular species, representing all diameter classes of interest are selected randomly and felled.

A

Destructive method

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42
Q

In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in neolidic form?

A

Newton’s formula

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43
Q

In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in conical, parabloid, cylindrical form?

A

Huber’s formula

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44
Q

This is similar to the destructive method but the trees are not felled. Diameters are measured at different heights by climbing the trees.

A

Non destructive method

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45
Q

What is a cruise stick?

A

a yardstick-styled “instrument” used to measure tree diameters and tree heights without climbing the tree or wrapping a tape around the trunk.

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46
Q

The development of a volume table requires blank

A

Volume equation

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47
Q

An equation that are applicable for a small forest or land area and are based on only one variable, i.e. DBH.

A

Local volume equation

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48
Q

This type of equation is normally based on two variables (e.g. DBH and height) and covers a larger geographical area.

A

Regional volume equation

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49
Q

Dipterocarp species

A

Apitong
Bagtikan
Lauan
Taguile
Yakal

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50
Q

This is an even broader equation and covers the full distribution of the species.

A

General/ standard equation

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51
Q

They provided some of the most basic information for forest studies.

A

DBH and Tree height

52
Q

The height~diameter equations were only reported in three countries

A

Malaysia, Philippines and Cambodia

53
Q

the width of the tree trunk. It is the increase in growth in increment.

A

Diameter

54
Q

It can be measured at any point on the tree

A

Diameter

55
Q

Points to measure diameter

A

Stump height, DBH, Top of 1st log, base of the crown

56
Q

a thickening of the wood and bark at the base of the tree to support the tree’s mass

A

Butt swell

57
Q

can create a very large diameter on trees exposed to heavy wind, on steep slopes and in sparsely populated stands.

A

Butt swell

58
Q

one of the directly measurable dimensions from which cross-sectional area and volume can be computed.

A

Tree diameter

59
Q

the collective term for instruments used in determining tree diameters.

A

Dendrometer

60
Q

The data from measuring tree diameter can inform foresters about :

A

Crown competition
Stocking levels
Forest stand
Forest health

61
Q

graduated instrument indirectly measuring diameter by measuring the circumference

A

Ordinary tapes

62
Q

it is the most common tool and are already calibrated to directly measure the diameter.

A

Diameter Tape

63
Q

can be used to determine diameter at any point in the tree. This makes it very useful for measuring merchantable tops, merchantable heights and taper heights in timber cruising.

A

Relaskop

64
Q

it is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.

A

Tree Caliper

65
Q

is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.

A

Tree Caliper

66
Q

to expand in size, gradually beyond a normal or original limit.

A

Swelling

67
Q

abrupt swelling of tissue

A

Bump

68
Q

an act of sinking

A

Depression

69
Q

the linear distance of the tree from the surface of the earth.

A

Tree height

70
Q

It is an important ecological trait, as the competition for sunlight determines which trees flourish, and which trees become suppressed and eventually die out.

A

Tree height

71
Q

Tree height influences ?

A

Shade streams
Changes in understory vegetation
cover for wildlife

72
Q

conducted to characterize forest vegetation

A

Stand exams

73
Q

They provide basic, baseline data on species composition, forest structure, and condition for a variety of stand management uses, ranging from wildlife habitat to timber production.

A

Stand exam

74
Q

can determine the width of streamside vegetation buffers reserved during any logging activity.

A

Riparian/stream survey

75
Q

Assessing tree and snag heights can help determine blank of forest stands.

A

Nesting Suitability

76
Q

Forest inventories that determine the volume and value of wood require a height measurement. It is the most important factor for estimating wood volume.

A

Timber Cruises

77
Q

a height measured from the stump to the first major branch.

A

Merchantable height

78
Q

a height measured from the stump to the tip of the tree

A

Total height

79
Q

the distance along the axis of the tree between the ground and the crown point. It is the height of the clear, main stem of the tree.

A

Bole Height

80
Q

involving climbing or using height measuring rods

A

Direct methods

81
Q

Using trigonometric principles of measuring a distance at the angles to the top at the base of the tree.

A

Indirect methods

82
Q

collective term for instruments used for measuring tree height

A

Hypsometer

83
Q

a simple instrument consisting of a rule or scale about 10 inches long which may be folded and carried on the pocket

A

Christen Hypsometer

84
Q

an instrument used for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity’s direction.

A

Clinometer

85
Q

optical device consisting of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale.

A

Relaskop

86
Q

an instrument consists of scale of 15-, 20-, 25- and 30-meter distances and percentage use to calculate the height of standing tree.

A

Haga altimeter

87
Q

the distance from the zero end of the Merritt hypsometer with the specific height

A

GI

88
Q

When measuring total height on trees with broken tops, the tree top must be “blank” in order to maintain a tree’s correct taper, or “blank” shape.

A

Reconstructed, original

89
Q

the gradual change in the form of a tree or logs from the stump or butt to the tip; it is the rate of change of diameter with the length.

A

Form or taper

90
Q

the ratio between the volume of a tree and volume of equivalent cylinder.

A

Form factor

91
Q

the diameter outside bark when divided by DBH outside bark gives a ration known as the BLANK which is always less than 1 cm.

A

Form quotient

92
Q

it is measured from the inside of the cambium layer to the outside of the exterior bark.

A

Bark thickness

93
Q

an instrument use to measure bark thickness

A

Bark gauge

94
Q

the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.

A

Basal area

95
Q

the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.

A

Basal area factor

96
Q

Estimates the log volume

A

scaling

97
Q

Usually expressed in cu. m. The space by the object.

A

Volume

98
Q

T/F All trees have cross-sectional area which are circular

A

True

99
Q

All geometric solids taper from the bottom to the top except for cylinder.

A

True

100
Q

Has circular cross section. having form of a cylinder

A

Cylinder

101
Q

A quadric surface that has exactly one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry

A

Parabloid

102
Q

A shape whose base is circle and whose sides tape up to points

A

Conoid

103
Q

Tree tends

A

Neiloid

104
Q

Tips of tree

A

conoid

105
Q

Shape of main bole

A

parabloid

106
Q

It determines the quantity of wood and is done primarily to determine the value of individual logs

A

Log scaling

107
Q

Solid wood which is assumed to have circular section of its axis.

A

Log

108
Q

Wood already cut to any marketable size

A

Lumber

109
Q

This scaling method does not consider log quality, log diameter, length and soundness

A

Weight scaling

110
Q

Very accurate and efficient log scaling method

A

Electric method

111
Q

Scaling method where in the volume should be cubic in units (m3)

A

Cubic volume scaling

112
Q

Formula used if the tapering of the logs is not constant

A

Smalians formula

113
Q

Unit of wood measuring 144 cubic inches

A

Board foot

114
Q

A formula or a two way table showing estimated volume of lumber in bd. ft. that can be derived from logs of given diameter and lengths under specified utilization standards.

A

Log rule

115
Q

The small groove created as a saw cuts through materials and provides clearance for the rest of the blade to stop it binding

A

Sawkerf

116
Q

Formula based on volume of cylinder

A

Round timber

117
Q

Fine particles of wood made by a saw in cutting

A

Sawdust

118
Q

The outside pieces cut from squaring a log.

A

Slabs

119
Q

Edgings

A

Desired width

120
Q

Trimmings

A

Desired length

121
Q

Inch * Inch* feet

A

Dived by 12

122
Q

Inch* inch* inch*

A

Divide by 144

123
Q

Feet* Feet* Feet*

A

multiply by 12

124
Q

In the land use management of Mt. Data rank the reason of deforestation

A
  1. Agriclutural land
  2. Built Up areas
125
Q

Type of forest with highest potential for climate change mitigation

A

Tropical forest

126
Q

Why carbon?

A

Because of its economic value

127
Q

Relationship of tree and carbon

A

Carbon is the major component of trees in around 50 % of tree is carbon. Trees store carbon, it s the basic building blocks in the forest. and trees are the

Forest Statistics (1 decks)

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