Finals Reviewer Flashcards
1
Q
is the actual amount of board feet sawn out of the log at the mill.
A
Milly Tally
2
Q
T/F The higher the percentage, the less efficient the log rule is.
A
True
3
Q
It is the most accurate way of estimating the volume of stem where you submerge the stem section in a basin with water and measure the displaced volume of water
A
Xylometric process
4
Q
an abnormality or irregularity occurring in or on the wood which is responsible for its strength reduction, lowering durability, lowering utility, poor appearance and decay.
A
Log defects
5
Q
provide a map to the interior quality to the tree
A
External log defect
6
Q
responsible for reducing wood’s economic value, lowering its strength, durability and usefulness, marring its appearance, and in some cases, causing its decay.
A
Defects
7
Q
Causes of defects
A
1.Natural forces
2. Fungi
3. During Seasoning
4. During conversion
5. Insects
8
Q
defects in the inner or central part of logs
A
Interior defect
9
Q
Includes all defects except butt rot, usually found at the center whether in the form of a rot or an opening and is either regular or irregular.
A
Center rot
10
Q
found at / or near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. This characterized by the abnormal brittleness (easily broken), low density, torn grain and lighter- colored heartwood.
A
Brash center
11
Q
same as center rot but affects only a certain portion of the log length and characteristically tapering
A
Butt rot
12
Q
found near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. It is characterized by the tangential separation of the wood fibers following the growth rings
A
Heart shake
13
Q
A crack appearing at the end of the log in the form of complete or partial circle.
A
Heart Shake
14
Q
radial cracks emanating from the center of the log
A
Heart check
15
Q
defects occurring at the outer portion of the log
A
Side effects
16
Q
Separation of the wood fiber mainly caused by improper seasoning
A
Splits
17
Q
Cracks due to effects of drying which extends to the surface towards the center of the log.
A
Sun or season checks
18
Q
Characterized by an exposed portion of log surface due to the injury or destruction of the bark from fire and other mechanical agents of deterioration.
A
Cat face
19
Q
Decayed branch base or decayed knot. Rot entering through a knot may extend towards
A
Rotten knot
20
Q
Damage caused by grub holes or the large borers. Outside shell of the log is attacked by grub worms.
A
Wormy
21
Q
refers to the rot or decay found on the sapwood
A
Unsound sap
22
Q
abrupt bend or curvature of logs.
A
Form defects
23
Q
an abrupt bend confined to a certain portion of the log
A
Single crook
24
Q
two abrupt bends in one log
A
Double crook
25
gradual curvature extending over the entire length of a log
Sweep
26
composed of wood products of smaller dimensions, usually less than 8 feet that are assembled in stacks.
Stacked wood
27
e small pieces of wood that are assemble in stack.
Bolts/ sticks
28
a pile of stocked wood containing 128 cubic feet of air and wood.
Cord
29
a rick of that measures 4' * 4’ * 8'= 128cu. ft
Standard cord
30
a rick of that measures 4' * 4’ * 8'= 128cu. ft
Standard cord
31
Standard cord
4'* 4'* 8'
32
measures 8 feet long and 4 feet high and is made of pieces longer than 4 feet
Long cord
33
is a unit smaller than the standard cord and usually used to measure fuelwood that is cut less than 4 feet long.
Short/face cord
34
a rick that measures 1m * 1m * 2m= 2 cu. m
Talaksan
35
T/F In cord and talaksan, the measured volume includes wood, bark, sizable voids or air spaces, thus it is more of an indication of space occupied than actual wood measure.
True
36
Thy typical proportion of the gross volume of a
cord is ranging from BLANK
50% TO 75%
37
This simply implies that the solid wood content of standard talaksan is ranging from BLANK
1 cu m. to 1.75 cu. m
38
What is the main objective of volume table?
Estimate the average volume of standing trees
39
A table of a particular species is defined as a table showing the average volume of trees, logs, or sawn timber for one or more given characteristics such as DBH alone or DBH and height or DBH, height and form or taper.
Volume table
40
The volume is based on the actual volume measurements of blank
40 to 50 trees
41
In this method, 40-50 individuals of a particular species, representing all diameter classes of interest are selected randomly and felled.
Destructive method
42
In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in neolidic form?
Newton's formula
43
In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in conical, parabloid, cylindrical form?
Huber's formula
44
This is similar to the destructive method but the trees are not felled. Diameters are measured at different heights by climbing the trees.
Non destructive method
45
What is a cruise stick?
a yardstick-styled "instrument" used to measure tree diameters and tree heights without climbing the tree or wrapping a tape around the trunk.
46
The development of a volume table requires blank
Volume equation
47
An equation that are applicable for a small forest or land area and are based on only one variable, i.e. DBH.
Local volume equation
48
This type of equation is normally based on two variables (e.g. DBH and height) and covers a larger geographical area.
Regional volume equation
49
Dipterocarp species
Apitong
Bagtikan
Lauan
Taguile
Yakal
50
This is an even broader equation and covers the full distribution of the species.
General/ standard equation
51
They provided some of the most basic information for forest studies.
DBH and Tree height
52
The height~diameter equations were only reported in three countries
Malaysia, Philippines and Cambodia
53
the width of the tree trunk. It is the increase in growth in increment.
Diameter
54
It can be measured at any point on the tree
Diameter
55
Points to measure diameter
Stump height, DBH, Top of 1st log, base of the crown
56
a thickening of the wood and bark at the base of the tree to support the tree’s mass
Butt swell
57
can create a very large diameter on trees exposed to heavy wind, on steep slopes and in sparsely populated stands.
Butt swell
58
one of the directly measurable dimensions from which cross-sectional area and volume can be computed.
Tree diameter
59
the collective term for instruments used in determining tree diameters.
Dendrometer
60
The data from measuring tree diameter can inform foresters about :
Crown competition
Stocking levels
Forest stand
Forest health
61
graduated instrument indirectly measuring diameter by measuring the circumference
Ordinary tapes
62
it is the most common tool and are already calibrated to directly measure the diameter.
Diameter Tape
63
can be used to determine diameter at any point in the tree. This makes it very useful for measuring merchantable tops, merchantable heights and taper heights in timber cruising.
Relaskop
64
it is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.
Tree Caliper
65
is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.
Tree Caliper
66
to expand in size, gradually beyond a normal or original limit.
Swelling
67
abrupt swelling of tissue
Bump
68
an act of sinking
Depression
69
the linear distance of the tree from the surface of the earth.
Tree height
70
It is an important ecological trait, as the competition for sunlight determines which trees flourish, and which trees become suppressed and eventually die out.
Tree height
71
Tree height influences ?
Shade streams
Changes in understory vegetation
cover for wildlife
72
conducted to characterize forest vegetation
Stand exams
73
They provide basic, baseline data on species composition, forest structure, and condition for a variety of stand management uses, ranging from wildlife habitat to timber production.
Stand exam
74
can determine the width of streamside vegetation buffers reserved during any logging activity.
Riparian/stream survey
75
Assessing tree and snag heights can help determine blank of forest stands.
Nesting Suitability
76
Forest inventories that determine the volume and value of wood require a height measurement. It is the most important factor for estimating wood volume.
Timber Cruises
77
a height measured from the stump to the first major branch.
Merchantable height
78
a height measured from the stump to the tip of the tree
Total height
79
the distance along the axis of the tree between the ground and the crown point. It is the height of the clear, main stem of the tree.
Bole Height
80
involving climbing or using height measuring rods
Direct methods
81
Using trigonometric principles of measuring a distance at the angles to the top at the base of the tree.
Indirect methods
82
collective term for instruments used for measuring tree height
Hypsometer
83
a simple instrument consisting of a rule or scale about 10 inches long which may be folded and carried on the pocket
Christen Hypsometer
84
an instrument used for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction.
Clinometer
85
optical device consisting of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale.
Relaskop
86
an instrument consists of scale of 15-, 20-, 25- and 30-meter distances and percentage use to calculate the height of standing tree.
Haga altimeter
87
the distance from the zero end of the Merritt hypsometer with the specific height
GI
88
When measuring total height on trees with broken tops, the tree top must be “blank” in order to maintain a tree’s correct taper, or “blank” shape.
Reconstructed, original
89
the gradual change in the form of a tree or logs from the stump or butt to the tip; it is the rate of change of diameter with the length.
Form or taper
90
the ratio between the volume of a tree and volume of equivalent cylinder.
Form factor
91
the diameter outside bark when divided by DBH outside bark gives a ration known as the BLANK which is always less than 1 cm.
Form quotient
92
it is measured from the inside of the cambium layer to the outside of the exterior bark.
Bark thickness
93
an instrument use to measure bark thickness
Bark gauge
94
the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.
Basal area
95
the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.
Basal area factor
96
Estimates the log volume
scaling
97
Usually expressed in cu. m. The space by the object.
Volume
98
T/F All trees have cross-sectional area which are circular
True
99
All geometric solids taper from the bottom to the top except for cylinder.
True
100
Has circular cross section. having form of a cylinder
Cylinder
101
A quadric surface that has exactly one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry
Parabloid
102
A shape whose base is circle and whose sides tape up to points
Conoid
103
Tree tends
Neiloid
104
Tips of tree
conoid
105
Shape of main bole
parabloid
106
It determines the quantity of wood and is done primarily to determine the value of individual logs
Log scaling
107
Solid wood which is assumed to have circular section of its axis.
Log
108
Wood already cut to any marketable size
Lumber
109
This scaling method does not consider log quality, log diameter, length and soundness
Weight scaling
110
Very accurate and efficient log scaling method
Electric method
111
Scaling method where in the volume should be cubic in units (m3)
Cubic volume scaling
112
Formula used if the tapering of the logs is not constant
Smalians formula
113
Unit of wood measuring 144 cubic inches
Board foot
114
A formula or a two way table showing estimated volume of lumber in bd. ft. that can be derived from logs of given diameter and lengths under specified utilization standards.
Log rule
115
The small groove created as a saw cuts through materials and provides clearance for the rest of the blade to stop it binding
Sawkerf
116
Formula based on volume of cylinder
Round timber
117
Fine particles of wood made by a saw in cutting
Sawdust
118
The outside pieces cut from squaring a log.
Slabs
119
Edgings
Desired width
120
Trimmings
Desired length
121
Inch * Inch* feet
Dived by 12
122
Inch* inch* inch*
Divide by 144
123
Feet* Feet* Feet*
multiply by 12
124
In the land use management of Mt. Data rank the reason of deforestation
1. Agriclutural land
2. Built Up areas
125
Type of forest with highest potential for climate change mitigation
Tropical forest
126
Why carbon?
Because of its economic value
127
Relationship of tree and carbon
Carbon is the major component of trees in around 50 % of tree is carbon. Trees store carbon, it s the basic building blocks in the forest. and trees are the
