Finals Reviewer Flashcards
is the actual amount of board feet sawn out of the log at the mill.
Milly Tally
T/F The higher the percentage, the less efficient the log rule is.
True
It is the most accurate way of estimating the volume of stem where you submerge the stem section in a basin with water and measure the displaced volume of water
Xylometric process
an abnormality or irregularity occurring in or on the wood which is responsible for its strength reduction, lowering durability, lowering utility, poor appearance and decay.
Log defects
provide a map to the interior quality to the tree
External log defect
responsible for reducing wood’s economic value, lowering its strength, durability and usefulness, marring its appearance, and in some cases, causing its decay.
Defects
Causes of defects
1.Natural forces
2. Fungi
3. During Seasoning
4. During conversion
5. Insects
defects in the inner or central part of logs
Interior defect
Includes all defects except butt rot, usually found at the center whether in the form of a rot or an opening and is either regular or irregular.
Center rot
found at / or near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. This characterized by the abnormal brittleness (easily broken), low density, torn grain and lighter- colored heartwood.
Brash center
same as center rot but affects only a certain portion of the log length and characteristically tapering
Butt rot
found near the pith and covers the entire length of the log. It is characterized by the tangential separation of the wood fibers following the growth rings
Heart shake
A crack appearing at the end of the log in the form of complete or partial circle.
Heart Shake
radial cracks emanating from the center of the log
Heart check
defects occurring at the outer portion of the log
Side effects
Separation of the wood fiber mainly caused by improper seasoning
Splits
Cracks due to effects of drying which extends to the surface towards the center of the log.
Sun or season checks
Characterized by an exposed portion of log surface due to the injury or destruction of the bark from fire and other mechanical agents of deterioration.
Cat face
Decayed branch base or decayed knot. Rot entering through a knot may extend towards
Rotten knot
Damage caused by grub holes or the large borers. Outside shell of the log is attacked by grub worms.
Wormy
refers to the rot or decay found on the sapwood
Unsound sap
abrupt bend or curvature of logs.
Form defects
an abrupt bend confined to a certain portion of the log
Single crook
two abrupt bends in one log
Double crook
gradual curvature extending over the entire length of a log
Sweep
composed of wood products of smaller dimensions, usually less than 8 feet that are assembled in stacks.
Stacked wood
e small pieces of wood that are assemble in stack.
Bolts/ sticks
a pile of stocked wood containing 128 cubic feet of air and wood.
Cord
a rick of that measures 4’ * 4’ * 8’= 128cu. ft
Standard cord
a rick of that measures 4’ * 4’ * 8’= 128cu. ft
Standard cord
Standard cord
4’* 4’* 8’
measures 8 feet long and 4 feet high and is made of pieces longer than 4 feet
Long cord
is a unit smaller than the standard cord and usually used to measure fuelwood that is cut less than 4 feet long.
Short/face cord
a rick that measures 1m * 1m * 2m= 2 cu. m
Talaksan
T/F In cord and talaksan, the measured volume includes wood, bark, sizable voids or air spaces, thus it is more of an indication of space occupied than actual wood measure.
True
Thy typical proportion of the gross volume of a
cord is ranging from BLANK
50% TO 75%
This simply implies that the solid wood content of standard talaksan is ranging from BLANK
1 cu m. to 1.75 cu. m
What is the main objective of volume table?
Estimate the average volume of standing trees
A table of a particular species is defined as a table showing the average volume of trees, logs, or sawn timber for one or more given characteristics such as DBH alone or DBH and height or DBH, height and form or taper.
Volume table
The volume is based on the actual volume measurements of blank
40 to 50 trees
In this method, 40-50 individuals of a particular species, representing all diameter classes of interest are selected randomly and felled.
Destructive method
In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in neolidic form?
Newton’s formula
In calculating volume (destructive method) what formula will be used in conical, parabloid, cylindrical form?
Huber’s formula
This is similar to the destructive method but the trees are not felled. Diameters are measured at different heights by climbing the trees.
Non destructive method
What is a cruise stick?
a yardstick-styled “instrument” used to measure tree diameters and tree heights without climbing the tree or wrapping a tape around the trunk.
The development of a volume table requires blank
Volume equation
An equation that are applicable for a small forest or land area and are based on only one variable, i.e. DBH.
Local volume equation
This type of equation is normally based on two variables (e.g. DBH and height) and covers a larger geographical area.
Regional volume equation
Dipterocarp species
Apitong
Bagtikan
Lauan
Taguile
Yakal
This is an even broader equation and covers the full distribution of the species.
General/ standard equation
They provided some of the most basic information for forest studies.
DBH and Tree height
The height~diameter equations were only reported in three countries
Malaysia, Philippines and Cambodia
the width of the tree trunk. It is the increase in growth in increment.
Diameter
It can be measured at any point on the tree
Diameter
Points to measure diameter
Stump height, DBH, Top of 1st log, base of the crown
a thickening of the wood and bark at the base of the tree to support the tree’s mass
Butt swell
can create a very large diameter on trees exposed to heavy wind, on steep slopes and in sparsely populated stands.
Butt swell
one of the directly measurable dimensions from which cross-sectional area and volume can be computed.
Tree diameter
the collective term for instruments used in determining tree diameters.
Dendrometer
The data from measuring tree diameter can inform foresters about :
Crown competition
Stocking levels
Forest stand
Forest health
graduated instrument indirectly measuring diameter by measuring the circumference
Ordinary tapes
it is the most common tool and are already calibrated to directly measure the diameter.
Diameter Tape
can be used to determine diameter at any point in the tree. This makes it very useful for measuring merchantable tops, merchantable heights and taper heights in timber cruising.
Relaskop
it is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.
Tree Caliper
is useful in areas where vines are prevalent, getting a d-tape around a tree or finding a flat side on which to lay a Biltmore stick can be nearly impossible.
Tree Caliper
to expand in size, gradually beyond a normal or original limit.
Swelling
abrupt swelling of tissue
Bump
an act of sinking
Depression
the linear distance of the tree from the surface of the earth.
Tree height
It is an important ecological trait, as the competition for sunlight determines which trees flourish, and which trees become suppressed and eventually die out.
Tree height
Tree height influences ?
Shade streams
Changes in understory vegetation
cover for wildlife
conducted to characterize forest vegetation
Stand exams
They provide basic, baseline data on species composition, forest structure, and condition for a variety of stand management uses, ranging from wildlife habitat to timber production.
Stand exam
can determine the width of streamside vegetation buffers reserved during any logging activity.
Riparian/stream survey
Assessing tree and snag heights can help determine blank of forest stands.
Nesting Suitability
Forest inventories that determine the volume and value of wood require a height measurement. It is the most important factor for estimating wood volume.
Timber Cruises
a height measured from the stump to the first major branch.
Merchantable height
a height measured from the stump to the tip of the tree
Total height
the distance along the axis of the tree between the ground and the crown point. It is the height of the clear, main stem of the tree.
Bole Height
involving climbing or using height measuring rods
Direct methods
Using trigonometric principles of measuring a distance at the angles to the top at the base of the tree.
Indirect methods
collective term for instruments used for measuring tree height
Hypsometer
a simple instrument consisting of a rule or scale about 10 inches long which may be folded and carried on the pocket
Christen Hypsometer
an instrument used for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity’s direction.
Clinometer
optical device consisting of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale.
Relaskop
an instrument consists of scale of 15-, 20-, 25- and 30-meter distances and percentage use to calculate the height of standing tree.
Haga altimeter
the distance from the zero end of the Merritt hypsometer with the specific height
GI
When measuring total height on trees with broken tops, the tree top must be “blank” in order to maintain a tree’s correct taper, or “blank” shape.
Reconstructed, original
the gradual change in the form of a tree or logs from the stump or butt to the tip; it is the rate of change of diameter with the length.
Form or taper
the ratio between the volume of a tree and volume of equivalent cylinder.
Form factor
the diameter outside bark when divided by DBH outside bark gives a ration known as the BLANK which is always less than 1 cm.
Form quotient
it is measured from the inside of the cambium layer to the outside of the exterior bark.
Bark thickness
an instrument use to measure bark thickness
Bark gauge
the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.
Basal area
the cross-section area of the stems of a plant in a stand, generally expressed as square units per unit area.
Basal area factor
Estimates the log volume
scaling
Usually expressed in cu. m. The space by the object.
Volume
T/F All trees have cross-sectional area which are circular
True
All geometric solids taper from the bottom to the top except for cylinder.
True
Has circular cross section. having form of a cylinder
Cylinder
A quadric surface that has exactly one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry
Parabloid
A shape whose base is circle and whose sides tape up to points
Conoid
Tree tends
Neiloid
Tips of tree
conoid
Shape of main bole
parabloid
It determines the quantity of wood and is done primarily to determine the value of individual logs
Log scaling
Solid wood which is assumed to have circular section of its axis.
Log
Wood already cut to any marketable size
Lumber
This scaling method does not consider log quality, log diameter, length and soundness
Weight scaling
Very accurate and efficient log scaling method
Electric method
Scaling method where in the volume should be cubic in units (m3)
Cubic volume scaling
Formula used if the tapering of the logs is not constant
Smalians formula
Unit of wood measuring 144 cubic inches
Board foot
A formula or a two way table showing estimated volume of lumber in bd. ft. that can be derived from logs of given diameter and lengths under specified utilization standards.
Log rule
The small groove created as a saw cuts through materials and provides clearance for the rest of the blade to stop it binding
Sawkerf
Formula based on volume of cylinder
Round timber
Fine particles of wood made by a saw in cutting
Sawdust
The outside pieces cut from squaring a log.
Slabs
Edgings
Desired width
Trimmings
Desired length
Inch * Inch* feet
Dived by 12
Inch* inch* inch*
Divide by 144
Feet* Feet* Feet*
multiply by 12
In the land use management of Mt. Data rank the reason of deforestation
- Agriclutural land
- Built Up areas
Type of forest with highest potential for climate change mitigation
Tropical forest
Why carbon?
Because of its economic value
Relationship of tree and carbon
Carbon is the major component of trees in around 50 % of tree is carbon. Trees store carbon, it s the basic building blocks in the forest. and trees are the
