Finals Reviewer Flashcards by Docayag Angelica S.

The most used method where all the trees in a certain area are cut down. The stumps and underbrush that is left behind is burned.

CLEAR CUTTING

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Highgrading. The small areas of big trees are cleared to leace space for smaller trees to grow.

SELECTIVE CUTTING

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Cutting down almost all the trees in an area, but leaving a few to provide seeds to repopulate the area.

SEED TREE CUTTING

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Trees are cut down in a checkboard pattern. The parts that are cut down are clear cut.

PATCH LOGGING

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This is only used for trees that need shade to grow. All trees in a row are cut down.

SHELTERWOOD CUTTING

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Use of chainsaw to cut strips of trees in alternate rows. Allows the cutter to choose trees he wants to cut on the whole strip. It should be cut perpendicular to the wind to prevent erosion.

STRIP LOGGING

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It can be combined in numerous spatial and temporal arrangements in numerous spatial and temporal arrangements and functions.

CROPS, TREES OR ANIMALS

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Woody species is planted and left to grow during fallow.

IMPOVED FALLOWS

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Combined stand of woody and agricultural species during early stages of establishment of plantations.

TAUNGYA

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Agricultural species in alleys in between hedges. Microzonal or strip arrangements.

ALLEY CROPPING

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Multispecies, multilayer dense plant associations with no organized planting arrangements.

MULTILAYER TREE GARDENS

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Trees scattered haphazardly or according to some systematic patterns on bunds, terraces or plot/field boundaries.

MULTIPURPOSE TREES ON CROP LANDS

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Integrated multistorey mixtures of plantation crops or intercropping.

PLANTATION CROP COMBINATIONS

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Multistorey combination of various trees and crops around homesteads.

HOME GARDENS

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Trees on bunds, terraces, raisers, etc. with or without grass strips; trees for soil reclamation.

TREES IN SOIL CONSERVATION AND RECLAMATION

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Trees on bunds, terraces, raisers, etc. with or without grass strips; trees for soil reclamation.

TREES IN SOIL CONSERVATION AND RECLAMATION

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Trees around farmland/plots

SHELTERBELT AND WINDBREAK

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Interplanting firewood species on or around agricultural lands.

FUEL WOOD PRODUCTION

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Trees scattered irregularly or arranged according to some systematic pattern.

TREES ON RANGELANDS/ PASTURES

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the creation of a favorable growing environment for tree seeds or seedling

SITE PREPARATION

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best applied in
proposed planting areas where the
soil is fragile and needs a
minimum of disturbance;

Manual Method

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becomes
attractive when there is a clear
labor shortage and where the
proposed plantation site is
relatively accessible and the
terrain allows the use of
machines and motorized
equipment

Mechanized Method

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oldest method of
removing grass prior to planting

Burning

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When used as a silvicultural
prescription for site preparation,
the operation is called blank

Prescribed/ controlled burning

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application of chemicals in removing vegetation during site preparation activities

Chemical Method

all chemical substances that are applied on vegetation to remove them

phytocides

used as foliar applications which are meant to kill the leaves that they come into contact with

Contact Phytocides

applied to newly cut vegetation to prevent their regrowth or sprouting

Soil acting phytocides

strips of vegetation, usually up to a meter wide, are completely cleared.

Strip or Line clearing

the grass is removed only on planting spots with a diameter of one meter

Spot or Patch Clearing

the grass is not brushed or cut, but is simply bent or crushed.

Lodging

a practice used to anchor, support, and protect recently planted trees

Staking

Holes are dug on the spots marked by the stakes. They need to be deep and large enough to accommodate the ball of earth that covers the roots of the planting stocks

Hole Digging

The distance between planting lines and the interval between plants in a planting line

Spacing

the intervals between planting lines are fixed. The distance between planting stocks in a line, however, are freely adjusted

Semi-regular Spacing

there is no set or predetermined intervals both between planting lines and planting stocks

Irregular Spacing

requires a single spade cut into the soil. The spade is moved backwards and forwards to create an opening.

Single slit

2 slits are made in the ground, in the shape of a ‘T’.

T notch

a long stick is used as a dibble creating a hole, large enough to accommodate the bareroot planting stock.

Dibbling

process of removing unwanted vegetation in an area

Weeding

requires the clearing of the area in strips where the seedlings are planted

Strip weeding

weeds are removed around each tree only in a form of a circle/ring

Ring weeding

Removal of undesirable individual trees to retain only the best trees up to maturity.

Thinning

a form of negative selection where poor individuals are removed in favor of the superior trees of the species crop

Refining

freeing the young trees from climbers, unwanted perennial trees and other vegetation through cutting and uprooting

Liberation Cutting

involves the removal of undesirable young trees by cutting or felling them with an ax, power saw or any other sharp cutting tools

Mechanical Thinning

involves the cutting of the bark and cambium of a living tree

Girdling

applying herbicides or chemical poisons on the undesirable trees

Chemical cutting

Removal of the damaged and unwanted tops, stems and branches of trees using shear, pruning saw, bolo or other appropriate tools.

Pruning

Primary Reasons for pruning

For safety For health For timber production For aesthetics

Causes of fire

Slash and burn thrown cigarette Campfire Kaingin Deliberate burning

it is more practical to prevent forest fires than to control them.

Fire prevention

these are 10-meter wide vegetation-free strips usually established at the borders of the plantation and at given intervals inside the plantation

Firelines

these include streams, canals and roads. To make these firebreaks more effective, cut and remove the vegetation beside them during the dry season

Firebreak

strips of vegetation composed of fire-resistant trees, shrubs and vines to protect croplands from destructive winds which may also enhance the spread of fire

Greenbreaks/ Shelterbelt

for large plantations, construct look-out towers in strategic locations to have wider view of the area

Fire detection

an attack from the front is applied in a small forest fire progressing with low speed, using fire swatting, green branches or backpack sprayer.

Direct Attack

fighting the fire on both sides

flank attack

construct fireline before the advance of the fire front; a controlled back fire or counter fire can also be started outside the plantation allowing it to burn slowly in the direction of the main fire

Indirect attack

after the fire has been controlled, all burning debris has to be extinguished thoroughly. Even a small charcoal, if left burning, can restart another fire

Mopping Up the Forest Fire

they attack tree species mainly for food, habitat and breeding purposes. In the process, they destroy the healthy growth of the trees

Pest

a harmful change in the normal function and form of a plant

Disease

Causes of pest and disease

Improper site preparation Planting single specie from one source Unfavorable climate

leaf-eating insect like leaf roller, leaf folder, leaf tier, etc.

Defoliators

attack the lining of healthy trees and logs reducing them into useless woods which are unfit for construction

Wood borer

attack the wood bark causing ring barking, disease transmission, staining of wood and death of the tree

Bark Beetles

cause galls and distortion on leaves and stems of trees and seedlings which may weaken the main stems or reduce the quality of the tree

Gall feeders

cause stunted growth and forking (branching out of stems)

Shoot and tip borers

chew the bark of stem and can either make secondary nests

Bark feeders

pierce and withdraw nutrients causing decline in vigor, growth and death of trees, i.e., aphids

Sap feeders

attack bark surfaces and roots, consume the entire root system, i.e., rose chafer

Root feeders

initial symptom is discoloration of the infected portion of the tree which later develops into sunken lesions (wounds)

Canker

confined at the basal portion of the stem and root system. Leaves of infected trees turn yellow to brown and fall prematurely.

Root/butt rot

favored by high moisture condition. The first symptom is the swelling of shoots. In some cases, heavily distorted shoots and rounded galls are formed which later turn to brown

Gall rust

illegal encroachment in the uplands that often leads to kaingin-making (slash-and-burn), a practice that can cause and spread fire to adjacent plantations and other forested areas

Squatting

involves illegal cutting of trees not only in tree plantations but also in natural stands, destroying wildlife habitats, and clearing areas that may entice human encroachment

Timber poaching

vast reforestation and plantation areas are deliberately burned and reduced to ashes due to human dissatisfaction or simply greed

Incendiarism

process of refining the extracted metals, such as ore and copper, with chemicals

Smelting

considered major sources of pollution

Industries and vehicles

the periodic cooling of the ocean surface temperatures, increases the likelihood of above normal rainfall conditions and can lead to adverse impacts such as heavy rainfall, floods and landslides

La Nina

production of protein-rich tree fodder on farm/rangelands for cut-and-carry fodder production.

Protein Banks

intimate, multistorey combination of various trees and crops, and animals, around homesteads.

Home gardens involving animals

woody hedges for browse, mulch, green manure, soil conservation, etc.

Multipurpose woody hedge grows

species should be adapted to the site condition

Site factor (Climate and Soil)

Purpose of plantation

Social needs, industrial needs and environmental protection

Purpose of planting that includes firewood, small timber, poles, fruits, fibres etc. These species serve the multi-purpose requirement of the society

Social needs

Purpose of planting where in the small and marginal farmers should be encouraged to grow on marginal/degraded lands the wood species required by the industries along with the species of fuel and fodder required for their own used

Industrial needs

Purpose of planting where trees are playing an important role in keeping the environment conducive for both human and animal being.

Environmental protection

refers to all perennials that are purposely grown so as to provide more than one significant contribution to the production or service functions of the land use system they implement

Multipurpose tree

can be readily moved from one part of the nursery to another and can be reduced or expanded as the need arises

Surface pipes

a complete network of main and secondary lines are the most preferable means of relaying water to the different parts of a nursery

Underground pipes

water is distributed over the beds as a fine spray or mist.

Sprinkling

beds are usually depressed 4-6 inches below the path. Water is allowed in until the ground becomes naturally/thoroughly saturated

Flooding

water is made to flow in small furrows between rows of plants or seeds by percolating through the soil

Furrow irrigation

an irrigation technique that provides water or fertilizer solution to the bottom of containers; sometimes referred to as seepage irrigation

Sub irrigation

planting stocks are dispatched from nurseries minus the potting medium.

Bareroot production system

Heavy (Clayey) soils

1 2 2

1 1 1

Medium (Loamy) soils

Light (Sandy) soils

1 0 1

a treatment where the bareroots that were planted during the day for unforeseen reasons are temporarily stored in shallow trenches dug on the ground.

Heeling in

done to remove or reduce the population of harmful microorganisms in the soil which can cause problems later on

Soil sterilization

Budget Execution Document (BED) which summarizes how the budget of an office is programmed for the whole fiscal year.

WFP

contains the performance targets of the unit’s key or major programs and projects.

PHYSICAL PLAN

refers to any outstanding debts or regular payments that a party must make;

MONTHLY OBLIGATION PROGRAM

refers to a range of payment types, including cash, electronic funds transfer, checks and more;

MONTHLY DISBURSEMENT PROGRAM

*an object produced as a result of activities completed

OUTPUT

*a task or set of tasks executed to produce a deliverable, given the needed inputs

ACTIVITIES

*a tool that provides the status or condition of something in particular

INDICATOR

*Financial requirements of an activity

COST

Elements of WFP

Output, activity, schedule, cost, indicator