Finals Review Flashcards
What was the Black Death
A pandemic that spread from China to Mongolia, Northern India and the Middle East.
What year was the Black Death?
1347 - 1351
A pandemic estimated to have killed 30%-60% of Europe’s population
What was the Hundred Years’ War?
Largest, longest, and the most wide ranging military conflict in the West since Rome’s war with Carthage.
What was the roots of the Hundred’s year war started?
King Edward I of England attempted to conquer the neighboring Kingdom of Scotland, thereby provoking the Scots to ally with France
Who were the principal antagonists of the Hundred Years’ War?
England and France
What was the fundamental cause of the Hundred Years’ War?
The kings of England held the duchy of Gascony as vassals of the French king
The English had close commercial links to the Flanders who resisted French expansion
France had long standing alliance with Scotland and rendered assistance and support to the Scots in their continuous border wars with England
Edward III of England declaring himself the rightful king of France (he had strong hereditary claim through his grandmother, Philip IV’s only daughter
Philip VI of France declaring English lands to the south of the river Loire confiscated
What year was the hundred year’s war?
1337 - 1453
Who was Chaucer?
Among First generation English authors whose composition can be understood by modern readers with little effort
Wrote the Canterbury tales
English poet
What caused the rise of national monarchies in the Middle Ages?
Part was the collapse of the Feudal system.
Crusades exposed westerners to the Byzantine empire and Muslim states by causing large armies to be raised and them how to raise a large enough force to create a national monarchy back home
Active construction of a sense of national identity
What was the Magna Carta
Advanced the rights of citizens while limiting that of Kings
What year was the Magna Carta enacted?
1215
What is the significance of the Magna Carta?
Important general principles that continue to shape the laws of England to this day
What are the provisions of the Magna Carta?
- The king could levy no taxes without the consent of his subjects
- No free man could be punished until judged guilty by a jury of his peers
- No man could be arrested without a warrant.
- No unqualified person would hold office
Who was king John I?
King of England, lost his father (Henry II) continental possesions to the new King of France Phillip II
Attempted to recuperate some of the land lost by raising taxes.
Lacked the means to hold the Angevin empire together
What is scholastiscm?
Method of teaching and learning fostered by the medieval schools.
It involved the theory and practice of reconciling various forms of knowledge through logical debate (dialectic)
Method debating and resolving problems
Who was Saint Thomas Aquinas?
Method debating and resolving problems. Priest and theologian who was committed to the defense of faith through reason.
became the leading theologian at the university of Paris
Believed that a study of the physical world was a legitimate way of gaining knowledge of the divine
What is a university?
A unique public forum of advanced studies, the questioning of received ideas, and the resolution of critical problems that was started by an association of teachers to collaborate in the higher academic study of the liberal arts with emphasis of theology
What was the Renaissance?
Intellectual and artistic cultural movement beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe
It encompassed a widepread educational reform.
It saw revolutions in intellectual pursuits, and most known for its artistic developments
What is Humanism
A program of study that aimed to replace the scholastic emphasis on logic and metaphysics with the study of language, literature, rhetoric,history, and ethics.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
Adventurous and versatile artist who personified the ideal of a Renaissance man
He was a painter, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and inventor
Who was Michelangelo Buonarotti?
An Italian Reneissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Considered one of the greatest artists of all times
His famous works include the statue of David and the Pieta - the body of Jesus laying on Mary after his crucifixion
Who was Raphael Santi?
He was an Italian painter of the high Renaissance, influenced by Leonardo
He cultivated a more spiritual and philosophical approach to his subjects.
What was the role of the church in the Renaissance?
The relative weakness and decline of influence of the church in Italy contributed to the growth of a circular power and a more worldly outlook.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
After the Black Death, Northern Italy became the most urbanized region of Europe
Not only was there was great demand for the skills of reading and accounting necessary to become a successful merchant, but the richest and most prominent families sought to find teachers who will impart to their sons skills that necessary to cutting a figure in society and speaking with authority in public affairs
Who was John Calvin?
An French theologian pastor during the Protestant reformation.
Principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism - which states that man is sinful and incapable of believing in god on his own because of the fall of Adam
The irresistibility of grace and the doctrine o predestination - God had already selected a group to know about him. The rest will spend eternity in hell
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A leader of a reformation in Switzerland (Zwinglianism)
Began his career as a catholic priest but later preached ideas on reforming the Catholic Church
He attacked the custom of fasting and lent
What year was the reign of Hammurabi?
1792 - 1750
Codification, effective taxation, and administration
Amorite king
What year was the Neolithic revolution
Around 11000 BCE
Reflects very evident developments brought about by the change in climate which led to the development of managed food production which in turn fostered settlements that can trade with one another
What year was the Protestant reformation?
1517
Sparked by Luther’s ninety-five thesis that among others rejected the practice of indulgence
What year was the renaissance?
14th - 17th century
What year were the crusades?
1095- 1099 - the first crusade
What year was the conquest of Alexandria the Great?
336 - 323 BCE
His secured Greece from a mounting Persian threat and later set the stage for a later Roman conquest and and absorption of Hellenistic civilization
He conquered Persia and Asia Minor
What year was the Greek civilization?
1000 - 400 BCE
