FINALS - Rates and Ratios Flashcards
absolute numbers of a population or any
demographic event occurring over a specified
period, area and time
Counts
A single number that represents the relative
size of two numbers
ratio
It is used to describe the relationship
between two (2) numerical quantities or measures
of events without taking particular considerations
to the time or place
ratio
true or false:
- These quantities need not necessarily represent the
same entities, although the unit of measure must be
not the same for both numerator and denominator of
the ratio.
false; the SAME
Special type of ratio in which the
numerator is part of the denominator
Proportion
Measures the amount of change (no. of new events)
in a given period of time
Rates
- In Vital Statistics, a _____ shows the
relationship between a vital event and those
persons exposed to the occurrence of said event,
within a given area and during a specified unit of
time.
rate
If the actual number of events is related to the whole
population
Crude Rate
If the events are related to specific subgroups of the
population
Specific Rate
Fictitious summary rates constructed to permit fair
comparison between population groups differing in some
important characteristic
Adjusted Rate (Standardized Rate)
Measures how fast the population increases
through the process of natality (birth)
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
is a measure of one characteristic of the
natural growth or increase of a populatio
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
Relates the number of live births, which
occurred in a specified population during a
specified time interval, to the total population.
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
Since the population size changes during the year,
then the midyear population is used as the
denominator which is?
July 1 of the SAME year
True or false:
In CBR, The midyear population is also referred to as the
average population size during the year
true
denominator in CBR
midyear
A more appropriate measure of fertility would
be one which relates the number of births to the
segment of the population who is actually at risk of
giving births (i.e. the number of women in the
reproductive age group)
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)
The denominator represents the midyear population
of women in the reproductive years (i.e., between 15-
44 or 15-49)
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) –
Births registered during year to
women in specified age interval
_______________________________ x 100
Midyear population of women
in the same age group
AGE SECIFIC BIRTH RATES
Number of children < 5 years old
______________________________ x 1000
Midyear population of women 15-44
CHILD WOMEN RATIO
All measures of morbidity fall under 2 basic types which are?
- Measures of incidence
- Measures of prevalence
Measures the number of new cases developing
during a period of time. This implies that the new
cases come from a population which is disease-free
at the beginning of an observation period. This
disease=free population is the population at risk
INCIDENCE
_____ is a measure of the average risk or the average
probability of developing an illness in a diseasefree individual
CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE (CI)
In cumulative incidence, the numerator generally refers to _____ occurrence
of the illness.
first
The period of observation should be explicitly
stated since the _____ the observation period, the
_____ the CI will be.
longer; higher
_____ a special kind of CI where the period
of observation is limited as in an epidemic
Attack Rate
Requires that all non cases be followed up for the
entire duration of the follow up period
attack rate/cumulative incidence
Conditional on not dying first of other diseases
during the observation period
attack rate/cumulative incidence
The ____ is an estimate of the average rate of
disease occurrence in a population.
INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)
This is also called FORCE OF MORBIDITY or
HAZARD RATE
INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)
The period of observation for the entire group may
not be explicit BUT the time of follow-up for each
individual is taken into consideration in the
denominator which is measured in PERSON-TIME so
that unlike CI, each person need not be followed-up
for the same duration of time
INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE
_____ of observation is the sum of the
period of observation for each individual in the
cohort
person-time
In this case, the person-time of
observation is computed as the product of the
average population size and the length of follow up
INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE
T/F:
In INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE, The assumption is that there is no drastic change in
the size and structure of the population.
True
Measures the number of existing cases
at a point in time relative to a
population at the time.
PREVALENCE
This means the probability of an individual being a
case at a point in time, not of developing disease.
This measure is generally used in health planning to
quantify needs or demands for services.
POINT PREVALENCE
T/F:
Point prevalence is generally meant to by the term
prevalence.
T
May refer to a population at a specific calendar
time or to a population of a specific group.
POINT PREVALENCE
Point Relevance also measures the _______.
residuals of illnesses
This combines the prevalence at the beginning of a
period plus all the cases that will develop during the
period
PERIOD PREVALENCE
If a population is stable in its size and structure and
if both the prevalence and incidence rate remains
constant, we say that a population is in a steady
state
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
In this state, the prevalence of a disease varies
directly with the incidence rate and the mean
duration of the disease.
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
_____ measures the decrease in population size due to
death
CRUDE DEATH RATE
Usually computed annually for a particular population
CRUDE DEATH RATE
It measures the force of mortality or estimates the
probability of dying
CRUDE DEATH RATE
summarizes age-specific death rates
CRUDE DEATH RATE
The numerator of this rate is the number of deaths
due to a particular cause
Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate
exceptions in Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate are?
- Infant Mortality Rate
- Some Age-Sex Specific rates
Most rates of this type are computed using the total
population as the denominator.
Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate
this is used as the basis for
determining the ten leading causes of deaths in a
specific population.
cause-of-death rate
Counts only deaths which occurred among a
particular subset of the population
SPECIFIC DEATH RATES
May be computed by cause, age, sex, occupation,
etc.
PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
RATE/RATIO (PMR)
These are advantages of?
- Population data are not required in the
computation of the rate. - There are usually no problems of age
classification, except at age 50 years and over. - The rate is generally stable and not disturbed even
by poor quality of registration and age
classification. - Records are usually
available from a large number of countries
PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
RATE/RATIO (PMR)
this is an example of PMR
swaroop’s index
Ideally, identify the cases of a particular disease,
then set a length of observation or follow-up period
during which we observe how many of these cases
will die
CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR)
The duration of the follow-up period is usually the
duration of the clinical course of the disease during
which the patient may die
case fatality rate (CFR)
indirectly measures the “killing power” of the
disease
CFR
The ____ fatal course of the disease, the _____ is the
CFR
more; higher
____ modified/affected by:
- completeness of reporting cases as well as deaths
- Treatment and other procedures that can extend lives
of those affected
CFR
which is more apparent?
CFR , covid-19 = 1.47%
CFR, Malignant Neoplasm = 66%
malignant neoplasms
Measures the risk of dying from causes associated
with childbirth (and will include pregnancy, labor
and puerperium)
MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)
The number of live births used in the denominator
does not represent the entire population-at-risk of
dying.
MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)
The real population-at-risk of dying from maternal
causes is the population of pregnant women (i.e.,
the number of pregnancies)
MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)
Since this number is usually unknown, the number
of live births has been conventionally used as the
denominator for practical measures
MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)
One of the most sensitive indices of the health
conditions of the general population.
INFANT MORTALITY
RATE (IMR)
______ POV: low IMR suggests:
- Adequate immunization program
- Sound infant and maternal nutrition program
- Satisfactory ante-and post-natal services
- Good disease control program
- Strict laws governing the administration of health
programs
health officer
From ______ Point of View, low IMR means:
- Good environmental sanitation
- Good water supply
- Adequate insect and vermin control
- Good housing facilities, etc
sanitarian
The ideal _______ of IMR is the population of
infants, however, the number of live births is used
as a substitute to this.
denominator
Relatively good data on the number of live births is a
lot easier to obtain than good data on the population
of infants.
Relatively good data on the number of live births is a
lot easier to obtain than good data on the population
of infants.
_______ in the way live birth is defined may cause
errors in the computation of IMR
Difference
- deaths in the neonatal period are mostly due to
prenatal causes, and are more difficult to reduce
than the post-neonatal period
NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (<28 days)
- Sometimes referred to as Late Infant Mortality Rate
- Death rate of infants from 28 days to under one year old.
- Due to environmental causes.
POST-NEONATAL DEATH RATE
Also known as FETAL DEATH RATIO
STILL BIRTH RATE
In the computation of fetal deaths, the appropriate
denominator is the number of conceptions and
pregnancies and is indirectly obtained by adding all
fetal deaths and live births.
STILL BIRTH RATE
disease or condition directly leading to death
Immediate or direct cause
Go back in time, recording preceding conditions on
succeeding lines (________) until reaching
the condition that started the sequence of events
(_________)
interventing cause; original cause
all other significant diseases,
conditions or injuries are written
contributory causes
Mortality statistics is tabulated based on the
_________
documented on the
medical certificate of cause of deat
underlying cause of death
defined as the disease or injury
which initiated the train of morbid events leading
directly to death; or the circumstances of the
accident or violence which produced the fatal injury
underlying cause
Basis for the ten leading causes of mortality
a.
Proportionate Mortality Rate
b.
Cause of death rate
c.
Case Fatality Rate
d.
Crude Death Rate
b.
Cause of death rate
Numerator of TB Prevalence Rate
Number of TB cases
Numerator of Tuberculosis death rate
Number of deaths due to TB
TB Proportionate Mortality Rate
Number of deaths due to TB
Denominator of Tuberculosis Case Fatality Rate
Number of TB cases
Infant Mortality Rate is the same as Infant Death Rate
Select one:
True
False
False
Denominator of Maternal Mortality Rate
a.
Total population
b.
Number of married couples
c.
Number of reported live births
d.
Number of pregnant women
c.
Number of reported live births
Fertility Rate
a.
Crude Death Rate
b.
Incidence Rate
c.
Prevalence Rate
d.
Crude Birth Rate
d.
Crude Birth Rate
A pregnant woman who was hit by a bus and died on the spot will be included in the maternal mortality rate since she was pregnant.
Select one:
True
False
False
Most sensitive index of the health condition of the population.
a.
Swaroop’s Index
b.
Infant Mortality Rate
c.
Crude Birth Rate
d.
Crude Death Rate
b.
Infant Mortality Rate
