FINALS - Rates and Ratios Flashcards by Hermione Shalimar Justice Caspe

absolute numbers of a population or any
demographic event occurring over a specified
period, area and time

Counts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A single number that represents the relative
size of two numbers

ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is used to describe the relationship
between two (2) numerical quantities or measures
of events without taking particular considerations
to the time or place

ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

true or false:

These quantities need not necessarily represent the
same entities, although the unit of measure must be
not the same for both numerator and denominator of
the ratio.

false; the SAME

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Special type of ratio in which the
numerator is part of the denominator

Proportion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Measures the amount of change (no. of new events)
in a given period of time

Rates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Vital Statistics, a _____ shows the
relationship between a vital event and those
persons exposed to the occurrence of said event,
within a given area and during a specified unit of
time.

rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the actual number of events is related to the whole
population

Crude Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the events are related to specific subgroups of the
population

Specific Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fictitious summary rates constructed to permit fair
comparison between population groups differing in some
important characteristic

Adjusted Rate (Standardized Rate)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Measures how fast the population increases
through the process of natality (birth)

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a measure of one characteristic of the
natural growth or increase of a populatio

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Relates the number of live births, which
occurred in a specified population during a
specified time interval, to the total population.

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Since the population size changes during the year,
then the midyear population is used as the
denominator which is?

July 1 of the SAME year

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or false:

In CBR, The midyear population is also referred to as the
average population size during the year

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

denominator in CBR

midyear

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A more appropriate measure of fertility would
be one which relates the number of births to the
segment of the population who is actually at risk of
giving births (i.e. the number of women in the
reproductive age group)

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The denominator represents the midyear population
of women in the reproductive years (i.e., between 15-
44 or 15-49)

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Births registered during year to
women in specified age interval
_______________________________ x 100
Midyear population of women
in the same age group

AGE SECIFIC BIRTH RATES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Number of children < 5 years old
______________________________ x 1000
Midyear population of women 15-44

CHILD WOMEN RATIO

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All measures of morbidity fall under 2 basic types which are?

Measures of incidence
Measures of prevalence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Measures the number of new cases developing
during a period of time. This implies that the new
cases come from a population which is disease-free
at the beginning of an observation period. This
disease=free population is the population at risk

INCIDENCE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ is a measure of the average risk or the average
probability of developing an illness in a diseasefree individual

CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE (CI)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In cumulative incidence, the numerator generally refers to _____ occurrence of the illness.

first

The period of observation should be explicitly stated since the _____ the observation period, the _____ the CI will be.

longer; higher

_____ a special kind of CI where the period of observation is limited as in an epidemic

Attack Rate

Requires that all non cases be followed up for the entire duration of the follow up period

attack rate/cumulative incidence

Conditional on not dying first of other diseases during the observation period

attack rate/cumulative incidence

The ____ is an estimate of the average rate of disease occurrence in a population.

INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

This is also called FORCE OF MORBIDITY or HAZARD RATE

INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

The period of observation for the entire group may not be explicit BUT the time of follow-up for each individual is taken into consideration in the denominator which is measured in PERSON-TIME so that unlike CI, each person need not be followed-up for the same duration of time

INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE

_____ of observation is the sum of the period of observation for each individual in the cohort

person-time

In this case, the person-time of observation is computed as the product of the average population size and the length of follow up

INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE

T/F: In INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE, The assumption is that there is no drastic change in the size and structure of the population.

True

Measures the number of existing cases at a point in time relative to a population at the time.

PREVALENCE

This means the probability of an individual being a case at a point in time, not of developing disease. This measure is generally used in health planning to quantify needs or demands for services.

POINT PREVALENCE

T/F: Point prevalence is generally meant to by the term prevalence.

May refer to a population at a specific calendar time or to a population of a specific group.

POINT PREVALENCE

Point Relevance also measures the _______.

residuals of illnesses

This combines the prevalence at the beginning of a period plus all the cases that will develop during the period

PERIOD PREVALENCE

If a population is stable in its size and structure and if both the prevalence and incidence rate remains constant, we say that a population is in a steady state

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

In this state, the prevalence of a disease varies directly with the incidence rate and the mean duration of the disease.

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

_____ measures the decrease in population size due to death

CRUDE DEATH RATE

Usually computed annually for a particular population

CRUDE DEATH RATE

It measures the force of mortality or estimates the probability of dying

CRUDE DEATH RATE

summarizes age-specific death rates

CRUDE DEATH RATE

The numerator of this rate is the number of deaths due to a particular cause

Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate

exceptions in Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate are?

- Infant Mortality Rate - Some Age-Sex Specific rates

Most rates of this type are computed using the total population as the denominator.

Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate

this is used as the basis for determining the ten leading causes of deaths in a specific population.

cause-of-death rate

Counts only deaths which occurred among a particular subset of the population

SPECIFIC DEATH RATES

May be computed by cause, age, sex, occupation, etc.

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATE/RATIO (PMR)

These are advantages of? 1. Population data are not required in the computation of the rate. 2. There are usually no problems of age classification, except at age 50 years and over. 3. The rate is generally stable and not disturbed even by poor quality of registration and age classification. 4. Records are usually available from a large number of countries

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATE/RATIO (PMR)

this is an example of PMR

swaroop's index

Ideally, identify the cases of a particular disease, then set a length of observation or follow-up period during which we observe how many of these cases will die

CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR)

The duration of the follow-up period is usually the duration of the clinical course of the disease during which the patient may die

case fatality rate (CFR)

indirectly measures the “killing power” of the disease

CFR

The ____ fatal course of the disease, the _____ is the CFR

more; higher

____ modified/affected by: - completeness of reporting cases as well as deaths - Treatment and other procedures that can extend lives of those affected

CFR

which is more apparent? CFR , covid-19 = 1.47% CFR, Malignant Neoplasm = 66%

malignant neoplasms

Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with childbirth (and will include pregnancy, labor and puerperium)

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

The number of live births used in the denominator does not represent the entire population-at-risk of dying.

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

The real population-at-risk of dying from maternal causes is the population of pregnant women (i.e., the number of pregnancies)

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

Since this number is usually unknown, the number of live births has been conventionally used as the denominator for practical measures

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

One of the most sensitive indices of the health conditions of the general population.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)

______ POV: low IMR suggests: - Adequate immunization program - Sound infant and maternal nutrition program - Satisfactory ante-and post-natal services - Good disease control program - Strict laws governing the administration of health programs

health officer

From ______ Point of View, low IMR means: - Good environmental sanitation - Good water supply - Adequate insect and vermin control - Good housing facilities, etc

sanitarian

The ideal _______ of IMR is the population of infants, however, the number of live births is used as a substitute to this.

denominator

Relatively good data on the number of live births is a lot easier to obtain than good data on the population of infants.

_______ in the way live birth is defined may cause errors in the computation of IMR

Difference

- deaths in the neonatal period are mostly due to prenatal causes, and are more difficult to reduce than the post-neonatal period

NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (<28 days)

- Sometimes referred to as Late Infant Mortality Rate - Death rate of infants from 28 days to under one year old. - Due to environmental causes.

POST-NEONATAL DEATH RATE

Also known as FETAL DEATH RATIO

STILL BIRTH RATE

In the computation of fetal deaths, the appropriate denominator is the number of conceptions and pregnancies and is indirectly obtained by adding all fetal deaths and live births.

STILL BIRTH RATE

disease or condition directly leading to death

Immediate or direct cause

Go back in time, recording preceding conditions on succeeding lines (________) until reaching the condition that started the sequence of events (_________)

interventing cause; original cause

all other significant diseases, conditions or injuries are written

contributory causes

Mortality statistics is tabulated based on the _________ documented on the medical certificate of cause of deat

underlying cause of death

defined as the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death; or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury

underlying cause

Basis for the ten leading causes of mortality a. Proportionate Mortality Rate b. Cause of death rate c. Case Fatality Rate d. Crude Death Rate

b. Cause of death rate

Numerator of TB Prevalence Rate

Number of TB cases

Numerator of Tuberculosis death rate

Number of deaths due to TB

TB Proportionate Mortality Rate

Number of deaths due to TB

Denominator of Tuberculosis Case Fatality Rate

Number of TB cases

Infant Mortality Rate is the same as Infant Death Rate Select one: True False

False

Denominator of Maternal Mortality Rate a. Total population b. Number of married couples c. Number of reported live births d. Number of pregnant women

c. Number of reported live births

Fertility Rate a. Crude Death Rate b. Incidence Rate c. Prevalence Rate d. Crude Birth Rate

d. Crude Birth Rate

A pregnant woman who was hit by a bus and died on the spot will be included in the maternal mortality rate since she was pregnant. Select one: True False

False

Most sensitive index of the health condition of the population. a. Swaroop's Index b. Infant Mortality Rate c. Crude Birth Rate d. Crude Death Rate

b. Infant Mortality Rate