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Bio Epi > FINALS - Rates and Ratios > Flashcards

FINALS - Rates and Ratios Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

absolute numbers of a population or any
demographic event occurring over a specified
period, area and time

A

Counts

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2
Q

A single number that represents the relative
size of two numbers

A

ratio

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3
Q

It is used to describe the relationship
between two (2) numerical quantities or measures
of events without taking particular considerations
to the time or place

A

ratio

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4
Q

true or false:

  • These quantities need not necessarily represent the
    same entities, although the unit of measure must be
    not the same for both numerator and denominator of
    the ratio.
A

false; the SAME

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5
Q

Special type of ratio in which the
numerator is part of the denominator

A

Proportion

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6
Q

Measures the amount of change (no. of new events)
in a given period of time

A

Rates

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7
Q
  • In Vital Statistics, a _____ shows the
    relationship between a vital event and those
    persons exposed to the occurrence of said event,
    within a given area and during a specified unit of
    time.
A

rate

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

If the actual number of events is related to the whole
population

A

Crude Rate

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10
Q

If the events are related to specific subgroups of the
population

A

Specific Rate

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11
Q

Fictitious summary rates constructed to permit fair
comparison between population groups differing in some
important characteristic

A

Adjusted Rate (Standardized Rate)

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12
Q

Measures how fast the population increases
through the process of natality (birth)

A

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

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13
Q

is a measure of one characteristic of the
natural growth or increase of a populatio

A

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

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14
Q

Relates the number of live births, which
occurred in a specified population during a
specified time interval, to the total population.

A

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

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15
Q

Since the population size changes during the year,
then the midyear population is used as the
denominator which is?

A

July 1 of the SAME year

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16
Q

True or false:

In CBR, The midyear population is also referred to as the
average population size during the year

A

true

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17
Q

denominator in CBR

A

midyear

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18
Q

A more appropriate measure of fertility would
be one which relates the number of births to the
segment of the population who is actually at risk of
giving births (i.e. the number of women in the
reproductive age group)

A

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)

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19
Q

The denominator represents the midyear population
of women in the reproductive years (i.e., between 15-
44 or 15-49)

A

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) –

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20
Q

Births registered during year to
women in specified age interval
_______________________________ x 100
Midyear population of women
in the same age group

A

AGE SECIFIC BIRTH RATES

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21
Q

Number of children < 5 years old
______________________________ x 1000
Midyear population of women 15-44

A

CHILD WOMEN RATIO

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22
Q

All measures of morbidity fall under 2 basic types which are?

A
  1. Measures of incidence
  2. Measures of prevalence
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23
Q

Measures the number of new cases developing
during a period of time. This implies that the new
cases come from a population which is disease-free
at the beginning of an observation period. This
disease=free population is the population at risk

A

INCIDENCE

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24
Q

_____ is a measure of the average risk or the average
probability of developing an illness in a diseasefree individual

A

CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE (CI)

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25
Q

In cumulative incidence, the numerator generally refers to _____ occurrence
of the illness.

A

first

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26
Q

The period of observation should be explicitly
stated since the _____ the observation period, the
_____ the CI will be.

A

longer; higher

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27
Q

_____ a special kind of CI where the period
of observation is limited as in an epidemic

A

Attack Rate

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28
Q

Requires that all non cases be followed up for the
entire duration of the follow up period

A

attack rate/cumulative incidence

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29
Q

Conditional on not dying first of other diseases
during the observation period

A

attack rate/cumulative incidence

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30
Q

The ____ is an estimate of the average rate of
disease occurrence in a population.

A

INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

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31
Q

This is also called FORCE OF MORBIDITY or
HAZARD RATE

A

INCIDENCE DENSITY (ID) or INCIDENCE RATE (IR)

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32
Q

The period of observation for the entire group may
not be explicit BUT the time of follow-up for each
individual is taken into consideration in the
denominator which is measured in PERSON-TIME so
that unlike CI, each person need not be followed-up
for the same duration of time

A

INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE

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33
Q

_____ of observation is the sum of the
period of observation for each individual in the
cohort

A

person-time

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34
Q

In this case, the person-time of
observation is computed as the product of the
average population size and the length of follow up

A

INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE

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35
Q

T/F:

In INCIDENCE DENSITY/RATE, The assumption is that there is no drastic change in
the size and structure of the population.

A

True

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36
Q

Measures the number of existing cases
at a point in time relative to a
population at the time.

A

PREVALENCE

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37
Q

This means the probability of an individual being a
case at a point in time, not of developing disease.
This measure is generally used in health planning to
quantify needs or demands for services.

A

POINT PREVALENCE

38
Q

T/F:

Point prevalence is generally meant to by the term
prevalence.

A

T

39
Q

May refer to a population at a specific calendar
time or to a population of a specific group.

A

POINT PREVALENCE

40
Q

Point Relevance also measures the _______.

A

residuals of illnesses

41
Q

This combines the prevalence at the beginning of a
period plus all the cases that will develop during the
period

A

PERIOD PREVALENCE

42
Q

If a population is stable in its size and structure and
if both the prevalence and incidence rate remains
constant, we say that a population is in a steady
state

A

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

43
Q

In this state, the prevalence of a disease varies
directly with the incidence rate and the mean
duration of the disease.

A

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

44
Q

_____ measures the decrease in population size due to
death

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

45
Q

Usually computed annually for a particular population

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

46
Q

It measures the force of mortality or estimates the
probability of dying

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

47
Q

summarizes age-specific death rates

A

CRUDE DEATH RATE

48
Q

The numerator of this rate is the number of deaths
due to a particular cause

A

Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate

49
Q

exceptions in Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate are?

A
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • Some Age-Sex Specific rates
49
Q

Most rates of this type are computed using the total
population as the denominator.

A

Cause-of-death rate/Cause-specific death rate

50
Q

this is used as the basis for
determining the ten leading causes of deaths in a
specific population.

A

cause-of-death rate

51
Q

Counts only deaths which occurred among a
particular subset of the population

A

SPECIFIC DEATH RATES

52
Q

May be computed by cause, age, sex, occupation,
etc.

A

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
RATE/RATIO (PMR)

53
Q

These are advantages of?

  1. Population data are not required in the
    computation of the rate.
  2. There are usually no problems of age
    classification, except at age 50 years and over.
  3. The rate is generally stable and not disturbed even
    by poor quality of registration and age
    classification.
  4. Records are usually
    available from a large number of countries
A

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
RATE/RATIO (PMR)

54
Q

this is an example of PMR

A

swaroop’s index

55
Q

Ideally, identify the cases of a particular disease,
then set a length of observation or follow-up period
during which we observe how many of these cases
will die

A

CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR)

56
Q

The duration of the follow-up period is usually the
duration of the clinical course of the disease during
which the patient may die

A

case fatality rate (CFR)

57
Q

indirectly measures the “killing power” of the
disease

A

CFR

58
Q

The ____ fatal course of the disease, the _____ is the
CFR

A

more; higher

59
Q

____ modified/affected by:

  • completeness of reporting cases as well as deaths
  • Treatment and other procedures that can extend lives
    of those affected
A

CFR

60
Q

which is more apparent?

CFR , covid-19 = 1.47%
CFR, Malignant Neoplasm = 66%

A

malignant neoplasms

61
Q

Measures the risk of dying from causes associated
with childbirth (and will include pregnancy, labor
and puerperium)

A

MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)

62
Q

The number of live births used in the denominator
does not represent the entire population-at-risk of
dying.

A

MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)

63
Q

The real population-at-risk of dying from maternal
causes is the population of pregnant women (i.e.,
the number of pregnancies)

A

MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)

64
Q

Since this number is usually unknown, the number
of live births has been conventionally used as the
denominator for practical measures

A

MATERNAL MORTALITY
RATE (MMR)

65
Q

One of the most sensitive indices of the health
conditions of the general population.

A

INFANT MORTALITY
RATE (IMR)

66
Q

______ POV: low IMR suggests:
- Adequate immunization program
- Sound infant and maternal nutrition program
- Satisfactory ante-and post-natal services
- Good disease control program
- Strict laws governing the administration of health
programs

A

health officer

67
Q

From ______ Point of View, low IMR means:
- Good environmental sanitation
- Good water supply
- Adequate insect and vermin control
- Good housing facilities, etc

A

sanitarian

68
Q

The ideal _______ of IMR is the population of
infants, however, the number of live births is used
as a substitute to this.

A

denominator

69
Q

Relatively good data on the number of live births is a
lot easier to obtain than good data on the population
of infants.

A

Relatively good data on the number of live births is a
lot easier to obtain than good data on the population
of infants.

70
Q

_______ in the way live birth is defined may cause
errors in the computation of IMR

A

Difference

71
Q
  • deaths in the neonatal period are mostly due to
    prenatal causes, and are more difficult to reduce
    than the post-neonatal period
A

NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (<28 days)

72
Q
  • Sometimes referred to as Late Infant Mortality Rate
  • Death rate of infants from 28 days to under one year old.
  • Due to environmental causes.
A

POST-NEONATAL DEATH RATE

73
Q

Also known as FETAL DEATH RATIO

A

STILL BIRTH RATE

74
Q

In the computation of fetal deaths, the appropriate
denominator is the number of conceptions and
pregnancies and is indirectly obtained by adding all
fetal deaths and live births.

A

STILL BIRTH RATE

75
Q

disease or condition directly leading to death

A

Immediate or direct cause

76
Q

Go back in time, recording preceding conditions on
succeeding lines (________) until reaching
the condition that started the sequence of events
(_________)

A

interventing cause; original cause

77
Q

all other significant diseases,
conditions or injuries are written

A

contributory causes

78
Q

Mortality statistics is tabulated based on the
_________
documented on the
medical certificate of cause of deat

A

underlying cause of death

79
Q

defined as the disease or injury
which initiated the train of morbid events leading
directly to death; or the circumstances of the
accident or violence which produced the fatal injury

A

underlying cause

80
Q

Basis for the ten leading causes of mortality

a.
Proportionate Mortality Rate

b.
Cause of death rate

c.
Case Fatality Rate

d.
Crude Death Rate

A

b.
Cause of death rate

81
Q

Numerator of TB Prevalence Rate

A

Number of TB cases

82
Q

Numerator of Tuberculosis death rate

A

Number of deaths due to TB

83
Q

TB Proportionate Mortality Rate

A

Number of deaths due to TB

84
Q

Denominator of Tuberculosis Case Fatality Rate

A

Number of TB cases

85
Q

Infant Mortality Rate is the same as Infant Death Rate

Select one:
True
False

A

False

86
Q

Denominator of Maternal Mortality Rate

a.
Total population

b.
Number of married couples

c.
Number of reported live births

d.
Number of pregnant women

A

c.
Number of reported live births

87
Q

Fertility Rate

a.
Crude Death Rate

b.
Incidence Rate

c.
Prevalence Rate

d.
Crude Birth Rate

A

d.
Crude Birth Rate

88
Q

A pregnant woman who was hit by a bus and died on the spot will be included in the maternal mortality rate since she was pregnant.

Select one:
True
False

A

False

89
Q

Most sensitive index of the health condition of the population.

a.
Swaroop’s Index

b.
Infant Mortality Rate

c.
Crude Birth Rate

d.
Crude Death Rate

A

b.
Infant Mortality Rate

Bio Epi (2 decks)

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